CBA常规赛主场优势若干问题的研究
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摘要
从1995年开始，我国男子篮球改变了以前赛会制的比赛方法，参考美国NBA竞赛体制，实行职业化主客场制联赛(简称CBA)。由于比赛地点的频繁改变，引起了人们对于比赛地点所造成的主场优势的思考；怎样定义主场优势呢?在我国CBA联赛中是否有主场优势?哪些因素可能导致主场优势呢?等等这些成了许多体育工作者所关注的问题，对于前进发展中的CBA联赛，能找出影响其主场优势中的不健康因素，帮助比赛双方克服主客观上能克服的问题，或使主队能充分利用联赛制度允许下的主场优势，使CBA联赛健康发展，培养出更多能适应国际大赛的我国男子篮球运动员，无疑具有重大的现实意义和实践价值。
本文运用问卷调查、数理统计、逻辑分析、文献资料等研究方法，结合运动心理学、运动训练学、体育管理学、中国自然地理等理论和知识对什么是体育运动主场优势，在我国CBA联赛中是否具有主场优势及旅途、裁判、运动员心理是否是影响主场优势的因素进行分析研究。研究结果表明：
1．体育运动主场优势的概念应定为“在运动竞赛或体育比赛中，由于主场位置所造成的有利于主队发挥水平的各种因素”。
2．我国CBA联赛中客观存在着主场优势，且其主场胜率，效果量与国外不同性质的篮球联赛及国内甲A足球联赛基本相同。
3．受我国竞赛制度，运动管理制度及联赛时间的影响，CBA在发展过程中表现出一定的特点。
4．旅途远近不是影响CBA联赛主场优势的因素之一。
5．裁判执法在实际操作和心理上都会影响CBA主场优势。
6．CBA运动员在主客场比赛表现出心理差异，分析认为：这种心理差异影响着CBA运动员在主客场比赛的不同发挥，是导致主场优势存在的因素之
Since 1995,Chinese men's basketball has changed the previous competitive way which had been called competitive meeting. The nowadays' one has consulted with that of American NBA(national basketball association) carrying out professional home-away competitive system, Chinese men's' basketball association(short for CBA) has been formed since then .With the change of competitive locations, people think more about the home advantages caused by competitive location. How do you define home advantages? Are there home advantages in CBA? What factors can cause home-advantages? and so'on. All of these are the most important points which many PE workers care for. To the developing CBA, it is of great realistic meaning and practical values to find out some unhealthy factors which are harmful to develop CBA, to help both competitive sides to overcome some subjective and objective problems, to help home teams make the best use of home advantages which are allowed by CBA and to make CBA develop healthily, As a result we ca
n foster more and more Chinese men's basketball players who are competent for international competitions.
By the research methods of questionnaire, literature analysis, mathematical statistic and logical analysis, adopting some theories and knowledges of sport phsychology .sport training ,sports management learns and China physiography, this thesis analyzes and studys what the definition of sports home advantage is, whether there are any home advantages in CBA.whether travelling, judging and players'psychology are the factors to affect home advantages. Study shows:
1. The definition of sports home advantanges should be "all kinds of factors which are beneficial to home teams due to the competitive location during sports competitions. "
2. There are objectively home advantages in CBA,and both the ratio of home team winning and the amount of affection are basically the same as that in different kinds of alien basketball competitions as well as domestic First A football association competitions.
3. CBA shows some features during development because of Chinese basketball competitive system,sports regularity system and competition schedule.
4. Travelling distance isn't one of the factors that affect CBA home advantages.
5. Judging will affect CBA home advantages both practically and psychologically.
6. CBA players show psychological defferences between home and away location competitions, analysis thinks that maybe it is psychological differences that affect CBA players' performance, and that it is one of the factors leading to home advantages.
