川西北高原壤塘县大骨节病病区水文地球化学特征及其与病情相关关系的研究
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摘要
大骨节病(Kaschin-Beck Disease,KBD)病因十分复杂,尽管短期内难以取得统一认识,但是缓解大骨病病区病情,解除广大患病群众疾苦,是一项迫在眉睫、势在必行的重要任务。本文以川西北高原壤塘县为大骨节病典型病区,从各种致病学说的共同点出发研究影响病情的环境因素尤其是水文地球化学环境因素,以期为川西北高原特别是壤塘县综合防治大骨节病提供科学依据。
基于文献调研和病情调查的基础上,本文首先总结国内大骨节病区的地质环境特征及水化学特征。其次,通过壤塘县地表水、浅表地下水(土井水和泉水)、钻孔地下水(探采结合井水)的水质分析及区域水文地球化学调查,研究则曲河和杜柯河两大流域的地质环境及水文地球化学环境特征。进而,用统计学方法分析地质环境尤其是水文地球化学环境与大骨节病情分布的相关关系,研究影响大骨节病情的水文地球化学环境因素,构建大骨节病病情的水文化学影响因素模型。最后,从水文地球化学角度提出了壤塘县的大骨节病防病治病途径。论文主要取得了以下几方面的成果或结论:
(1)引入病情指数概念,并用统计方法对病情指数用于指示大骨节病病情的可行性进行了检验。壤塘县全县12个乡镇,除壤柯镇属非病区外,其余11乡均属重病区,则曲河流域病情指数为31.0,而在杜柯河流域病情指数为23.96。从流域分布特征看,处于干河流域的地区上游由于浅切割、曲流发育、径流较短,其病情往往较干河流域中下游地区严重。
(2)壤塘县域内地下水主要为两种类型:松散岩类孔隙水和基岩裂隙水。松散岩类孔隙水主要分布于则曲河沿岸的漫滩、阶地及支沟沟口堆积扇一带,占整个县域面积的0.71%,基岩裂隙水是县域内分布最广泛的地下水类型,可进一步细分为风化网状裂隙水和构造裂隙水两个亚类。
(3)壤塘县各种水体的常量离子中主要为HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等,县域内地表水及浅表地下水矿化度多在150mg/L以下,常量离子的平均值比大渡河背景值、松潘非病区含量平均值均小,呈现低矿化的特征。县域内主要离子与矿化度均表现为地表水<浅表地下水<钻孔地下水的特征,说明钻孔地下水为代表的深循环地下水深度大,路径长,能有效提高饮水中的矿化度。
(4)与长江源河源区河水原水比较,壤塘县域的微量元素总体上呈富集特征,总体上呈现则曲河流域大于杜柯河流域的规律。从不同水源类型比较,微量元素浓度总体上排列为溪沟水>干流水>土井水>钻孔水>泉水,但就具体某种元素而言,不同水源类型规律性不强,差别较大。
(5)壤塘县域内腐殖酸总量与胡敏酸、富啡酸、COD_(Mn)指标之间呈正相关关系,从流域比较,则曲河流域腐殖酸总量均大于杜柯河流域,则曲河流域腐殖酸总量由低到高变化趋势为钻孔水<干流水<泉水<溪沟水<土井水,杜柯河流域域腐殖酸总量的由低到高变化趋势为钻孔水<流域平均<干流水<溪沟水<泉水。
(6)壤塘县域内地质环境与大骨节病病情指数存在以下关系:侵蚀高原低山区病情指数最高,其次为剥蚀丘状高原区,侵蚀高山峡谷区病情指数最低;泥岩区总体上病情指数较低,而其它砂板岩地区病情指数总体上较高;在壤塘县三类主要土壤类型中,以棕壤、暗棕壤区村寨病情指数最为严重,其次为草甸土分布区,而褐土类分布区病情指数相对较轻。
(7)就本次采样而言,壤塘县大骨节病情与微量元素和有机物指标的相关系均不显著,通过大骨节病情的水文地球化学影响因素分析,以矿化度为代表的常量指标与大骨节病病情呈显著负相关关系。因此,低矿化度是影响壤塘县大骨节病情的重要因素,微量元素和有机物对大骨节病病情的影响不显著。
(8)以矿化度和常量离子的对数值作为自变量,病情指数作为因变量构建了壤塘大骨节病情水文地球化学影响模型,按则曲流域和杜柯流域构建的影响模型模拟效果好,则曲流域的影响模型为y=149.687-23.852lnx,杜柯河流域的影响模型为y=104.478-16.592lnx (其中y为病情指数,x为矿化度值),按县域构建的影响模型模拟效果差。按流域构建的影响模型拟合效果较好,按县域构建的影响模型拟合效果差,说明矿化度是影响大骨节病情的主要因素,但不是唯一因素,与其它地质环境因素或者生活方式也有较大关系。
(9)从水文地球化学角度出发,提出了深井安全供水、移民安置、易地育人等防治途径。并结合地质环境与病情的相关性分析,提出了移民安置选址的适宜性评价模型。
The pathogeny of Kaschin-Beck Disease is very complex, and it is difficult to get unified recognition on the research of pathogeny in a short term, but it is an extremely urgent and imperative task to relieve patients’sufferings from KBD in Kaschin-Beck disease areas. Based on the common grounds of various etiological doctrines, the environmental factors, especially the hydrogeochemical factors in the typical area hit by KBD—Zamtang County in the northwest Sichuan Plateau, were studied in this paper, to provide scientific evidences and guides for comprehensive prevention and treatment of KBD.
