普通柴油机燃用乳化型生物柴油的实验研究
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摘要
能源问题是影响一个国家政治、经济和可持续发展的重要因素。20世纪70年代,中东战争引发了全球性能源危机,人们深刻认识到石油、煤、天然气等化石能源的有限性。近几年迅速崛起的汽车业,成了谋杀原油的头号杀手。据统计,2003年我国原油消费量2.52亿吨,全年原油进口量9112.63万吨,其中,车用燃油消耗达到7000万吨,约占2003年石油消费量的30%左右,而今后汽车消耗原油量的比例将升至50%,中国的轿车普及率还只是美国的一个零头,可以看到随着汽车数量的增加,耗油量将大幅度增加。
     随着汽车保有量的不断增加,汽车排放对生态环境、人类健康和经济发展所造成的严重影响,已经受到各国政府和人民的普遍关注。据美国的研究报导,大气中的污染物约50%来自汽车排放,20世纪以来汽车尾气排放的大量二氧化碳、二氧化硫和氯氟烃等污染物破坏了生态环境,由于二氧化碳、二氧化硫排放造成的“温室效应”导致气候变暖、酸雨巨增。汽车尾气中含有的污染物已经严重地污染了城市的空气。
     本文的主要研究内容就是在这种背景下提出的,以乳化型生物柴油为发动机代用燃料,会很好解决能源和污染这两大难题。本文全面、系统地查阅和收集了国内外有关发动机代用燃料及其在发动机上应用技术的文献资料,并进行了细致的分析和探讨。在借鉴其它发动机代用燃料应用于发动机的基础上,借助各种实验仪器和设备,完成了乳化型生物柴油的物理特性实验研究,掌握了不同比例乳化型生物柴油的物理特性。获得最佳的乳化型生物柴油油品试样后,将其应用于经过简单改装后的普通柴油机,做柴油机的负荷特性试验、排放特性试验、烟度特性实验以及在空载怠速下发动机特性实验,并且与柴油机燃用普通柴油的试验结果进行对比,分析两种试验结果的不同并分析原因。
     本文在完成以上试验与分析外,将会对试验中存在的问题和不足进行总结,明确今后的改进方向,为以后同类的设计与试验提供科学的依据和参考,为今后乳化型生物柴油的应用推广奠定坚实的基础。
The problem of energy is the main factor which can affect politics, economy and sustainable development of a country. In 1970s, the war of middle-east brought us global energy crisis, which made people realize that petroleum, coal and natural gas are limited. In recent years, the boom of automobile industry consumed much petroleum, according to statistics, the total consumption of petroleum is 0.252 billion tons in 2003, imported petroleum 911.263million tons, of which used for automobile is 70 million tons, about 30% of the total petroleum consumption, this percentage will be 50% in the future, there are less cars in China than in America, the consumption of petroleum will increase rapidly in the future with the increasing amount of cars.
     The serious problem that exhausted gas from cars effected nature environment, human health and economic development has been paid attention to by all the people and governments all over the world with the increasing amounts of cars. According to American research and report, 50% of the pollutants in the air comes from exhausted gas from cars, since 1900s, a lot of carbon dioxide, sulfide dioxide polluted the environment, carbon dioxide and sulfide dioxide caused the 'green house', which led to 'global warming' and 'acid rain', the pollutants in the exhausted gas from cars polluted the air of our cities seriously.
     This main researching content of this paper is proposed in this background, using bio-oil as substitute fuel for cars can solve these two problems. This paper collected much domestic and abroad information generally and systematically on how to use substitute fuel on the engine, finally analyzed the information carefully. This paper under the ground of referring how to use institute fuel on other kinds of engine, under the support of my Supervisor, by using all kinds of experimental devices, we finished physical and chemical characteristics of emulsification bio-diesel and knew the physical and chemical characteristics of different percentage of emulsification bio-diesel. After getting the best sample of emulsification diesel, we used it on the diesel engine which was changed a little, then we did some experiments about load characteristics test, discharges characteristics test, smoke characteristics test and unload idling characteristics test of the engine, finally we compared the result of the experiment to the experiment which only diesel was used on engine, and analyzed differences of these two results and found the reasons.
     Except for finishing experiments and analyses above, we will summarize the problems and disadvantage of this experiment, and know the next improvement direction clearly, provide scientific references for the latter similar design and experiment, lay the solid foundation for the next application promotion.
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