钢轨接头的应力分析与优化研究
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摘要
本文较系统地总结了钢轨接头的构造、形式、功能，并对接头区的缺陷及接头病害作了简单的介绍。在与以往接头静力计算方法进行比较后，本文提出了一种新的接头计算模型。该模型是利用有限元软件ANSYS，根据接头的实际尺寸建立实体模型，可以对接头各部件进行细致的应力分析。这种模型避免了复杂的边界条件和理论推导，同时对接头作了尽可能少的简化，因此，计算准确性大大提高。
分析表明：接头受力时，钢轨外侧夹板的应力水平比内侧夹板的应力水平高；在受力条件相同的情况下，螺栓扭矩的变化对接头各部件的应力分布及应力水平有较大影响。螺栓扭矩增大，接头区钢轨轨腰拉力、夹板应力、螺杆内应力都会增大，而钢轨位移会随着螺栓扭矩的增大而减小。一般来说，如果允许夹板与钢轨相互滑动，接头扭矩500～700N·m范围是适宜的；如果将接头“冻结”，则螺栓扭矩应在900～1000N·m左右。
同时，本文根据对夹板的应力分析提出了改进的接头夹板方案，认为该方案能使夹板均匀受力，在设计上是合理的。
The structure,the form and the function of the rail joint is summarized systematically in this paper. At the same time,the defect and disease of rail joint is also introduced. After studying the former static calculation method of rail joint,a new calculation model of joint is presented in the article. The new model is built according to the real size of rail joint by finite element software ANSYS,thus can analyze the stress of all parts of rail joint. With the finite element method,we can not only avoid the complicated boundary condition and theory derivation,but also avoid simplifying the rail joint in new calculation model. Therefore the calculation of rail join is more accurate.
As the analysis shows that stress of the outside joint bar of rail is higher than that of the inner joint bar when a wheel rolls over the rail joint. Furthermore the change of bolt tension has great effect to the stress distribution and stress level of all parts of rail joint. As the bolt tension increase,the tension of rail web,stress of joint bar and stress of joint bolt would increase accordingly,but the displacement of rail would become smaller. Commonly,if slide between joint bar and rail is permitted,the bolt torque ranged from 500N-m to 700N-m is suitable. If the joint is "frozen",the bolt torque should range from 900N-m to 1100N-m.
In this paper we present improved draft of joint bar in the base of the analysis of rail joint. The draft is reasonable for it can make the stress evenly when a wheel rolls over the rail joint.
分析表明：接头受力时，钢轨外侧夹板的应力水平比内侧夹板的应力水平高；在受力条件相同的情况下，螺栓扭矩的变化对接头各部件的应力分布及应力水平有较大影响。螺栓扭矩增大，接头区钢轨轨腰拉力、夹板应力、螺杆内应力都会增大，而钢轨位移会随着螺栓扭矩的增大而减小。一般来说，如果允许夹板与钢轨相互滑动，接头扭矩500～700N·m范围是适宜的；如果将接头“冻结”，则螺栓扭矩应在900～1000N·m左右。
同时，本文根据对夹板的应力分析提出了改进的接头夹板方案，认为该方案能使夹板均匀受力，在设计上是合理的。
The structure,the form and the function of the rail joint is summarized systematically in this paper. At the same time,the defect and disease of rail joint is also introduced. After studying the former static calculation method of rail joint,a new calculation model of joint is presented in the article. The new model is built according to the real size of rail joint by finite element software ANSYS,thus can analyze the stress of all parts of rail joint. With the finite element method,we can not only avoid the complicated boundary condition and theory derivation,but also avoid simplifying the rail joint in new calculation model. Therefore the calculation of rail join is more accurate.
As the analysis shows that stress of the outside joint bar of rail is higher than that of the inner joint bar when a wheel rolls over the rail joint. Furthermore the change of bolt tension has great effect to the stress distribution and stress level of all parts of rail joint. As the bolt tension increase,the tension of rail web,stress of joint bar and stress of joint bolt would increase accordingly,but the displacement of rail would become smaller. Commonly,if slide between joint bar and rail is permitted,the bolt torque ranged from 500N-m to 700N-m is suitable. If the joint is "frozen",the bolt torque should range from 900N-m to 1100N-m.
In this paper we present improved draft of joint bar in the base of the analysis of rail joint. The draft is reasonable for it can make the stress evenly when a wheel rolls over the rail joint.
