生物柴油燃料喷雾、燃烧及碳烟生成过程可视化研究
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摘要
随着全球工业化进程的日益提高,能源短缺和环境污染已成为我国乃至世界各国都亟待解决的重要问题。生物柴油作为清洁的可再生能源,由于其原料广泛、燃烧和排放性能优良,全球大多数国家均深刻认识到合理开发利用生物柴油的重要性。而现阶段,对于生物柴油燃料从缸内喷射蒸发、着火、燃烧到排放物生成的全过程处于热点研究阶段。因此,本文对生物柴油燃料缸内行为进行可视化实验研究,对从根本上提高燃油雾化效果、改进燃烧模式、降低污染物排放等具有重要的作用和意义。
本文实验采用可视化定容燃烧器模拟传统柴油机活塞运行到上止点时的缸内高温、高压环境。应用现阶段先进的激光测试技术,使用高速图片采集设备,对不同负荷工况、不同掺混比例的生物柴油燃料的喷雾、燃烧及碳烟生成过程进行可视化分析研究。使用一种全新的碳烟测量方法--光源前置消光法对完整的碳烟生成过程进行二维瞬态分布及质量测量。不同于传统碳烟测量方法,光源前置消光法将采集设备和光源布置在监测对象同侧,仅需一个光学窗口即可,且激光两次穿过碳烟生成区域,因此更适用于生物柴油等低碳烟生成燃料测量。利用散光法测量燃料喷射过程中油束液态贯穿距随时间的变化规律,清晰的了解生物柴油燃料雾化、破碎和与缸内空气的混合过程。采用高速摄像机和700nm低波长滤光镜头直接拍摄生物柴油燃烧火焰发展情况,研究自然着火时刻和区域、火焰传播方向、自然火焰发光度等参数。实现燃料喷雾、燃烧和碳烟随时间、空间变化的联合测量及可视化研究分析。
试验过程中设置定容燃烧器缸内密度14.8kg/m3,氧含量21%不变,缸内环境温度变化范围800K~1200K,模拟传统柴油机无增压、无EGR条件下各负荷工况。首先,以欧洲低硫柴油作为基础燃料,生物柴油掺混比例为别为100%,50%和20%,对生物柴油燃料的喷雾、燃烧及碳烟生成特性进行试验研究。然后,针对生物柴油燃料特性差异,选择正丁醇作为添加剂,小比例掺混到生物柴油燃料中,对高温、高压环境下燃料的雾化蒸发、着火特性、火焰强度及分布、碳烟质量及分布等规律进行研究。试验过程中发现,生物柴油添加正丁醇燃料喷雾过程中产生液态贯穿距突然下降的现象,可能与燃料的挥发性差异导致的微爆现象有关。因此本文在可变缸内高温、高压的条件下进行单纯的燃料喷射实验,通过降低缸内氧浓度抑制点火和燃烧的方式消除燃烧过程对微爆现象的影响,研究生物柴油和正丁醇掺混比例和环境温度对微爆发生时刻、持续期和微爆强度的影响规律。并利用KIVA-3V软件,建立微爆不稳定性模型,定义燃油液滴微爆发生及其剧烈程度的标准。模拟环境温度、燃料成分、微爆发生时的粒子直径对微爆的影响,优化混合燃料中轻、重质组分比例,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好。
研究结果表明:燃油油束从喷孔喷出后,迅速向下游贯穿,经历短暂时刻液态贯穿距达到最大,并保持稳定直至喷油过程结束。生物柴油燃料由于沸点、粘度和表面张力均高于传统柴油燃料,从喷孔喷出时燃油颗粒不宜破碎和扩散,因此环境温度较低时生物柴油液态贯穿距离高于同负荷工况下低硫柴油燃料10%-12%左右。
生物柴油燃料燃烧压力和放热率变化规律与低硫柴油燃料相似,由于其热值略低于柴油,因此随生物柴油掺混比例增加,燃烧压力和放热率略有下降。环境温度较低时,生物柴油燃料着火时刻略晚于低硫柴油燃料,但由于燃料中含氧,预混合阶段燃烧速度较快。随环境温度升高,燃料特性导致的着火延迟期差异不再明显,燃烧后期表现出强于低硫柴油的扩散燃烧现象。
由于生物柴油燃料中氧含量10%,因此燃烧初期自然火焰发光度较低,没有碳烟生成。环境温度较低时,生物柴油和低硫柴油着火点均位于缸壁附近的预混合良好区,燃烧后期产生的少量碳烟集中在油束下游富油低氧区域。随环境温度升高,生物柴油着火时刻提前,着火点逐渐向上游喷孔方向移动,预混合过程减弱导致生物柴油碳烟生成质量有所增加,相应的自然火焰发光度随之升高。各种负荷工况下,生物柴油燃料燃烧相对完全,火焰温度较低且分布较均匀,火焰中部没有发光度集中的现象。不同于低硫柴油两个碳烟生成集中区:油束下游火焰集中区和缸壁附件低氧含量区,生物柴油燃料扩散燃烧后期火焰不易到达缸壁形成高温低氧区,其碳烟生成区主要集中在油束下游火焰中央区。因此其碳烟生成质量约为低硫柴油燃料30%-40%左右。生物柴油掺混比例达到20%,中、高负荷工况即可显著降低自然火焰发光强度,平均瞬态碳烟生成量100ug左右,为同工况下柴油燃料碳烟排放的50%~60%左右,进一步提高生物柴油掺混比例,自然火焰发光度和碳烟排放不再明显降低。
研究表明正丁醇作为生物柴油添加剂,不仅可以极大限度的补偿生物柴油相对于传统柴油的燃料特性差异,而且可以在较大温度变化范围内实现生物柴油与传统柴油任意比例互溶,提高生物柴油燃料稳定性。同时正丁醇作为清洁的含氧燃料,小比例添加到生物柴油燃料中可显著改善燃料喷雾特性、延长着火延迟期,提高预混合燃烧比例。添加5%~10%正丁醇燃料表现出明显的低碳烟生成率和高碳烟氧化率。瞬时碳烟生成质量相对于B20生物柴油燃料降低40%以上。