本文运用问卷调查、数理统计、逻辑分析、文献资料等研究方法，结合运动心理学、运动训练学、体育管理学、中国自然地理等理论和知识对什么是体育运动主场优势，在我国CBA联赛中是否具有主场优势及旅途、裁判、运动员心理是否是影响主场优势的因素进行分析研究。研究结果表明：
1．体育运动主场优势的概念应定为“在运动竞赛或体育比赛中，由于主场位置所造成的有利于主队发挥水平的各种因素”。
2．我国CBA联赛中客观存在着主场优势，且其主场胜率，效果量与国外不同性质的篮球联赛及国内甲A足球联赛基本相同。
3．受我国竞赛制度，运动管理制度及联赛时间的影响，CBA在发展过程中表现出一定的特点。
4．旅途远近不是影响CBA联赛主场优势的因素之一。
5．裁判执法在实际操作和心理上都会影响CBA主场优势。
6．CBA运动员在主客场比赛表现出心理差异，分析认为：这种心理差异影响着CBA运动员在主客场比赛的不同发挥，是导致主场优势存在的因素之
Since 1995,Chinese men's basketball has changed the previous competitive way which had been called competitive meeting. The nowadays' one has consulted with that of American NBA(national basketball association) carrying out professional home-away competitive system, Chinese men's' basketball association(short for CBA) has been formed since then .With the change of competitive locations, people think more about the home advantages caused by competitive location. How do you define home advantages? Are there home advantages in CBA? What factors can cause home-advantages? and so'on. All of these are the most important points which many PE workers care for. To the developing CBA, it is of great realistic meaning and practical values to find out some unhealthy factors which are harmful to develop CBA, to help both competitive sides to overcome some subjective and objective problems, to help home teams make the best use of home advantages which are allowed by CBA and to make CBA develop healthily, As a result we ca
n foster more and more Chinese men's basketball players who are competent for international competitions.
By the research methods of questionnaire, literature analysis, mathematical statistic and logical analysis, adopting some theories and knowledges of sport phsychology .sport training ,sports management learns and China physiography, this thesis analyzes and studys what the definition of sports home advantage is, whether there are any home advantages in CBA.whether travelling, judging and players'psychology are the factors to affect home advantages. Study shows:
1. The definition of sports home advantanges should be "all kinds of factors which are beneficial to home teams due to the competitive location during sports competitions. "
2. There are objectively home advantages in CBA,and both the ratio of home team winning and the amount of affection are basically the same as that in different kinds of alien basketball competitions as well as domestic First A football association competitions.
3. CBA shows some features during development because of Chinese basketball competitive system,sports regularity system and competition schedule.
4. Travelling distance isn't one of the factors that affect CBA home advantages.
5. Judging will affect CBA home advantages both practically and psychologically.
6. CBA players show psychological defferences between home and away location competitions, analysis thinks that maybe it is psychological differences that affect CBA players' performance, and that it is one of the factors leading to home advantages.
引文
[1][17] 殷小川 主场效应的研究现状及未来研究方向(综述)[J]北京体育师范学院学报 1997．1
[2][9][10][13][28] McGuire and KerryS.Courneya etc Aggression as a Potential of Sport &Exercise Psychology 1992.14 P148
