消逝波激励及增益耦合的圆柱形微腔WGM激光特性研究
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摘要
将石英裸光纤插入低折射率的激光染料溶液中,采用沿光纤轴向光抽运、抽运光的消逝波激励增益的方式,构成了一种新颖的圆柱形微腔回音壁模式(Whispering Gallery Mode, WGM)激光器,即：消逝波抽运及增益耦合的圆柱形微腔WGM激光器。本博士论文较为系统地研究了这种WGM激光器的偏振、阈值、光谱漂移及谱线展宽特性,并以此为基础,发明了一种基于PDMS基片的多波段WGM光纤激光器。论文的主要研究内容和结果如下：
1.在消逝波光抽运条件下,分析并计算了圆柱形微腔中WGM激光的激光增益。推导出了高斯分布光束及均匀分布光束作为抽运光在光纤内表面的角度分布函数,并对分布函数进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：随抽运光在光纤端面上入射角的增加,分布函数曲线向光纤界面入射角的小角度方向移动,端面的大角度入射有利于抽运光的消逝场隧穿到包层染料溶液中,并有效地激发激光增益。
2.推导出了圆柱形微腔中泄露损耗对应的Q值的解析近似公式,并对微腔的各种损耗进行了理论分析和数值计算。结果表明：(1)圆柱形微腔的损耗主要决定于吸收和泄露损耗；(2)对大(小)直径光纤,圆柱形微腔的损耗决定于吸收(泄露)损耗；(3)对直径适中的光纤,吸收和泄露损耗共同确定了微腔的损耗。
3.分别采用轴向和侧向两种光抽运方式,对圆柱形微腔中WGM激光的偏振特性进行了较为系统的实验研究。结果表明：(1)对于侧向光抽运方式,抽运光的偏振状态决定了WGM激光的偏振状态；对于轴向消逝波光抽运方式,抽运光在光纤中的传输状态决定了WGM激光的偏振状态。(2)当抽运光以子午光线形式在光纤中传播时,WGM激光只存在TE模式激光辐射,从而形成一种特殊的径向偏振激光；当抽运光以偏斜光线形式在光纤中传播时,WGM激光辐射中既存在TE波也存在TM波,是一种径向和轴向共存的混合偏振激光。(3)相邻TE波和TM波之间的波数差,随光纤直径及包层溶液折射率的增大而规律性地减小。
4.采用沿光纤轴向消逝波光抽运方式,研究了WGM激光的阈值能量和光纤直径以及包层溶液折射率的关系；研究了激光沿光纤轴向的产生长度与包层溶液折射率以及激光染料浓度的关系。结果表明：(1)随染料溶液折射率的增加,对小直径光纤,阈值能量单调递增；对大直径光纤,阈值能量缓慢地单调递减；对直径适中的光纤,阈值能量先减后增,存在一个和最小阈值能量对应的最佳折射率。(2)在一定的抽运能量下,激光沿光纤轴向的产生长度随染料浓度以及包层溶液折射率的增加而变短；产生长度和抽运能量之间满足对数型增长关系。
5.采用沿光纤轴向消逝波光抽运方式,通过改变增益包层染料溶液折射率和光纤直径,研究了圆柱形微腔中WGM激光光谱漂移和谱线展宽性质。结果表明：无论是通过增加染料溶液折射率还是减小光纤直径,WGM激光都会产生光谱蓝移现象,同时光谱谱线变宽。
6.利用消逝波激励增益的WGM激光器具有较长激光产生长度的特点,设计并制作了一种基于PDMS基片的WGM光纤激光器,在一块PDMS基片上同时实现了三个波段的WGM激光辐射及双波段WGM激光的定向输出。
A cylindrical microcavity laser is fabricated by inserting a bare optical fiber into a lasing dye solution of low refractive index (RI), optically pumped and gain coupled by evanescent-waves, Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) lasing emission is found around the fiber. The characteristics of the WGM lasers, including the polarization, energy threshold, spectrum shifted and spectral line broaden have been investigated systematically in this doctoral dissertation. Based on the investigation, a novel multi-band WGM fiber laser buried into a PDMS substrate is successfully invented. The main research contents and results of the dissertation are consisted of six aspects as following:
First of all, the optical gain of the WGM lasing in a cylindrical microcavity is analyzed and calculated on the base of evanescent wave pumped and coupled gain. The pump light is assumed to be a Gaussian beams and homogeneous distribution beams, and when the beams are tightly focused by a concave lens and coupled into an optical fiber, the distribution function of incident angle on the inner surface of the fiber is derived and calculated. The calculation results indicate that the distribution function curves shift to the small angle direction of the inner surface of the fiber, that is, the bigger incident angle in the end face of the fiber is beneficial to the evanescent field of the pump beams tunneling into the cladding dye solution and stimulates the lasing gain effectively.
