生物柴油在压燃式发动机上的应用研究
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摘要
随着社会的进步、经济的发展和汽车保有量的增加,人类对石油的依赖越来越强烈,石油供应与消费的平衡关系制约着各国乃至全世界的经济发展,生物柴油作为一种很有发展前途的代用燃料,已经越来越被人们所重视。本文在不改变发动机原有结构参数的基础上,通过在柴油中添加不同比例的生物柴油,配制成B10、B20和B30三种混合燃料,使其与纯0#柴油共同进行发动机台架试验,研究了不同添加比例的生物柴油混合燃料对发动机的燃烧特性以及动力性、经济性和排放性的影响,根据得到的试验结果确定了在不影响发动机性能的前提下生物柴油的最佳添加比例。
The study of alternative energy sources has already been developed all over the world because most of the countries in the world must encounter the difficulty of the energy sources problem. Bio-diesel, as a renewable alternative fuel, has become more and more considered by the people.
The main ingredient of bio-diesel fuel used in the experiment is the Soybean Metyl Ester. The three types of blend fuels are respectively made by adding 10%,20%,30% of bio-diesel fuel fraction to the petroleum diesel. Since the experiments were conducted between the blend fuels and the petroleum diesel, it can be concluded that the ratio of the bio-diesel in the petroleum diesel has an important effect on the engine combustion characteristics、performance and emission characteristics by the analysis of physical properties, indicator diagram, combustion, emission. The purpose is to choose the best ratio under the condition that the engine performance is not well influenced.
Extensive experiments with the physical characteristics of fuels were carried out on a engine fueled with petroleum diesel and three kinds of bio-diesel fuels (B10, B20and B100).Through the experiments, it can be concluded that the density of the bio-diesel is higher than that of the petroleum diesel, and the density of blend fuel increases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; The calorie value contained in the bio-diesel is lower than that of the petroleum diesel, and the calorie value contained in the blend fuel decreases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; In these experiments, though the cetane of the bio-diesel is lower than that of the petroleum diesel , the ignition performance of the bio-diesel is well because its cetane is up to 48.3; The oxygen contained in the bio-diesel is much higher than that of the petroleum diesel, and the oxygen contained in the blend fuel increases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; Though the viscosity of the bio-diesel is higher than the petroleum diesel, it can meet the demand of the diesel engine; The flash point of the bio-diesel is obviously higher than that of the petroleum diesel, and the flash points of the blend fuels increase with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in the petroleum diesel; All the distillation temperature(50%, 90%, 95%) of the bio-diesel used in the experiment are a little higher than that of the petroleum diesel, but the distinction is not obvious.
From the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that, as the density of the bio-diesel is higher, the quality of the fuel injected in the cylinder during the same injection period increase without any configuration modification in the diesel engine, which contributes to improving the shortcoming of the bio-diesel whose calorie value is low; As the oxygen contained in the bio-diesel is much higher than that of the petroleum diesel, it can improve the shortcoming of the mixture gas formation in the diesel engine; The flash point is high, so it is convenient for transport and store. As mentioned in the paragraph, the bio-diesel as a kind of alternative fuels is suitable for diesel engine.
Without any configuration modification of a turbocharged intercooled CI engine, the experiment fueled with four kinds of bio-diesel fuels (B0, B10, B20 and B30) has been conducted according to ECE R49 13-mode.The results of combustion characteristics show that the maximum combustion pressure, the mean indicated pressure and the power in the cylinder gradually decrease with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel. The trend become more obvious as the engine loads become smaller, and the corresponding crank angle at the maximum combustion pressure will delay; The ratio of pressure rise gradually decreases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel, the distinction is not obvious; The maximum value of heat release of the blend fuels is lower than that of the petroleum diesel. The periods of ignition delay and the combustion duration gradually increase with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel at the same load and engine speed.
The results of experiment show that the bio-diesel engine performance decreased a little compared to the petroleum diesel, but the changes of maximum torque and power are not obvious when using the B10.The changes can not have effect on the engine performance; As far as fuel consumption ,both the bio-diesel engine and blend fuel are higher than the petroleum diesel, but the distinction is not obvious. In a word, though the engine performance and fuel economy are a little dropped when used bio-diesel, the change is quiet a little.
The HC emission used the bio-diesel and the blend fuel is far lower than the petroleum diesel, and the HC emission will become less and less with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; The CO emission gradually decreases with the increasing of the engine load, but it increase a little just at large engine loads, especially at 2800r/min. The CO emission fueled with the bio-diesel and the blend fuels is lower than that of the petroleum diesel, and the decreasing extent become smaller with the increasing of the engine load; The NO_x emission used the bio-diesel and the blend fuel is lower than that of the petroleum diesel, however, the distinction is not obvious.