此外,生物柴油燃料添加正丁醇可显著提高混合燃料中轻、重质组分的挥发性差异,在特定工况下发生微爆,促使燃料与周围空气良好混合。随燃料中生物柴油和正丁醇掺混比例提高,在相对较低的环境温度中即发生微爆现象。随环境温度升高,微爆现象起始时间提前。同时数值模拟结果显示:由于生物柴油相对于传统柴油更易使气泡膨胀,而正丁醇超热温度和沸点温度的温差较低,易于实现结晶成核,因此环境压力相对较低时,即表现出较高的微爆趋势。微爆发生的最佳掺混比例为生物柴油体积分数70%,正丁醇体积分数30%。
With the increase of industrialization of the whole world, energy shortage and environmental pollution become the most serious problems on the earth. As a clean and alternative energy, biodiesel can be produced from broad available feedstock, possess excellent combustion and emission characteristics, therefore more and more countries have deeply cognized that biodiesel using is important for reducing foreign dependence and saving domestic fuel market. At present, the study on biodiesel is considered prevalent and hot trend. Consequently, my works is mainly aimed at the optical spray, combustion and soot formation research by using biodiesel fuel. It will conduce to elevate fuel evaporation, improve combustion pattern and reduce exhaust emission preferably.
In this thesis, high temperature and high pressure environment produced in an optical constant volume chamber simulates the real engine working conditions. Apply advanced laser testing and high speed imaging technology, biodiesel spray, combustion and soot formation process are investigated under various engine operation and different blend ratio conditions. As a new method measured soot mass, Forward Illumination Light Extinction (FILE) method records 2D soot distribution and instantaneous mass result during the whole soot formation process. Different from traditional soot measured method, FILE makes laser and high speed camera assembled on the same side, laser pass though soot could twice, and only one optical window required. So it is very fit for low soot emission fuels. Light scattering method is used to examine liquid jet penetration in order to investigate fuel evaporation, break up and mix with fresh air clearly. Auto ignition timing and location, flame propagation and natural flame luminosity are also observed by using high speed camera and 700 nm ND filter. The 2D time-resolved results of fuel spray, combustion and soot formation can be combined in temporal and spatial measurement simultaneously.