Firstly, features of geological environment and hydrochemistry characteristic in KBD area in China were summarized based on documentary surveys and investigation of patients’conditions. Secondly, the geological and hydrogeochemical environment of Zequ River and Duke River were studied through the quality analysis of the surface water, shallow groundwater (well water and spring water), and drilling groundwater (prospecting-mining wells) in Zamtang County. Thirdly, the relationship of KBD distribution with geological environment, especially hydrogeochemical environment was analyzed using statistical methodology, and an influencing factors model was established. Finally, measurements to prevent and treat KBD from the prospective of hydrogeochemistry were presented.
The study mainly obtains results and conclusions as follows:
(1) The definition of disease index is introduced to indicate conditions of KBD, and the feasibility of this indication is conducted with statistical methods. Apart from one non-disease area, Rangke Town, KBD are very serious in other eleven townships of Zamtang County. The disease index of Zequ River is 31.0, while that of Duke River is 23.96. Based on features of basin distribution, conditions of KBD are more serious in upstream areas than in downstream areas along the main stream basins for the characteristic of shallow cutting, meandering stream developed and runoff short in upstream areas.
(2) Ground water in Zamtang County is divided into two categories: pore-space water in loosening rocks and bedrock fissure water. Pore-space water is mainly distributed in floodplain area, terrace and accumulation fan along the Zequ River, accounting for 0.71% of the whole county area. Bedrock fissure water is the most widely distributed underground water in the county, which can be further classified into two segments: weathering mesh fissure water and structural fissure water.
(3) Constant ions of water in Zamtang County primarily are HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), etc. Surface water and shallow groundwater in the county shows the low TDS characteristic less than 150mg/L, and its average amount of constant ion is less than the background value in Dadu River and Songpan non-disease area. Major ions and TDS of water in the county both show the regular of surface water < shallow groundwater (4) Compared with the river water in source region of Yangtze River, trace elements of water in Zamtang County shows enrichment features generally, demonstrating the law that trace elements in the Zequ River are more than those in the Duke River. According to different sources of water, the density of trace elements is ranked roughly as: water from brooks>water from main steams>well water>drilling water>spring water, but in terms of specific elements, trace elements in different sources of water mentioned above are short of law with great difference.
(5) Humic amount in the Zamtang County shows positive correlations with humic acid, fulvic acid and index of COD_(Mn). According to river basins, total volume of humic acid in the Zequ River exceeds that in the Duke River. Specifically speaking, total volume of humic acid in the Zequ River ranges from low to high: drilling water (6) There is a relationship between geological environment in the Zamtang County and disease index of KBD as: disease index of the low mountains of erosion plateau is the highest, the second is the denudation hummocky plateau, and the lowest is the erosion alpine canyon; disease index in the mudstone areas is lower on the whole, while index in the other sand-slate areas is roughly higher. Among the three types soil of Zamtang County, disease index in brown soil and dark brown soil is the highest, the second is the countryside covered by meadow soil and disease index in the countryside with cinnamon soil is relatively lower.
(7) For the purposes of this sample, it is found that KBD in the Zamtang County has a less obvious relationship both with trace elements and organic stuff respectively. Through the analysis of hydrogeochemical factors affecting KBD, the obviously negative correlation between KBD and constant index represented by TDS is obtained. Therefore, low TDS plays an essential role in KBD, but the trace elements and organic stuff has on unremarkable influence on KBD.