Secondly, the analytical approximate formulas for the Q values which corre-spond to the leakage losses in a cylindrical cavity are deduced, and various losses related to the microcavity are analyzed theoretically and calculated numerically. The results show that:various losses related to the cylindrical microcavity are mainly de-pendent on the absorption and leakage losses; for a large (or small) diameter fiber, the losses are mainly determined by absorption (or leakage) losses, while the absorp-tion and leakage losses are determined the losses together for a moderate diameter fiber.
Thirdly, the polarization characteristics of the WGM lasing in a cylindrical microcavity have been systematically studied by using both axial and side pump schemes. For the laser gain is excited by side-pumping scheme, it is found that the polarization property of lasing emission is simply dependent on the polarized state of the pump beams. The polarization property of lasing emission depends on the prop-agating situation of the pump beams in an optical fiber if the laser gain is excited by evanescent-wave pumping scheme, that is, if the pump beams within the fiber are meridional beams, the lasing emission is a transverse electric (TE) wave that forms a special radial polarization emission. However, if the pump beams within the fiber are skew beams, both transverse magnetic (TM) and TE waves exist simultaneously in lasing emission that forms a special axially and radially mixed polarization emission. Pumped by skew beams, the wave-number differences between TE and TM waves are also investigated quantitatively, the results demonstrate that the wave-number difference decreases with the increase of the fiber diameter and the RI of cladding solution. The observed polarization characteristics have been well explained based on lasing radiation mechanism of WGM fiber laser of gain coupled by evanescent wave.
Fourthly, pumped by evanescent-wave along the fiber axis, the energy thresh-old properties of the lasers, including the energy threshold varied with the RI of the dye solution for different fiber diameters, and the produced length of lasing emission along the fiber axis varied with the RI of the dye solution and the lasing dye solu-tion concentration, have been investigated. We find experimentally that the energy threshold is very sensitive to the RI of dye solution and the fiber diameter, with the in-crease of the RI of the mixed solution, the threshold energy increases monotonously for smaller diameter fibers, but decreases slowly for fibers of larger diameter; for a fiber of moderate diameter, the threshold energy decreases slowly at first, and then increases sharply, there is an optimum RI of the mixed solution which matches a minimum threshold energy. The produced length of lasing emission is dependent on the dye concentration and the RI of dye solution, for a given pumping energy, the lasing produced length decreases with the increase of the dye concentration and the RI of dye solution, and the lasing produced length logarithm increases with the pump energy.
Fifthly, cavity-Q-driven lasing wavelength shift and line-width widening in an evanescent-wave pumped and gain coupled WGM fiber lasers have been investi-gated. We find that both lasing wavelengths and line-width of WGM peaks are sen-sitive to the RI of the dye solution and the fiber diameter, with the increase of the RI of dye solution or decrease of the fiber diameter, a blue shift of the lasing spectrum and a widening on the spectral line width are observed. The observed phenomena have been attributed to the change of quality factor of a circular cavity built in the fiber cross section, the achieved experimental data agree well with the calculated values of the quality factor.