A typical natural aspiration and no EGR operation condition for diesel engine is chosen: constant 21% oxygen content (by volume) and density of 14.8 kg/m3 in the chamber, ambient temperature varied from 800K to 1200K. Based on ultra sulfur diesel, the soybean biodiesel of 20%, 50% and 100% volume fraction are examined on spray, combustion and soot formation. Then, as compensate fuel properties difference from diesel, adds n-butanol to biodiesel fuel by low blend ratio, fuel combustion pressure and heat release rate, liquid jet penetration, natural flame luminosity and soot emission are researched. Measured results showed that sudden but repeatable drop of liquid jet penetration length by using B10D80N10 blend fuel, suppose micro- explosion exist. Therefore, utter fuel spray experiment by using biodiesel fuel with n-butanol additive implement in high temperature and pressure environment. In order to eliminate the effect of combustion on spray jet, amount of excess oxygen content is set to zero. This ensures that spray behavior is not distorted by the combustion process of the fuel. At last, a numerical model of micro-explosion in multi-component bio-fuel droplets is proposed by using KIVA-3V software. The onset of micro-explosion is determined by the homogeneous nucleation theory and characterized the effect of ambient temperature, fuel component and normalized onset radius. The numerical predictions match with experimental data very well.
The experimental results show that the jet penetration is firstly detected when injection initiation, then reach the maximum penetration depth rapidly, and keep stable until injection end. It can be concluded that the fuel evaporation process mostly received the energy from hot ambient air and the influence from flame at the downstream is limited. Because biodiesel fuel has higher boiling point, kinematic viscosity and surface tension than diesel fuel, the liquid jet penetration length of biodiesel is 10%-12% longer than the ones of diesel at the same operation conditions.
There is no obvious difference of fuel combustion pressure and heat release rate between biodiesel and diesel. With biodiesel blend ratio increasing, the combustion pressure and heat release rate decreases slightly resulting from lower heat value of biodiesel fuel. At relative lower ambient temperature condition, biodiesel fuel has longer ignition delay timing, but the premixed burn speed is higher than diesel fuel because of oxygen content in biodiesel fuel. With ambient temperature increasing, the ignition delay becomes unperceivable for all fuels, and biodiesel represents stronger diffusion combustion process.
Due to 10% oxygen content in biodiesel, the weak natural flame luminosity and no soot formation shown at initial phase. At low ambient temperature condition, the auto ignition locate well premixed area near cylinder wall for both fuels, and a small quantity of soot generate at rich fuel region downstream of liquid spray when the combustion developed. With ambient temperature increasing, ignition delay of biodiesel advance and auto ignition move to jet upstream. Soot formation and natural flame luminosity enhance resulting from stronger diffusion combustion phase. At all engine operation conditions, biodiesel fuel burn completely, flame temperature uniformly distribute and no concentrated luminosity. Different from two soot high density area for diesel fuel: jet downstream of rich fuel and near wall region where low fresh air entrain, biodiesel flame is hard to reach cylinder wall and main soot distribution locate at jet downstream. So pure biodiesel fuel produces soot mass 30%-40% lower than diesel fuel. When biodiesel blend ratio is 20% by volume, natural flame luminosity distinctly reduce, and average soot mass is 100ug which is 50%-60% of diesel fuel probably. They don’t go on lessening even biodiesel proportion heightening.
Biodiesel with n-butanol additive, which not rather has the similar fuel properties to diesel, but also enhance stability of mixture fuel and keep homogeneous miscible liquid with no particles or crystals when atmospheric temperature fluctuate widely. Adding n-butanol to biodiesel fuel at low blend ratio, improve liquid atomization and evaporation, extend ignition delay and enhance premixed combustion process. B10D80N10 and B15D80N5 blend fuels demonstrate evident low soot formation rate and high soot oxygenation rate, average soot mass decrease 40% than B20D80 fuel consequently.
