带压开采下底板渗流与应力耦合破坏突水机理及其工程应用
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摘要
近年来，随着董家河煤矿开采深度的增加，开采环境日趋复杂，水压、地应力等不断增大，太原组下部煤层开采受到奥陶纪灰岩承压水的威胁将更加突出，如何有效预防和控制底板奥灰岩溶水害问题已变得十分迫切和重要。本文围绕带压开采条件下煤层底板突水的影响因素分析、采动支承压力和承压水压力数学模型的建立、流固耦合数值模型的建立、底板隔水层突水危险区域等级划分、底板注浆改造工程设计依据等科学问题，综合运用理论分析、数值模拟、现场测试及实验室试验等技术途径，对渗流与应力耦合作用下底板采动破坏特征及突水机理展开了全面系统的研究，并取得了如下成果：
（1）在分析董家河煤矿工程地质、水文地质及以往突水资料的基础上，系统研究了影响董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水的主要因素，即奥灰岩含水层水头高度、含水层富水性、底板隔水层岩性、岩层组合特征、地质构造以及矿山压力等，董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水是这些因素共同作用的结果，在这些影响因素中，地质构造和奥灰水头高度是主导因素、奥灰岩的富水性以及底板隔水层的组合特性是客观因素、采动矿压是促进因素、工作面的倾斜长度及开采面积是工程主观因素。
（2）应用煤体线性弹塑性软化模型，推导出煤壁前方支承压力表达式，采用半无限平面体受支承压力作用的弹性解分析得出煤层底板岩体应力分布状态，给出了充分采动前、后煤层底板岩体应力达到屈服时的塑性线，同时采用塑性滑移线场理论研究了底板采动破坏形态及破坏深度，并结合承压水压力对底板隔水层的影响，研究了承压水压力对底板隔水层的作用机理，分析了带压开采下底板采动应力耦合作用，从而形成了董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水理论和技术的综合研究体系，所得出的理论分析方法为底板采动破坏现场实测研究打下了理论基础。
（3）利用本文的理论分析方法，把理论与现场实测相结合，对董家河煤矿5号煤层底板岩体受采动影响的局部深度进行现场实测，得到了带压开采条件下煤层底板采动破坏深度，实现了用理论方法解决现场实测的关键性技术问题。
（4）采用岩石损伤破裂过程渗流与应力耦合分析系统F-RFPA2D，建立了渗流场与应力场耦合作用下董家河煤矿5号煤层底板岩层结构数值模型，对底板采动应力与渗流影响进行数值模拟分析，揭示了煤层底板隔水层的采动破坏特征、应力分布及渗流特征，为深入研究董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水规律提供了科学依据。
（5）结合董家河煤矿实际水文地质条件，运用突水系数理论对董家河煤矿太原组5号煤层底板隔水层进行带压开采危险等级区域划分，并据此对底板岩层的隔水性能作出评价，预测未来开采条件下底板突水情况，最大限度地解放了董家河煤矿5号煤层受奥灰水害威胁的压煤储量达到5344.6万吨，提高了煤炭资源的回收率，创造了相当可观的经济效益，为董家河煤矿带压开采底板水害防治与控制奠定了基础。
（6）通过本文的系统分析，将研究成果应用于董家河煤矿5号煤层22507工作面底板注浆加固改造工程中，采用流固耦合数值分析于底板水害防治技术实践，并结合模拟结果提出煤层底板注浆加固改造技术措施，实现了工作面安全回采，取得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益，为今后董家河煤矿乃至澄合矿区太原组下部5号煤层底板奥灰岩溶水害预测和预防提供了宝贵经验。
In resent years, with the increase of mining depth in the Dongjiahe coal mine, the miningenvironment is becoming more complex, the ground stress and water pressure are increasingconstantly, the coal mining under the threat of ordovician limestone water has beenoutstanding in the lower Taiyuan Formation, it is very imminent and important how toefficiently prevent and control water disaster problem of ordovician limestone karst. Thisthesis centres on the influenced factors that affected floor water irruption, establishment ofmathematical mechanical model coupling seepage field and stress field, establishment offluid-solid coupling numerical model, the distribution of mine karst water inrush danger zonefrom floor and design consideration of floor gronting reforming engineering. Throughcomprehensive use of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, in-situ test and laboratorytesting, a systematic research were carried out about the influence of seepage and stresscoupling on mining failure features and water inrush mechanism of seam floor, and the mainwork is as follow:
(1) On the base of engineering geological and hydrogeological and the previous inrushdata of Dongjiahe coal mine, the influenced factors that affected floor water irruption hasbeen studied systematically in No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine, including head pressure andthe water abundance of Ordovician limestone, floor aquifuge lithologic, rock assemblagecharacteristics, geological structure and ground pressure and so on. The reasons for floorwater invasion of No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine is founded on the interactive effect ofthese factors, Including dominant factors which includes geological structure and headpressure, the subjective factors which includes the water abundance and rock assemblagecharacteristics, the promotion factors which includes ground pressure, the subjective factorswhich includes the inclined length and mining area of the coal face.