[3][11][14][37][39][42] 殷小川 我国甲A足球联赛中主场优势影响因素研究[J]北京体育师范学院学报 1997．3
[4][36][38] 马红宇 主客场赛制中的客场劣势分析[J]体育学刊 2001．4
[5][15][25] AlanM.Nevill and RogerL.Holdei Home Advantage in Sport[J]Sports Med 1999 oct 28(4)
[6] 郎文《当代高级英语辞典》缩印本第二版，商务印书馆，2002，4。
[7] 运动训练学[M]全国体育院校教材委员会审定 人民体育出版社出版 2000．8
[8] 田麦久 论运动训练计划 北京体育大学出版社 1999．1
[12][23] Kerrys.Courneya and AlbertV.Carron Batting First Vetsus Last:Implications for the Home Advantage Journal of Sport &Esetcise Psychology 1990.12P312
[16] 夏青 新课题，新对策[J]篮球 1995．6
[18] SnyderEE and PurdyDA The home advantage in college basketball[J]Sociol Sport 1985.2P35—56
[19] Pollard Home advantage in soccer:aretrospective analysis[J]Sport Science 1986.4 P237—48
[20] CourneyaKs and CarronAV Effects of travel and length of home stand/road trip on the hme advantage[J]Sport Exercise Psychology 1991.13
[21] Pace & CarronAV Travel and the home advantage[J]Sport Science 1992.17
[22] 赵济 中国自然地理[M] 高等教育出版社出版 1995．5第3版P33
[24] NigelJ.Balmer&AlanM.Nevill etc Home advantage in the Winter Olympics(1908—1998) [J] Journal of sport science 2001.19 P 129
[26][32] 季浏 体育社会心理学[M]
[27][40] 祝蓓里 季浏 体育心理学新编[M]华东师大出版社 1995．1第一版P115
[28] 郁国华 篮球 1997．5
[29] 田国庭 篮球 1993．3
[30] 体育心理学 高等教育出版社 1994．3P261
[31][33] 谢红光等 对我国甲A职业足球联赛主场优势的研究[J] 体育科学 1998．1
[34] JurkovacT College basketball players perceptions of the home advantage[thesis]1983
[35] CourneyaKS CarronAV the home advantage in sport competitions: a literature review[J]Sport Exercise Psychology 1995.6
[41] 姚家新 竞赛心理咨询与心理训练 人民体育出版社 1995．6
[2][9][10][13][28] McGuire and KerryS.Courneya etc Aggression as a Potential of Sport &Exercise Psychology 1992.14 P148
[3][11][14][37][39][42] 殷小川 我国甲A足球联赛中主场优势影响因素研究[J]北京体育师范学院学报 1997．3
[4][36][38] 马红宇 主客场赛制中的客场劣势分析[J]体育学刊 2001．4
[5][15][25] AlanM.Nevill and RogerL.Holdei Home Advantage in Sport[J]Sports Med 1999 oct 28(4)
[6] 郎文《当代高级英语辞典》缩印本第二版，商务印书馆，2002，4。
[7] 运动训练学[M]全国体育院校教材委员会审定 人民体育出版社出版 2000．8
[8] 田麦久 论运动训练计划 北京体育大学出版社 1999．1
[12][23] Kerrys.Courneya and AlbertV.Carron Batting First Vetsus Last:Implications for the Home Advantage Journal of Sport &Esetcise Psychology 1990.12P312
[16] 夏青 新课题，新对策[J]篮球 1995．6
[18] SnyderEE and PurdyDA The home advantage in college basketball[J]Sociol Sport 1985.2P35—56
[19] Pollard Home advantage in soccer:aretrospective analysis[J]Sport Science 1986.4 P237—48
[20] CourneyaKs and CarronAV Effects of travel and length of home stand/road trip on the hme advantage[J]Sport Exercise Psychology 1991.13
[21] Pace & CarronAV Travel and the home advantage[J]Sport Science 1992.17
[22] 赵济 中国自然地理[M] 高等教育出版社出版 1995．5第3版P33
[24] NigelJ.Balmer&AlanM.Nevill etc Home advantage in the Winter Olympics(1908—1998) [J] Journal of sport science 2001.19 P 129
[26][32] 季浏 体育社会心理学[M]
[27][40] 祝蓓里 季浏 体育心理学新编[M]华东师大出版社 1995．1第一版P115
[28] 郁国华 篮球 1997．5
[29] 田国庭 篮球 1993．3
[30] 体育心理学 高等教育出版社 1994．3P261
[31][33] 谢红光等 对我国甲A职业足球联赛主场优势的研究[J] 体育科学 1998．1
[34] JurkovacT College basketball players perceptions of the home advantage[thesis]1983
[35] CourneyaKS CarronAV the home advantage in sport competitions: a literature review[J]Sport Exercise Psychology 1995.6
[41] 姚家新 竞赛心理咨询与心理训练 人民体育出版社 1995．6