(8) A hydrogeochemical influence model of KBD in Zamtang County is designed, taking mineralization and logarithm of constant ions as independent variables, and disease index as dependent variables. Simulation effect of the influence model is good. The influence model of Zequ River is y=149.687-23.852lnx, and the model of Duke River is y=104.478-16.592lnx (y stands for disease index; x stands for TDS); on the contrary, simulating effects of county structure is unsatisfying, indicating TDS is the main but not only factor of KBD, other geological environment factors or life-style can also have some impacts on KBD.
(9) From the view hydrogeochemical point, some effective prevention approaches were put forward, such as safe water supply from deep well, immigration settlement and transferring children to non-disease areas to receive education, etc. Combining the correlation analysis of geological environment and conditions of KBD, the study also designs a feasible evaluation model of immigration settlement and site selection.
基于文献调研和病情调查的基础上,本文首先总结国内大骨节病区的地质环境特征及水化学特征。其次,通过壤塘县地表水、浅表地下水(土井水和泉水)、钻孔地下水(探采结合井水)的水质分析及区域水文地球化学调查,研究则曲河和杜柯河两大流域的地质环境及水文地球化学环境特征。进而,用统计学方法分析地质环境尤其是水文地球化学环境与大骨节病情分布的相关关系,研究影响大骨节病情的水文地球化学环境因素,构建大骨节病病情的水文化学影响因素模型。最后,从水文地球化学角度提出了壤塘县的大骨节病防病治病途径。论文主要取得了以下几方面的成果或结论:
(1)引入病情指数概念,并用统计方法对病情指数用于指示大骨节病病情的可行性进行了检验。壤塘县全县12个乡镇,除壤柯镇属非病区外,其余11乡均属重病区,则曲河流域病情指数为31.0,而在杜柯河流域病情指数为23.96。从流域分布特征看,处于干河流域的地区上游由于浅切割、曲流发育、径流较短,其病情往往较干河流域中下游地区严重。
(2)壤塘县域内地下水主要为两种类型:松散岩类孔隙水和基岩裂隙水。松散岩类孔隙水主要分布于则曲河沿岸的漫滩、阶地及支沟沟口堆积扇一带,占整个县域面积的0.71%,基岩裂隙水是县域内分布最广泛的地下水类型,可进一步细分为风化网状裂隙水和构造裂隙水两个亚类。
(3)壤塘县各种水体的常量离子中主要为HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等,县域内地表水及浅表地下水矿化度多在150mg/L以下,常量离子的平均值比大渡河背景值、松潘非病区含量平均值均小,呈现低矿化的特征。县域内主要离子与矿化度均表现为地表水<浅表地下水<钻孔地下水的特征,说明钻孔地下水为代表的深循环地下水深度大,路径长,能有效提高饮水中的矿化度。
(4)与长江源河源区河水原水比较,壤塘县域的微量元素总体上呈富集特征,总体上呈现则曲河流域大于杜柯河流域的规律。从不同水源类型比较,微量元素浓度总体上排列为溪沟水>干流水>土井水>钻孔水>泉水,但就具体某种元素而言,不同水源类型规律性不强,差别较大。
(5)壤塘县域内腐殖酸总量与胡敏酸、富啡酸、COD_(Mn)指标之间呈正相关关系,从流域比较,则曲河流域腐殖酸总量均大于杜柯河流域,则曲河流域腐殖酸总量由低到高变化趋势为钻孔水<干流水<泉水<溪沟水<土井水,杜柯河流域域腐殖酸总量的由低到高变化趋势为钻孔水<流域平均<干流水<溪沟水<泉水。
(6)壤塘县域内地质环境与大骨节病病情指数存在以下关系:侵蚀高原低山区病情指数最高,其次为剥蚀丘状高原区,侵蚀高山峡谷区病情指数最低;泥岩区总体上病情指数较低,而其它砂板岩地区病情指数总体上较高;在壤塘县三类主要土壤类型中,以棕壤、暗棕壤区村寨病情指数最为严重,其次为草甸土分布区,而褐土类分布区病情指数相对较轻。
(7)就本次采样而言,壤塘县大骨节病情与微量元素和有机物指标的相关系均不显著,通过大骨节病情的水文地球化学影响因素分析,以矿化度为代表的常量指标与大骨节病病情呈显著负相关关系。因此,低矿化度是影响壤塘县大骨节病情的重要因素,微量元素和有机物对大骨节病病情的影响不显著。
(8)以矿化度和常量离子的对数值作为自变量,病情指数作为因变量构建了壤塘大骨节病情水文地球化学影响模型,按则曲流域和杜柯流域构建的影响模型模拟效果好,则曲流域的影响模型为y=149.687-23.852lnx,杜柯河流域的影响模型为y=104.478-16.592lnx (其中y为病情指数,x为矿化度值),按县域构建的影响模型模拟效果差。按流域构建的影响模型拟合效果较好,按县域构建的影响模型拟合效果差,说明矿化度是影响大骨节病情的主要因素,但不是唯一因素,与其它地质环境因素或者生活方式也有较大关系。
(9)从水文地球化学角度出发,提出了深井安全供水、移民安置、易地育人等防治途径。并结合地质环境与病情的相关性分析,提出了移民安置选址的适宜性评价模型。
The pathogeny of Kaschin-Beck Disease is very complex, and it is difficult to get unified recognition on the research of pathogeny in a short term, but it is an extremely urgent and imperative task to relieve patients’sufferings from KBD in Kaschin-Beck disease areas. Based on the common grounds of various etiological doctrines, the environmental factors, especially the hydrogeochemical factors in the typical area hit by KBD—Zamtang County in the northwest Sichuan Plateau, were studied in this paper, to provide scientific evidences and guides for comprehensive prevention and treatment of KBD.