The study of alternative energy sources has already been developed all over the world because most of the countries in the world must encounter the difficulty of the energy sources problem. Bio-diesel, as a renewable alternative fuel, has become more and more considered by the people.
The main ingredient of bio-diesel fuel used in the experiment is the Soybean Metyl Ester. The three types of blend fuels are respectively made by adding 10%,20%,30% of bio-diesel fuel fraction to the petroleum diesel. Since the experiments were conducted between the blend fuels and the petroleum diesel, it can be concluded that the ratio of the bio-diesel in the petroleum diesel has an important effect on the engine combustion characteristics、performance and emission characteristics by the analysis of physical properties, indicator diagram, combustion, emission. The purpose is to choose the best ratio under the condition that the engine performance is not well influenced.
Extensive experiments with the physical characteristics of fuels were carried out on a engine fueled with petroleum diesel and three kinds of bio-diesel fuels (B10, B20and B100).Through the experiments, it can be concluded that the density of the bio-diesel is higher than that of the petroleum diesel, and the density of blend fuel increases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; The calorie value contained in the bio-diesel is lower than that of the petroleum diesel, and the calorie value contained in the blend fuel decreases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; In these experiments, though the cetane of the bio-diesel is lower than that of the petroleum diesel , the ignition performance of the bio-diesel is well because its cetane is up to 48.3; The oxygen contained in the bio-diesel is much higher than that of the petroleum diesel, and the oxygen contained in the blend fuel increases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; Though the viscosity of the bio-diesel is higher than the petroleum diesel, it can meet the demand of the diesel engine; The flash point of the bio-diesel is obviously higher than that of the petroleum diesel, and the flash points of the blend fuels increase with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in the petroleum diesel; All the distillation temperature(50%, 90%, 95%) of the bio-diesel used in the experiment are a little higher than that of the petroleum diesel, but the distinction is not obvious.
From the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that, as the density of the bio-diesel is higher, the quality of the fuel injected in the cylinder during the same injection period increase without any configuration modification in the diesel engine, which contributes to improving the shortcoming of the bio-diesel whose calorie value is low; As the oxygen contained in the bio-diesel is much higher than that of the petroleum diesel, it can improve the shortcoming of the mixture gas formation in the diesel engine; The flash point is high, so it is convenient for transport and store. As mentioned in the paragraph, the bio-diesel as a kind of alternative fuels is suitable for diesel engine.
Without any configuration modification of a turbocharged intercooled CI engine, the experiment fueled with four kinds of bio-diesel fuels (B0, B10, B20 and B30) has been conducted according to ECE R49 13-mode.The results of combustion characteristics show that the maximum combustion pressure, the mean indicated pressure and the power in the cylinder gradually decrease with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel. The trend become more obvious as the engine loads become smaller, and the corresponding crank angle at the maximum combustion pressure will delay; The ratio of pressure rise gradually decreases with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel, the distinction is not obvious; The maximum value of heat release of the blend fuels is lower than that of the petroleum diesel. The periods of ignition delay and the combustion duration gradually increase with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel at the same load and engine speed.
The results of experiment show that the bio-diesel engine performance decreased a little compared to the petroleum diesel, but the changes of maximum torque and power are not obvious when using the B10.The changes can not have effect on the engine performance; As far as fuel consumption ,both the bio-diesel engine and blend fuel are higher than the petroleum diesel, but the distinction is not obvious. In a word, though the engine performance and fuel economy are a little dropped when used bio-diesel, the change is quiet a little.
The HC emission used the bio-diesel and the blend fuel is far lower than the petroleum diesel, and the HC emission will become less and less with the increasing of the ratio of bio-diesel in petroleum diesel; The CO emission gradually decreases with the increasing of the engine load, but it increase a little just at large engine loads, especially at 2800r/min. The CO emission fueled with the bio-diesel and the blend fuels is lower than that of the petroleum diesel, and the decreasing extent become smaller with the increasing of the engine load; The NO_x emission used the bio-diesel and the blend fuel is lower than that of the petroleum diesel, however, the distinction is not obvious.
引文
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[2] 谭天伟等.生物能源的研究现状与展望[J].现代化工,2003,23(9):8-12.
[3] 何学良,詹永厚,李疏松.内燃机燃料[M].北京,机械工业出版社,1990.
[4] 谭天伟等.生物柴油的生产和应用[J].现代化工.2002,2:4-7.
[5] 蒋剑春等.生物柴油的研究与应用[J].新能源与新材料,2004,5:22-25.