Otherwise, Biodiesel with n-butanol additive possess enlarged difference of volatility between light component and heavy component in mixed fuel that induces micro-explosion at specifical conditions which promotes fresh air and fuel mix well. High n-butanol and biodiesel content bring out micro-explosion occur at relative low ambient temperature environment. The micro-explosion time advances with ambient temperature increasing. Numerical simulation results show that stronger micro-explosion exists at relative low ambient pressure environment, since on the one hand the less volatile biodiesel surface contributes to bubble expansion, on the other hand n-butanol has adjacent boiling point and super heat limit which is prone to nucleation. The optimal composition for micro-explosion is 30% n-butanol and 70% biodiesel.
本文实验采用可视化定容燃烧器模拟传统柴油机活塞运行到上止点时的缸内高温、高压环境。应用现阶段先进的激光测试技术,使用高速图片采集设备,对不同负荷工况、不同掺混比例的生物柴油燃料的喷雾、燃烧及碳烟生成过程进行可视化分析研究。使用一种全新的碳烟测量方法--光源前置消光法对完整的碳烟生成过程进行二维瞬态分布及质量测量。不同于传统碳烟测量方法,光源前置消光法将采集设备和光源布置在监测对象同侧,仅需一个光学窗口即可,且激光两次穿过碳烟生成区域,因此更适用于生物柴油等低碳烟生成燃料测量。利用散光法测量燃料喷射过程中油束液态贯穿距随时间的变化规律,清晰的了解生物柴油燃料雾化、破碎和与缸内空气的混合过程。采用高速摄像机和700nm低波长滤光镜头直接拍摄生物柴油燃烧火焰发展情况,研究自然着火时刻和区域、火焰传播方向、自然火焰发光度等参数。实现燃料喷雾、燃烧和碳烟随时间、空间变化的联合测量及可视化研究分析。
试验过程中设置定容燃烧器缸内密度14.8kg/m3,氧含量21%不变,缸内环境温度变化范围800K~1200K,模拟传统柴油机无增压、无EGR条件下各负荷工况。首先,以欧洲低硫柴油作为基础燃料,生物柴油掺混比例为别为100%,50%和20%,对生物柴油燃料的喷雾、燃烧及碳烟生成特性进行试验研究。然后,针对生物柴油燃料特性差异,选择正丁醇作为添加剂,小比例掺混到生物柴油燃料中,对高温、高压环境下燃料的雾化蒸发、着火特性、火焰强度及分布、碳烟质量及分布等规律进行研究。试验过程中发现,生物柴油添加正丁醇燃料喷雾过程中产生液态贯穿距突然下降的现象,可能与燃料的挥发性差异导致的微爆现象有关。因此本文在可变缸内高温、高压的条件下进行单纯的燃料喷射实验,通过降低缸内氧浓度抑制点火和燃烧的方式消除燃烧过程对微爆现象的影响,研究生物柴油和正丁醇掺混比例和环境温度对微爆发生时刻、持续期和微爆强度的影响规律。并利用KIVA-3V软件,建立微爆不稳定性模型,定义燃油液滴微爆发生及其剧烈程度的标准。模拟环境温度、燃料成分、微爆发生时的粒子直径对微爆的影响,优化混合燃料中轻、重质组分比例,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好。
研究结果表明:燃油油束从喷孔喷出后,迅速向下游贯穿,经历短暂时刻液态贯穿距达到最大,并保持稳定直至喷油过程结束。生物柴油燃料由于沸点、粘度和表面张力均高于传统柴油燃料,从喷孔喷出时燃油颗粒不宜破碎和扩散,因此环境温度较低时生物柴油液态贯穿距离高于同负荷工况下低硫柴油燃料10%-12%左右。
生物柴油燃料燃烧压力和放热率变化规律与低硫柴油燃料相似,由于其热值略低于柴油,因此随生物柴油掺混比例增加,燃烧压力和放热率略有下降。环境温度较低时,生物柴油燃料着火时刻略晚于低硫柴油燃料,但由于燃料中含氧,预混合阶段燃烧速度较快。随环境温度升高,燃料特性导致的着火延迟期差异不再明显,燃烧后期表现出强于低硫柴油的扩散燃烧现象。
由于生物柴油燃料中氧含量10%,因此燃烧初期自然火焰发光度较低,没有碳烟生成。环境温度较低时,生物柴油和低硫柴油着火点均位于缸壁附近的预混合良好区,燃烧后期产生的少量碳烟集中在油束下游富油低氧区域。随环境温度升高,生物柴油着火时刻提前,着火点逐渐向上游喷孔方向移动,预混合过程减弱导致生物柴油碳烟生成质量有所增加,相应的自然火焰发光度随之升高。各种负荷工况下,生物柴油燃料燃烧相对完全,火焰温度较低且分布较均匀,火焰中部没有发光度集中的现象。不同于低硫柴油两个碳烟生成集中区:油束下游火焰集中区和缸壁附件低氧含量区,生物柴油燃料扩散燃烧后期火焰不易到达缸壁形成高温低氧区,其碳烟生成区主要集中在油束下游火焰中央区。因此其碳烟生成质量约为低硫柴油燃料30%-40%左右。生物柴油掺混比例达到20%,中、高负荷工况即可显著降低自然火焰发光强度,平均瞬态碳烟生成量100ug左右,为同工况下柴油燃料碳烟排放的50%~60%左右,进一步提高生物柴油掺混比例,自然火焰发光度和碳烟排放不再明显降低。