Finally, a novel multi-band WGM fiber laser buried into a PDMS substrate has been invented, that is based on evanescent-waves pumped and coupled gain. Three-wavelength-range WGM lasing radiation, and a dual wavelength-range with unidi-rectional WGM lasing emission from a PDMS chip have been successfully achieved.
1.在消逝波光抽运条件下,分析并计算了圆柱形微腔中WGM激光的激光增益。推导出了高斯分布光束及均匀分布光束作为抽运光在光纤内表面的角度分布函数,并对分布函数进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：随抽运光在光纤端面上入射角的增加,分布函数曲线向光纤界面入射角的小角度方向移动,端面的大角度入射有利于抽运光的消逝场隧穿到包层染料溶液中,并有效地激发激光增益。
2.推导出了圆柱形微腔中泄露损耗对应的Q值的解析近似公式,并对微腔的各种损耗进行了理论分析和数值计算。结果表明：(1)圆柱形微腔的损耗主要决定于吸收和泄露损耗；(2)对大(小)直径光纤,圆柱形微腔的损耗决定于吸收(泄露)损耗；(3)对直径适中的光纤,吸收和泄露损耗共同确定了微腔的损耗。
3.分别采用轴向和侧向两种光抽运方式,对圆柱形微腔中WGM激光的偏振特性进行了较为系统的实验研究。结果表明：(1)对于侧向光抽运方式,抽运光的偏振状态决定了WGM激光的偏振状态；对于轴向消逝波光抽运方式,抽运光在光纤中的传输状态决定了WGM激光的偏振状态。(2)当抽运光以子午光线形式在光纤中传播时,WGM激光只存在TE模式激光辐射,从而形成一种特殊的径向偏振激光；当抽运光以偏斜光线形式在光纤中传播时,WGM激光辐射中既存在TE波也存在TM波,是一种径向和轴向共存的混合偏振激光。(3)相邻TE波和TM波之间的波数差,随光纤直径及包层溶液折射率的增大而规律性地减小。
4.采用沿光纤轴向消逝波光抽运方式,研究了WGM激光的阈值能量和光纤直径以及包层溶液折射率的关系；研究了激光沿光纤轴向的产生长度与包层溶液折射率以及激光染料浓度的关系。结果表明：(1)随染料溶液折射率的增加,对小直径光纤,阈值能量单调递增；对大直径光纤,阈值能量缓慢地单调递减；对直径适中的光纤,阈值能量先减后增,存在一个和最小阈值能量对应的最佳折射率。(2)在一定的抽运能量下,激光沿光纤轴向的产生长度随染料浓度以及包层溶液折射率的增加而变短；产生长度和抽运能量之间满足对数型增长关系。
5.采用沿光纤轴向消逝波光抽运方式,通过改变增益包层染料溶液折射率和光纤直径,研究了圆柱形微腔中WGM激光光谱漂移和谱线展宽性质。结果表明：无论是通过增加染料溶液折射率还是减小光纤直径,WGM激光都会产生光谱蓝移现象,同时光谱谱线变宽。
6.利用消逝波激励增益的WGM激光器具有较长激光产生长度的特点,设计并制作了一种基于PDMS基片的WGM光纤激光器,在一块PDMS基片上同时实现了三个波段的WGM激光辐射及双波段WGM激光的定向输出。
A cylindrical microcavity laser is fabricated by inserting a bare optical fiber into a lasing dye solution of low refractive index (RI), optically pumped and gain coupled by evanescent-waves, Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) lasing emission is found around the fiber. The characteristics of the WGM lasers, including the polarization, energy threshold, spectrum shifted and spectral line broaden have been investigated systematically in this doctoral dissertation. Based on the investigation, a novel multi-band WGM fiber laser buried into a PDMS substrate is successfully invented. The main research contents and results of the dissertation are consisted of six aspects as following:
First of all, the optical gain of the WGM lasing in a cylindrical microcavity is analyzed and calculated on the base of evanescent wave pumped and coupled gain. The pump light is assumed to be a Gaussian beams and homogeneous distribution beams, and when the beams are tightly focused by a concave lens and coupled into an optical fiber, the distribution function of incident angle on the inner surface of the fiber is derived and calculated. The calculation results indicate that the distribution function curves shift to the small angle direction of the inner surface of the fiber, that is, the bigger incident angle in the end face of the fiber is beneficial to the evanescent field of the pump beams tunneling into the cladding dye solution and stimulates the lasing gain effectively.