引文
1、童大埙 铁路轨道 中国铁道出版社 1990．11
2、颜秉善、王其昌 钢轨力学与钢轨伤损 西南交通大学出版社 1989．11
3、方彰炎 钢轨和钢轨接头 中国铁道出版社 1996．10
4、马效云 胶接钢轨绝缘 中国铁道出版社 1998．2
5、铁道部工务局 铁路公务技术手册(轨道) 中国铁道出版社 2000．5
6、佐藤吉彦(徐涌泽) 新轨道力学 中国铁道出版社 2001．11
7、练松良、孙琦、王午生 铁路曲线钢轨磨耗及其减缓措施 中国铁道出版社 2001．1
8、刘学毅、刘爱萍“冻结”接头鱼尾板冻弯应力准静态计算方法 西南交通大学学报 2001．8(4)
9、邢书珍 钢轨接头强度的静力计算方法 中国铁道科学 1994．9(3)
10、万传风、魏庆朝 低接头处钢轨的弯曲应力计算 北方交通大学学报 1999．8(4)
11、谢燕 寒冷地区钢轨接头螺栓扭矩与轨温、轨缝关系的探讨 铁道建筑 1996．12(12)
12、朱伯芳 有限元法原理与应用(第二版) 中国水利水电出版社 1998．10
13、丁皓江、谢贻权等 弹性和塑性力学中的有限元法 浙江大学出版社 1988．10
14、刘德义、陈一鸣、申光宪 弹性接触问题边界元分离解法及最优罚因子 重庆建筑大学学报 2000．12(6)
15、张增 如何消除低接头病害 铁道建筑 1995(6)
16、刘伟 提速线路钢轨接头动力探讨 铁道标准设计1998(1)
17、奚绍良、龚佩毅、范钦爱 60kg/m跨区间无缝线路固定型提速道岔辙叉接头冻结的研究 铁道标准设计 2000．4(4)
18、江峰 高强度螺栓及其接头可靠度的研究 铁道学报 2001．12(6)
19、朱梅、孙法林 钢轨用接头夹板现行外形尺寸检验样板分析与合理样板探讨 铁道技术监督 1997(1)
20、王珍君、侯炳麟 钢轨轨头三维应力有限元分析 中国铁道科学 2000．12(4)
21、刘丽东、高春平 我国钢轨接头夹板的使用现状与急需解决的问题 中国铁道科学 1999．3(1)
22、谭建国 使用ANSYS 6.0进行有限元分析 北京大学出版社 2002．5
23、Arnold D. Kerr、Alan W. Eberhardt The stress analysis of Railroad Track with Nonlinear Base Response Rail International March 1992
24、Jabbar Ali ZAKERI, XIA He、FAN Jun-jie Effects of Unsupported Sleeper on Dynamic Responses of Railway Track 北方交通大学学报 2002. 2 (1)
25、S. L. Grassie, R. W. Gregory, D. Harrison, K. L. Johnson The Dynamic Response of Railway Track to High Frequency Vertical Excitation dournal Mechanical Engineering Science Vol 24 No 2 1982
26、Jelte Bos Low Noise Track Railway International January 1999
27、S. G. Newton, R. A. Clark An Inverstigation into the Dynamic Effects on the Track of Wheelflats on Railway Vehicles Journal Mechanical Engineering Science Vol 21 No 4 1979
28、K. Ono、M. Yamada Analysis of Railway Track Vibration Journal of Sound and Vibration (1989)130(2), 269-297
29、M. L. Munjal、M. Heckl Vibrations of a Periodic Rail-Sleeper System Excited by an Oscillating Stationary Transverse Force Journal of Sound and Vibration (1982) 81(4), 491—500
30、P. J. Remington Characterization of the Wheel/rail Dynamic System. Journal of Sound and Vibration (1976)46, 359-379
31、M. L. Munjal, M. Heckl Some Mechanisms for Excitation of a Railway Wheel Journal of Sound and Vibration (1982)81,477—489
32、David J. Thompson、Nicolas Vincent Track Dynamic Behaviour at High Frequencies. Part 1: Theoretical Model and Laboratory Measurements Vehicles System Dynamics Supplement 24(1995), 86-99
33、Kaothe. K、Grassie. S. L Modelling of railway track and vehicle/track interaction at high frequencies Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 22, 209-262 (1993)
34、Vincent. N、Thompson. D. J Track dynamic behaviour at high frequencies. Part 2: experimental results and comparisons with theory Interaction of Railway Vehicles with the Track and its Substructure Supplement to Vehicle System Dynamics Vol 24 (1995)
35、Lutz Mauer An Interactive Track-Train Dynamic Mode for Calculation of Track Error Growth Vehicle System Dynamics Supplement Vol 24(1995)209-221