Firstly, features of geological environment and hydrochemistry characteristic in KBD area in China were summarized based on documentary surveys and investigation of patients’conditions. Secondly, the geological and hydrogeochemical environment of Zequ River and Duke River were studied through the quality analysis of the surface water, shallow groundwater (well water and spring water), and drilling groundwater (prospecting-mining wells) in Zamtang County. Thirdly, the relationship of KBD distribution with geological environment, especially hydrogeochemical environment was analyzed using statistical methodology, and an influencing factors model was established. Finally, measurements to prevent and treat KBD from the prospective of hydrogeochemistry were presented.
The study mainly obtains results and conclusions as follows:
(1) The definition of disease index is introduced to indicate conditions of KBD, and the feasibility of this indication is conducted with statistical methods. Apart from one non-disease area, Rangke Town, KBD are very serious in other eleven townships of Zamtang County. The disease index of Zequ River is 31.0, while that of Duke River is 23.96. Based on features of basin distribution, conditions of KBD are more serious in upstream areas than in downstream areas along the main stream basins for the characteristic of shallow cutting, meandering stream developed and runoff short in upstream areas.
(2) Ground water in Zamtang County is divided into two categories: pore-space water in loosening rocks and bedrock fissure water. Pore-space water is mainly distributed in floodplain area, terrace and accumulation fan along the Zequ River, accounting for 0.71% of the whole county area. Bedrock fissure water is the most widely distributed underground water in the county, which can be further classified into two segments: weathering mesh fissure water and structural fissure water.
(3) Constant ions of water in Zamtang County primarily are HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), etc. Surface water and shallow groundwater in the county shows the low TDS characteristic less than 150mg/L, and its average amount of constant ion is less than the background value in Dadu River and Songpan non-disease area. Major ions and TDS of water in the county both show the regular of surface water < shallow groundwater
(5) Humic amount in the Zamtang County shows positive correlations with humic acid, fulvic acid and index of COD_(Mn). According to river basins, total volume of humic acid in the Zequ River exceeds that in the Duke River. Specifically speaking, total volume of humic acid in the Zequ River ranges from low to high: drilling water
(7) For the purposes of this sample, it is found that KBD in the Zamtang County has a less obvious relationship both with trace elements and organic stuff respectively. Through the analysis of hydrogeochemical factors affecting KBD, the obviously negative correlation between KBD and constant index represented by TDS is obtained. Therefore, low TDS plays an essential role in KBD, but the trace elements and organic stuff has on unremarkable influence on KBD.
(8) A hydrogeochemical influence model of KBD in Zamtang County is designed, taking mineralization and logarithm of constant ions as independent variables, and disease index as dependent variables. Simulation effect of the influence model is good. The influence model of Zequ River is y=149.687-23.852lnx, and the model of Duke River is y=104.478-16.592lnx (y stands for disease index; x stands for TDS); on the contrary, simulating effects of county structure is unsatisfying, indicating TDS is the main but not only factor of KBD, other geological environment factors or life-style can also have some impacts on KBD.
(9) From the view hydrogeochemical point, some effective prevention approaches were put forward, such as safe water supply from deep well, immigration settlement and transferring children to non-disease areas to receive education, etc. Combining the correlation analysis of geological environment and conditions of KBD, the study also designs a feasible evaluation model of immigration settlement and site selection.
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