Secondly, the analytical approximate formulas for the Q values which corre-spond to the leakage losses in a cylindrical cavity are deduced, and various losses related to the microcavity are analyzed theoretically and calculated numerically. The results show that:various losses related to the cylindrical microcavity are mainly de-pendent on the absorption and leakage losses; for a large (or small) diameter fiber, the losses are mainly determined by absorption (or leakage) losses, while the absorp-tion and leakage losses are determined the losses together for a moderate diameter fiber.
Thirdly, the polarization characteristics of the WGM lasing in a cylindrical microcavity have been systematically studied by using both axial and side pump schemes. For the laser gain is excited by side-pumping scheme, it is found that the polarization property of lasing emission is simply dependent on the polarized state of the pump beams. The polarization property of lasing emission depends on the prop-agating situation of the pump beams in an optical fiber if the laser gain is excited by evanescent-wave pumping scheme, that is, if the pump beams within the fiber are meridional beams, the lasing emission is a transverse electric (TE) wave that forms a special radial polarization emission. However, if the pump beams within the fiber are skew beams, both transverse magnetic (TM) and TE waves exist simultaneously in lasing emission that forms a special axially and radially mixed polarization emission. Pumped by skew beams, the wave-number differences between TE and TM waves are also investigated quantitatively, the results demonstrate that the wave-number difference decreases with the increase of the fiber diameter and the RI of cladding solution. The observed polarization characteristics have been well explained based on lasing radiation mechanism of WGM fiber laser of gain coupled by evanescent wave.
Fourthly, pumped by evanescent-wave along the fiber axis, the energy thresh-old properties of the lasers, including the energy threshold varied with the RI of the dye solution for different fiber diameters, and the produced length of lasing emission along the fiber axis varied with the RI of the dye solution and the lasing dye solu-tion concentration, have been investigated. We find experimentally that the energy threshold is very sensitive to the RI of dye solution and the fiber diameter, with the in-crease of the RI of the mixed solution, the threshold energy increases monotonously for smaller diameter fibers, but decreases slowly for fibers of larger diameter; for a fiber of moderate diameter, the threshold energy decreases slowly at first, and then increases sharply, there is an optimum RI of the mixed solution which matches a minimum threshold energy. The produced length of lasing emission is dependent on the dye concentration and the RI of dye solution, for a given pumping energy, the lasing produced length decreases with the increase of the dye concentration and the RI of dye solution, and the lasing produced length logarithm increases with the pump energy.
Fifthly, cavity-Q-driven lasing wavelength shift and line-width widening in an evanescent-wave pumped and gain coupled WGM fiber lasers have been investi-gated. We find that both lasing wavelengths and line-width of WGM peaks are sen-sitive to the RI of the dye solution and the fiber diameter, with the increase of the RI of dye solution or decrease of the fiber diameter, a blue shift of the lasing spectrum and a widening on the spectral line width are observed. The observed phenomena have been attributed to the change of quality factor of a circular cavity built in the fiber cross section, the achieved experimental data agree well with the calculated values of the quality factor.
Finally, a novel multi-band WGM fiber laser buried into a PDMS substrate has been invented, that is based on evanescent-waves pumped and coupled gain. Three-wavelength-range WGM lasing radiation, and a dual wavelength-range with unidi-rectional WGM lasing emission from a PDMS chip have been successfully achieved.
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