2、颜秉善、王其昌 钢轨力学与钢轨伤损 西南交通大学出版社 1989．11
3、方彰炎 钢轨和钢轨接头 中国铁道出版社 1996．10
4、马效云 胶接钢轨绝缘 中国铁道出版社 1998．2
5、铁道部工务局 铁路公务技术手册(轨道) 中国铁道出版社 2000．5
6、佐藤吉彦(徐涌泽) 新轨道力学 中国铁道出版社 2001．11
7、练松良、孙琦、王午生 铁路曲线钢轨磨耗及其减缓措施 中国铁道出版社 2001．1
8、刘学毅、刘爱萍“冻结”接头鱼尾板冻弯应力准静态计算方法 西南交通大学学报 2001．8(4)
9、邢书珍 钢轨接头强度的静力计算方法 中国铁道科学 1994．9(3)
10、万传风、魏庆朝 低接头处钢轨的弯曲应力计算 北方交通大学学报 1999．8(4)
11、谢燕 寒冷地区钢轨接头螺栓扭矩与轨温、轨缝关系的探讨 铁道建筑 1996．12(12)
12、朱伯芳 有限元法原理与应用(第二版) 中国水利水电出版社 1998．10
13、丁皓江、谢贻权等 弹性和塑性力学中的有限元法 浙江大学出版社 1988．10
14、刘德义、陈一鸣、申光宪 弹性接触问题边界元分离解法及最优罚因子 重庆建筑大学学报 2000．12(6)
15、张增 如何消除低接头病害 铁道建筑 1995(6)
16、刘伟 提速线路钢轨接头动力探讨 铁道标准设计1998(1)
17、奚绍良、龚佩毅、范钦爱 60kg/m跨区间无缝线路固定型提速道岔辙叉接头冻结的研究 铁道标准设计 2000．4(4)
18、江峰 高强度螺栓及其接头可靠度的研究 铁道学报 2001．12(6)
19、朱梅、孙法林 钢轨用接头夹板现行外形尺寸检验样板分析与合理样板探讨 铁道技术监督 1997(1)
20、王珍君、侯炳麟 钢轨轨头三维应力有限元分析 中国铁道科学 2000．12(4)
21、刘丽东、高春平 我国钢轨接头夹板的使用现状与急需解决的问题 中国铁道科学 1999．3(1)
22、谭建国 使用ANSYS 6.0进行有限元分析 北京大学出版社 2002．5
23、Arnold D. Kerr、Alan W. Eberhardt The stress analysis of Railroad Track with Nonlinear Base Response Rail International March 1992
24、Jabbar Ali ZAKERI, XIA He、FAN Jun-jie Effects of Unsupported Sleeper on Dynamic Responses of Railway Track 北方交通大学学报 2002. 2 (1)
25、S. L. Grassie, R. W. Gregory, D. Harrison, K. L. Johnson The Dynamic Response of Railway Track to High Frequency Vertical Excitation dournal Mechanical Engineering Science Vol 24 No 2 1982
26、Jelte Bos Low Noise Track Railway International January 1999
27、S. G. Newton, R. A. Clark An Inverstigation into the Dynamic Effects on the Track of Wheelflats on Railway Vehicles Journal Mechanical Engineering Science Vol 21 No 4 1979
28、K. Ono、M. Yamada Analysis of Railway Track Vibration Journal of Sound and Vibration (1989)130(2), 269-297
29、M. L. Munjal、M. Heckl Vibrations of a Periodic Rail-Sleeper System Excited by an Oscillating Stationary Transverse Force Journal of Sound and Vibration (1982) 81(4), 491—500
30、P. J. Remington Characterization of the Wheel/rail Dynamic System. Journal of Sound and Vibration (1976)46, 359-379
31、M. L. Munjal, M. Heckl Some Mechanisms for Excitation of a Railway Wheel Journal of Sound and Vibration (1982)81,477—489
32、David J. Thompson、Nicolas Vincent Track Dynamic Behaviour at High Frequencies. Part 1: Theoretical Model and Laboratory Measurements Vehicles System Dynamics Supplement 24(1995), 86-99
33、Kaothe. K、Grassie. S. L Modelling of railway track and vehicle/track interaction at high frequencies Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 22, 209-262 (1993)
34、Vincent. N、Thompson. D. J Track dynamic behaviour at high frequencies. Part 2: experimental results and comparisons with theory Interaction of Railway Vehicles with the Track and its Substructure Supplement to Vehicle System Dynamics Vol 24 (1995)
35、Lutz Mauer An Interactive Track-Train Dynamic Mode for Calculation of Track Error Growth Vehicle System Dynamics Supplement Vol 24(1995)209-221