黑龙江省东部山区谷地云冷杉林衰退机理的研究
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摘要
本文是周晓峰教授主持的国家自然科学基金委员会重大项目“中国东部陆地农业生态系统与全球变化相互作用机理的研究(编号 39899370)”的一部分。通过常规的生态学手段，从谷地云冷杉林本身的生物学和生态学特性、谷地云冷杉林的生境条件、病虫害对其的影响、全球变化对云冷杉林的影响等方面，系统地研究了黑龙江省东部山区谷地云冷杉林的衰退机理，得出结论如下：
1、云杉生长的近40年内均表现了生长下降的趋势，使其生长下降的影响因子唯一可能的是气候因子。塔河、乌伊岭、汤旺河、红星的云杉林为进展种群，而五营和带岭的云杉林为衰退种群。云杉死亡株的年龄结构范围较宽，排除了过熟死亡的可能性，进一步论证了死亡是由于外力的干扰而导致的。
2、土壤PH与云杉死亡没有明显关系。另外，从PH值也可看出，该地区土壤未呈现酸化趋势；但是土壤阳离子代换量低可能是云杉死亡的一个因子。死亡木、濒死木、健康木三种不同生长状态的云杉各器官营养元素平均值含量无明显差异，各元素含量与云杉生长状态没有明显关系，这进一步说明云杉的死亡与营养元素的吸收无关。各样地微生物都极为丰富，特别是细菌数量远远多于其它非云冷杉林分，细菌数量在云杉林死亡区略高于生长正常区；放线菌数量变化与云杉死亡没有明显相关性。
3、云杉死亡与线虫危害无关，病害也不是导致云杉林衰退的直接原因，云杉菌根呈现衰退趋势，菌根衰退可能是导致谷地云冷杉林衰退的一个因素，但是菌根衰退是一个复杂的过程，原因还有待更深入的研究。
4、黑龙江省近百年来气温升高明显，大约+0.25℃／10a。降水呈规律性的波动性变化，周期大约为11a。凉水自然保护区：在近30年的时间里年平均温度上升十分明显；近30年来的降水没有十分显著的差异，总体上保持平稳的水平。丰林自然保护区近年来无论是年均温、平均最高温度、平均最低温度均表现出了明显的升高趋势；降水变化十分明显，有明显的下降趋势，近30年来平均下降了50mm以上，说明该地区有明显的干旱趋势。塔河林业局的年均温升温十分明显；降水总体上比较平稳，略有升高的趋势。
5、黑龙江省谷地云冷杉林衰退的最直接的原因即诱发因素是全球变化当中的温度变化，温度的明显升高导致了大小兴安岭的多年冻土南界的北移，而原来的南界地区——伊春市带岭区的多年冻土已基本上完全消融，从而导致了谷地云冷杉林的水分失调——春季过于干旱，而夏、秋两季湿度又过大。春、夏、秋季的土壤水分变化均导致了谷地云冷杉林的生长衰退，而且这一因素又长期在起作用，因此气候变化是最直接的原因，是诱因。
随着谷地云冷杉林生长势的明显下降，进而导致了病虫害的侵入，进一步加剧了谷地云冷杉林的衰退过程。因此，病虫害的侵害是刺激因素，它是第二阶段起作用的因素，可促使
诱发因素的作用明显表现出来。
随着谷地云冷杉林的更进一步的衰退和靠近死亡线，云冷杉林的根系活力明显下降，进
而导致了根部菌根的明显衰退，加之土壤湿度的进一步加大，导致了云冷杉林的根部腐朽，
促进了谷地云冷杉林的衰退和死亡，因此，菌根数量的降低和根部的腐烂是谷地云冷杉林衰
退的促进因素，是第三阶段起作用的因素。
This thesis is one part of Grand Project of National natural Science Foundation Association named " Study on mutual affection mechanism between eastern China terrestrial agricultural ecosystem and global climate change" which was directed by professor Zhou Xiaofeng . By the traditional ecological investigation methods, we systematically researched spruce forest decline mechanism in low-lying land in eastern mountain area in Heilongjiang province with ecological and biological specific character of spruce forest, habitat of spruce, influenced by disease and insect, and affected by global climate change. The results as follows:
The firstly, the spruce has been grown decline for about 40 years, and the reason is only climate change factor. The spruce forest is progressive population in Tahe, Wuyiling, Tangwanghe and Hongxing forestry bureau, however, which is decline population in Wuying and Bailing forestry bureau. The age structure of died spruce is widely, from 108 to 220. The age structure rule out death possibility of overmature forest, further demonstrate that the death of spruce is caused by the external disturbance.