(2) According to the theory of elastic mechanics and face underground pressure theory,established the ideal linear elastic-plastic softening constitutive model of coal, expressions oflead abutment pressure ahead of the working face is derived, and combines with stressanalysis of semi-infinite plate body under vertical loads, it reveals basic characteristics ofstress distribution of the coal floor, also the yield line of stress over seam floors betweenpre-and post full mining are given by yield condition. At the same time, the mining failureform and floor-broken depth were given using the theory of slip line field. By above research,then enriches and consummates water inrush theory theory and technology of coal seam floor,it is laying a solid foundation for theoretical research on groundwater hazard preventiontechnique of No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine.
(3) By using the method of theoretical analysis, the paper is the mutual combination oftheoretical study and site measurement, based on field test research of mining distortion andfailure character of coal seam floor, the evolutional regularity of mining destruction and themaximal failure depth for No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine have been basically grasped, thekey technological problems of field measurement is realized by theoretical method.
(4) By using of the software of the coupling system of flow and solid in rock failureprocess anslysis(F-RFPA2D), the bottom board structure for No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mineis established based on coupling of seepage field and stress field, the numerical simulationwas conducted for the influence of mining and seepage, the change law of mining failurefeatures and percolation characteristics of seam floor aquifuge and is revealed, which providesthe scientific basis that will be helpful to the further study for floor faultage's water regularitymining on the top of water pressured.
(5) Combined with actual hydrogeologic conditions, the destruction depth of floormining that is consideredwhether or not are analyzed and the danger zones of water inrushfrom floor aquifuge of No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine are predicted using the way of waterbursting coefficient, and then the water resisting property of the floor stratais also evaluated,and predicting water inrushes situation of the floor under the circumstances of coal mining infuture, In order to liberation coal reserves of the ordovician limestone water disaster threatfurthest in No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine, these coal reserves of5344.6million tons isattained, its result improves the recovery rate of Dongjiahe coal mine resources, and createsthe considerable economic efficiency. This study laid a foundation for coal mine water hazardprotection and control of Dongjiahe coal mine.
(6) Through the systematic researching from the article, and applying researches allabove to the grouting reinforcement project of floor aquifer in No.22507working face of No.5coal in Dongjiahe coal mine, the fluid-solid coupling numerical analysis method is usedfor water disaster control practice, and grouting reinforcement strengthening and rebuildingtechnical method based on simulated output was put forward, safety mining of No.22507coalmining face has been realized at present, which have achieved enormous economic benefitsand social benefits. These research results have provided the reference experience that will behelpful to the further prediction and prevention for floor water disaster of ordovician karstmining on the top of water pressured in Dongjiahe coal mine and even all over Chen-he coalmine area.