[6] 司利增等.生物柴油特性分析与应用 [J].汽车与船舶,2005,10:89-92.
[7] 王丹,朱向荣.车用代用燃料研究及发展趋势[J].汽车工艺与材料,2005,10:1-5.
[8] 申章庆,杨青.车用发动机代用燃料的研究现状及发展趋势[J].柴油机,2006,28(2):43-47.
[9] Jayashree Bijwe and Atul Sharma.Assessment of Lubricity of Biodiesel Blends in Reciprocating Wear Mode[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-3068.
[10] Md.Nurun Nabi,Mhia Md.Zaglul Shahadat,Md.Shamimur Rahman and Mohd.Rafiqul Alam Beg.Behavior of Diesel Combustion and Exhaust Emission with Neat Diesel Fuel and Diesel-Biodiesel Blends[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-3034.
[11] 刘凯,彭立新.天然气发动机,新型绿色动力[J].柴油机设计与制造,2005,14(2):63-65.
[12] 周玉明.内燃机代用燃料[J].内燃机,2002(6)41-42.
[13] 刘宝山等. 两用燃料汽车的开发与应用[J].黑龙江交通科技:2004,22:32-36.
[14] Ansis Upatnieks and Charles J.Mueller.Investigation of the Relationship Between DI Diesel Combustion Processes and Engine-Out Soot Using an Oxygenated Fuel[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-1400.
[15] C.D.Rakopoulos,D.T.Hountalas and T.C.Zannis.Theoretical Study Concerning the Effect of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-1838.
[16] P.Tamil Porai et al.Combustion and Performance of a Diesel Engine with Oxygenated Diesel Blend[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-0082.
[17] B.Delfort et al.Oxygenated Compounds and Diesel Engine Pollutant Emissions Performances of New Generation of Products[C].SAE Paper 2002-01-2852.
[18] Sirman,M.B.Owens,E.C and Whitney,K.A.Emissions Comparison of Alternative Fuels in an Advanced Automotive Diesel Engine[C].SAE Paper 2000-01-2048.
[19] Michael,J. Murphy.Oxygenate Compatibility with Diesel Fuels[C].SAE Paper 2002-01-2848.
[20] Md.Nurun Nabi et al.Ultra Low Emission and High Performance Diesel Combustion with Highly Oxygenated Fuel[C].SAE Paper 2000-01-0231.
[21] 魏淑芬.内燃机的排放污染分析与控制[J].环境保护.1996.5:24-27.
[22] Beatrice,C.et al.Potentiality of Oxygenated Synthetic Fuel and Reformulated Fuel on Emissions from a Modern DI Diesel Engine[C].SAE Paper 1999-01-3595.
[23] 郭英男等.自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能和排放[J].内燃机学报,2005,1,23(1):52-57.
[24] 谭满志等.使用柴油醇对增压中冷柴油机性能和排放的影响[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2004,34(1):112-117.
[25] 谭满志.增压中冷压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的试验研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004 年 5 月.
[26] 汪卫东.醇燃料是未来中国汽车替代能源的重要选择[J].汽车论坛:2006,4:15-19.
[27] 尧命发,郑尊清. 二甲醚燃料燃烧特性研究[J]. 内燃机学报,2001,3:20-21.
[28] 吴学成,杨中极.新型汽车代用燃料二甲醚[J].现代车用动力.2005,2:32-35.
[29] 崔心存.内燃机的代用燃料 [M].机械工业出版社.1990.
[30] 崔心存.现代汽车新技术 [M].人民交通出版社.2001.
[31] D.M.Korres,E.Lois and D.Karonis.Use of JP-8 Aviation Fuel and Biodiesel on a Diesel Engine[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-3033.
[32] Darrick D.Zarling and Kenneth L.Bickel.Improving Air Quality by Using Biodiesel in Generators[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-3032.
[33] M.Alam,J.Song,R.Acharya and A.Boehman.Combustion and Emissions Performance of Low Sulfur,Ultra Low Sulfur and Biodiesel Blends in a Dl Diesel Engine[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-3024.
[34] Michel Souligny,Lisa Graham and Greg Rideout.Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Performance and Comparative Emission Measurements for Different Biodiesel Blends Used in the Montreal BIOBUS Project[C].SAE Paper 2004-01-1861.
[35] James P.Szybist and Andre L.Boehman.Behavior of a Diesel lnjection System with Biodiesel Fuel[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-1039.
[36] Koji Yamane,Toshiharu Kato,Hiroko Okutani.Effect of Refining Process in Biodiesel fuel Production on Fuel Properties,Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-1930.
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