The secondly, there are no closely relationship between soil PH and spruce death. In addition, we can draw a conclusion that the soil in this site is not acid. However, the low exchangeable caution of cation is one of the reason about spruce death. There are no clearly difference of nutrient content of spruce organs in different growth condition about death tree, close to the death tree and healthy tree. There are no closely relationship between nutrient content and growth condition of spruce, which further show that there are no relationship about spruce growth condition and absorb of nutrient element. There are plenty of microorganisms in every plot, especially in the spruce plot, the number of bacterium is more clearly than the other plot. In the meanwhile, the number of bacterium in ara of spruce death are more than those in area of growth normal, and there are no closely relationship between the variation of number of actinomyces and spruce death.
The thirdly, there are no relationship between spruce death and endangering of nematodes, and disease is not directly reason of causing spruce growth decline. The ectomycorrhizal of spruce show decline tendency, and the decline of ectomycorrhizal of spruce is one of the reason of forest decline in low-lying land, but the decline of ectomycorrhizal of spruce is complicated process, the decline reason is need further more research work.
The fourth, the annual mean temperature increases as 0.25℃/10a in Heilongjiang province Chinain recent hundred years, and the precipitation shows fluctuation change, the cycle is 11 a. In the Liangshui Nature Reserve: the air temperature increases clearly in recent 30 years, there are no
obviously difference about the precipitation in recent 30 years, which keeps the tendency steadily. The annual mean temperature, annual mean lowest temperature and annual mean highest temperature increases clearly, and the variation of precipitation changes obviously, which decreases 50mm in recent 30 years, it shows that this area changes drier and drier. The annual mean temperature increases clearly very much, the precipitation is stable, and it exists enlarger tendency slightly.
The fifth, the direct reason-predisposing factors of spruce forest decline in low-lying land in eastern mountain area in Heilongjiang province is global climate change, the increased temperature causes northern movement of south boundary of permafrost in Daxinganling and Xiaoxinganling mountain area. However, the original south boundary of permafrost in dialing district in Yichun city is all melting now. For the melting permafrost in dialing, the climate exists dry spring, summer and autumn is too wet. So, the climatic change in this area is the direct reason causing spruce decline, which is predisposing factors.
With the obvious decreasing growth of spruce forest in low-lying land, which can cause the disease and insect invading the tree, so, it can fu
1、云杉生长的近40年内均表现了生长下降的趋势，使其生长下降的影响因子唯一可能的是气候因子。塔河、乌伊岭、汤旺河、红星的云杉林为进展种群，而五营和带岭的云杉林为衰退种群。云杉死亡株的年龄结构范围较宽，排除了过熟死亡的可能性，进一步论证了死亡是由于外力的干扰而导致的。
2、土壤PH与云杉死亡没有明显关系。另外，从PH值也可看出，该地区土壤未呈现酸化趋势；但是土壤阳离子代换量低可能是云杉死亡的一个因子。死亡木、濒死木、健康木三种不同生长状态的云杉各器官营养元素平均值含量无明显差异，各元素含量与云杉生长状态没有明显关系，这进一步说明云杉的死亡与营养元素的吸收无关。各样地微生物都极为丰富，特别是细菌数量远远多于其它非云冷杉林分，细菌数量在云杉林死亡区略高于生长正常区；放线菌数量变化与云杉死亡没有明显相关性。
3、云杉死亡与线虫危害无关，病害也不是导致云杉林衰退的直接原因，云杉菌根呈现衰退趋势，菌根衰退可能是导致谷地云冷杉林衰退的一个因素，但是菌根衰退是一个复杂的过程，原因还有待更深入的研究。
4、黑龙江省近百年来气温升高明显，大约+0.25℃／10a。降水呈规律性的波动性变化，周期大约为11a。凉水自然保护区：在近30年的时间里年平均温度上升十分明显；近30年来的降水没有十分显著的差异，总体上保持平稳的水平。丰林自然保护区近年来无论是年均温、平均最高温度、平均最低温度均表现出了明显的升高趋势；降水变化十分明显，有明显的下降趋势，近30年来平均下降了50mm以上，说明该地区有明显的干旱趋势。塔河林业局的年均温升温十分明显；降水总体上比较平稳，略有升高的趋势。
5、黑龙江省谷地云冷杉林衰退的最直接的原因即诱发因素是全球变化当中的温度变化，温度的明显升高导致了大小兴安岭的多年冻土南界的北移，而原来的南界地区——伊春市带岭区的多年冻土已基本上完全消融，从而导致了谷地云冷杉林的水分失调——春季过于干旱，而夏、秋两季湿度又过大。春、夏、秋季的土壤水分变化均导致了谷地云冷杉林的生长衰退，而且这一因素又长期在起作用，因此气候变化是最直接的原因，是诱因。
随着谷地云冷杉林生长势的明显下降，进而导致了病虫害的侵入，进一步加剧了谷地云冷杉林的衰退过程。因此，病虫害的侵害是刺激因素，它是第二阶段起作用的因素，可促使
诱发因素的作用明显表现出来。
随着谷地云冷杉林的更进一步的衰退和靠近死亡线，云冷杉林的根系活力明显下降，进
而导致了根部菌根的明显衰退，加之土壤湿度的进一步加大，导致了云冷杉林的根部腐朽，
促进了谷地云冷杉林的衰退和死亡，因此，菌根数量的降低和根部的腐烂是谷地云冷杉林衰
退的促进因素，是第三阶段起作用的因素。