研究表明正丁醇作为生物柴油添加剂,不仅可以极大限度的补偿生物柴油相对于传统柴油的燃料特性差异,而且可以在较大温度变化范围内实现生物柴油与传统柴油任意比例互溶,提高生物柴油燃料稳定性。同时正丁醇作为清洁的含氧燃料,小比例添加到生物柴油燃料中可显著改善燃料喷雾特性、延长着火延迟期,提高预混合燃烧比例。添加5%~10%正丁醇燃料表现出明显的低碳烟生成率和高碳烟氧化率。瞬时碳烟生成质量相对于B20生物柴油燃料降低40%以上。
此外,生物柴油燃料添加正丁醇可显著提高混合燃料中轻、重质组分的挥发性差异,在特定工况下发生微爆,促使燃料与周围空气良好混合。随燃料中生物柴油和正丁醇掺混比例提高,在相对较低的环境温度中即发生微爆现象。随环境温度升高,微爆现象起始时间提前。同时数值模拟结果显示:由于生物柴油相对于传统柴油更易使气泡膨胀,而正丁醇超热温度和沸点温度的温差较低,易于实现结晶成核,因此环境压力相对较低时,即表现出较高的微爆趋势。微爆发生的最佳掺混比例为生物柴油体积分数70%,正丁醇体积分数30%。
With the increase of industrialization of the whole world, energy shortage and environmental pollution become the most serious problems on the earth. As a clean and alternative energy, biodiesel can be produced from broad available feedstock, possess excellent combustion and emission characteristics, therefore more and more countries have deeply cognized that biodiesel using is important for reducing foreign dependence and saving domestic fuel market. At present, the study on biodiesel is considered prevalent and hot trend. Consequently, my works is mainly aimed at the optical spray, combustion and soot formation research by using biodiesel fuel. It will conduce to elevate fuel evaporation, improve combustion pattern and reduce exhaust emission preferably.
In this thesis, high temperature and high pressure environment produced in an optical constant volume chamber simulates the real engine working conditions. Apply advanced laser testing and high speed imaging technology, biodiesel spray, combustion and soot formation process are investigated under various engine operation and different blend ratio conditions. As a new method measured soot mass, Forward Illumination Light Extinction (FILE) method records 2D soot distribution and instantaneous mass result during the whole soot formation process. Different from traditional soot measured method, FILE makes laser and high speed camera assembled on the same side, laser pass though soot could twice, and only one optical window required. So it is very fit for low soot emission fuels. Light scattering method is used to examine liquid jet penetration in order to investigate fuel evaporation, break up and mix with fresh air clearly. Auto ignition timing and location, flame propagation and natural flame luminosity are also observed by using high speed camera and 700 nm ND filter. The 2D time-resolved results of fuel spray, combustion and soot formation can be combined in temporal and spatial measurement simultaneously.
A typical natural aspiration and no EGR operation condition for diesel engine is chosen: constant 21% oxygen content (by volume) and density of 14.8 kg/m3 in the chamber, ambient temperature varied from 800K to 1200K. Based on ultra sulfur diesel, the soybean biodiesel of 20%, 50% and 100% volume fraction are examined on spray, combustion and soot formation. Then, as compensate fuel properties difference from diesel, adds n-butanol to biodiesel fuel by low blend ratio, fuel combustion pressure and heat release rate, liquid jet penetration, natural flame luminosity and soot emission are researched. Measured results showed that sudden but repeatable drop of liquid jet penetration length by using B10D80N10 blend fuel, suppose micro- explosion exist. Therefore, utter fuel spray experiment by using biodiesel fuel with n-butanol additive implement in high temperature and pressure environment. In order to eliminate the effect of combustion on spray jet, amount of excess oxygen content is set to zero. This ensures that spray behavior is not distorted by the combustion process of the fuel. At last, a numerical model of micro-explosion in multi-component bio-fuel droplets is proposed by using KIVA-3V software. The onset of micro-explosion is determined by the homogeneous nucleation theory and characterized the effect of ambient temperature, fuel component and normalized onset radius. The numerical predictions match with experimental data very well.
The experimental results show that the jet penetration is firstly detected when injection initiation, then reach the maximum penetration depth rapidly, and keep stable until injection end. It can be concluded that the fuel evaporation process mostly received the energy from hot ambient air and the influence from flame at the downstream is limited. Because biodiesel fuel has higher boiling point, kinematic viscosity and surface tension than diesel fuel, the liquid jet penetration length of biodiesel is 10%-12% longer than the ones of diesel at the same operation conditions.
There is no obvious difference of fuel combustion pressure and heat release rate between biodiesel and diesel. With biodiesel blend ratio increasing, the combustion pressure and heat release rate decreases slightly resulting from lower heat value of biodiesel fuel. At relative lower ambient temperature condition, biodiesel fuel has longer ignition delay timing, but the premixed burn speed is higher than diesel fuel because of oxygen content in biodiesel fuel. With ambient temperature increasing, the ignition delay becomes unperceivable for all fuels, and biodiesel represents stronger diffusion combustion process.
Due to 10% oxygen content in biodiesel, the weak natural flame luminosity and no soot formation shown at initial phase. At low ambient temperature condition, the auto ignition locate well premixed area near cylinder wall for both fuels, and a small quantity of soot generate at rich fuel region downstream of liquid spray when the combustion developed. With ambient temperature increasing, ignition delay of biodiesel advance and auto ignition move to jet upstream. Soot formation and natural flame luminosity enhance resulting from stronger diffusion combustion phase. At all engine operation conditions, biodiesel fuel burn completely, flame temperature uniformly distribute and no concentrated luminosity. Different from two soot high density area for diesel fuel: jet downstream of rich fuel and near wall region where low fresh air entrain, biodiesel flame is hard to reach cylinder wall and main soot distribution locate at jet downstream. So pure biodiesel fuel produces soot mass 30%-40% lower than diesel fuel. When biodiesel blend ratio is 20% by volume, natural flame luminosity distinctly reduce, and average soot mass is 100ug which is 50%-60% of diesel fuel probably. They don’t go on lessening even biodiesel proportion heightening.
Biodiesel with n-butanol additive, which not rather has the similar fuel properties to diesel, but also enhance stability of mixture fuel and keep homogeneous miscible liquid with no particles or crystals when atmospheric temperature fluctuate widely. Adding n-butanol to biodiesel fuel at low blend ratio, improve liquid atomization and evaporation, extend ignition delay and enhance premixed combustion process. B10D80N10 and B15D80N5 blend fuels demonstrate evident low soot formation rate and high soot oxygenation rate, average soot mass decrease 40% than B20D80 fuel consequently.
Otherwise, Biodiesel with n-butanol additive possess enlarged difference of volatility between light component and heavy component in mixed fuel that induces micro-explosion at specifical conditions which promotes fresh air and fuel mix well. High n-butanol and biodiesel content bring out micro-explosion occur at relative low ambient temperature environment. The micro-explosion time advances with ambient temperature increasing. Numerical simulation results show that stronger micro-explosion exists at relative low ambient pressure environment, since on the one hand the less volatile biodiesel surface contributes to bubble expansion, on the other hand n-butanol has adjacent boiling point and super heat limit which is prone to nucleation. The optimal composition for micro-explosion is 30% n-butanol and 70% biodiesel.
引文
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