This thesis is one part of Grand Project of National natural Science Foundation Association named " Study on mutual affection mechanism between eastern China terrestrial agricultural ecosystem and global climate change" which was directed by professor Zhou Xiaofeng . By the traditional ecological investigation methods, we systematically researched spruce forest decline mechanism in low-lying land in eastern mountain area in Heilongjiang province with ecological and biological specific character of spruce forest, habitat of spruce, influenced by disease and insect, and affected by global climate change. The results as follows:
The firstly, the spruce has been grown decline for about 40 years, and the reason is only climate change factor. The spruce forest is progressive population in Tahe, Wuyiling, Tangwanghe and Hongxing forestry bureau, however, which is decline population in Wuying and Bailing forestry bureau. The age structure of died spruce is widely, from 108 to 220. The age structure rule out death possibility of overmature forest, further demonstrate that the death of spruce is caused by the external disturbance.
The secondly, there are no closely relationship between soil PH and spruce death. In addition, we can draw a conclusion that the soil in this site is not acid. However, the low exchangeable caution of cation is one of the reason about spruce death. There are no clearly difference of nutrient content of spruce organs in different growth condition about death tree, close to the death tree and healthy tree. There are no closely relationship between nutrient content and growth condition of spruce, which further show that there are no relationship about spruce growth condition and absorb of nutrient element. There are plenty of microorganisms in every plot, especially in the spruce plot, the number of bacterium is more clearly than the other plot. In the meanwhile, the number of bacterium in ara of spruce death are more than those in area of growth normal, and there are no closely relationship between the variation of number of actinomyces and spruce death.
The thirdly, there are no relationship between spruce death and endangering of nematodes, and disease is not directly reason of causing spruce growth decline. The ectomycorrhizal of spruce show decline tendency, and the decline of ectomycorrhizal of spruce is one of the reason of forest decline in low-lying land, but the decline of ectomycorrhizal of spruce is complicated process, the decline reason is need further more research work.
The fourth, the annual mean temperature increases as 0.25℃/10a in Heilongjiang province Chinain recent hundred years, and the precipitation shows fluctuation change, the cycle is 11 a. In the Liangshui Nature Reserve: the air temperature increases clearly in recent 30 years, there are no
obviously difference about the precipitation in recent 30 years, which keeps the tendency steadily. The annual mean temperature, annual mean lowest temperature and annual mean highest temperature increases clearly, and the variation of precipitation changes obviously, which decreases 50mm in recent 30 years, it shows that this area changes drier and drier. The annual mean temperature increases clearly very much, the precipitation is stable, and it exists enlarger tendency slightly.
The fifth, the direct reason-predisposing factors of spruce forest decline in low-lying land in eastern mountain area in Heilongjiang province is global climate change, the increased temperature causes northern movement of south boundary of permafrost in Daxinganling and Xiaoxinganling mountain area. However, the original south boundary of permafrost in dialing district in Yichun city is all melting now. For the melting permafrost in dialing, the climate exists dry spring, summer and autumn is too wet. So, the climatic change in this area is the direct reason causing spruce decline, which is predisposing factors.
With the obvious decreasing growth of spruce forest in low-lying land, which can cause the disease and insect invading the tree, so, it can fu
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