（1）在分析董家河煤矿工程地质、水文地质及以往突水资料的基础上，系统研究了影响董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水的主要因素，即奥灰岩含水层水头高度、含水层富水性、底板隔水层岩性、岩层组合特征、地质构造以及矿山压力等，董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水是这些因素共同作用的结果，在这些影响因素中，地质构造和奥灰水头高度是主导因素、奥灰岩的富水性以及底板隔水层的组合特性是客观因素、采动矿压是促进因素、工作面的倾斜长度及开采面积是工程主观因素。
（2）应用煤体线性弹塑性软化模型，推导出煤壁前方支承压力表达式，采用半无限平面体受支承压力作用的弹性解分析得出煤层底板岩体应力分布状态，给出了充分采动前、后煤层底板岩体应力达到屈服时的塑性线，同时采用塑性滑移线场理论研究了底板采动破坏形态及破坏深度，并结合承压水压力对底板隔水层的影响，研究了承压水压力对底板隔水层的作用机理，分析了带压开采下底板采动应力耦合作用，从而形成了董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水理论和技术的综合研究体系，所得出的理论分析方法为底板采动破坏现场实测研究打下了理论基础。
（3）利用本文的理论分析方法，把理论与现场实测相结合，对董家河煤矿5号煤层底板岩体受采动影响的局部深度进行现场实测，得到了带压开采条件下煤层底板采动破坏深度，实现了用理论方法解决现场实测的关键性技术问题。
（4）采用岩石损伤破裂过程渗流与应力耦合分析系统F-RFPA2D，建立了渗流场与应力场耦合作用下董家河煤矿5号煤层底板岩层结构数值模型，对底板采动应力与渗流影响进行数值模拟分析，揭示了煤层底板隔水层的采动破坏特征、应力分布及渗流特征，为深入研究董家河煤矿5号煤层底板突水规律提供了科学依据。
（5）结合董家河煤矿实际水文地质条件，运用突水系数理论对董家河煤矿太原组5号煤层底板隔水层进行带压开采危险等级区域划分，并据此对底板岩层的隔水性能作出评价，预测未来开采条件下底板突水情况，最大限度地解放了董家河煤矿5号煤层受奥灰水害威胁的压煤储量达到5344.6万吨，提高了煤炭资源的回收率，创造了相当可观的经济效益，为董家河煤矿带压开采底板水害防治与控制奠定了基础。
（6）通过本文的系统分析，将研究成果应用于董家河煤矿5号煤层22507工作面底板注浆加固改造工程中，采用流固耦合数值分析于底板水害防治技术实践，并结合模拟结果提出煤层底板注浆加固改造技术措施，实现了工作面安全回采，取得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益，为今后董家河煤矿乃至澄合矿区太原组下部5号煤层底板奥灰岩溶水害预测和预防提供了宝贵经验。
In resent years, with the increase of mining depth in the Dongjiahe coal mine, the miningenvironment is becoming more complex, the ground stress and water pressure are increasingconstantly, the coal mining under the threat of ordovician limestone water has beenoutstanding in the lower Taiyuan Formation, it is very imminent and important how toefficiently prevent and control water disaster problem of ordovician limestone karst. Thisthesis centres on the influenced factors that affected floor water irruption, establishment ofmathematical mechanical model coupling seepage field and stress field, establishment offluid-solid coupling numerical model, the distribution of mine karst water inrush danger zonefrom floor and design consideration of floor gronting reforming engineering. Throughcomprehensive use of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, in-situ test and laboratorytesting, a systematic research were carried out about the influence of seepage and stresscoupling on mining failure features and water inrush mechanism of seam floor, and the mainwork is as follow:
(1) On the base of engineering geological and hydrogeological and the previous inrushdata of Dongjiahe coal mine, the influenced factors that affected floor water irruption hasbeen studied systematically in No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine, including head pressure andthe water abundance of Ordovician limestone, floor aquifuge lithologic, rock assemblagecharacteristics, geological structure and ground pressure and so on. The reasons for floorwater invasion of No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine is founded on the interactive effect ofthese factors, Including dominant factors which includes geological structure and headpressure, the subjective factors which includes the water abundance and rock assemblagecharacteristics, the promotion factors which includes ground pressure, the subjective factorswhich includes the inclined length and mining area of the coal face.
(2) According to the theory of elastic mechanics and face underground pressure theory,established the ideal linear elastic-plastic softening constitutive model of coal, expressions oflead abutment pressure ahead of the working face is derived, and combines with stressanalysis of semi-infinite plate body under vertical loads, it reveals basic characteristics ofstress distribution of the coal floor, also the yield line of stress over seam floors betweenpre-and post full mining are given by yield condition. At the same time, the mining failureform and floor-broken depth were given using the theory of slip line field. By above research,then enriches and consummates water inrush theory theory and technology of coal seam floor,it is laying a solid foundation for theoretical research on groundwater hazard preventiontechnique of No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine.
(3) By using the method of theoretical analysis, the paper is the mutual combination oftheoretical study and site measurement, based on field test research of mining distortion andfailure character of coal seam floor, the evolutional regularity of mining destruction and themaximal failure depth for No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine have been basically grasped, thekey technological problems of field measurement is realized by theoretical method.
(4) By using of the software of the coupling system of flow and solid in rock failureprocess anslysis(F-RFPA2D), the bottom board structure for No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mineis established based on coupling of seepage field and stress field, the numerical simulationwas conducted for the influence of mining and seepage, the change law of mining failurefeatures and percolation characteristics of seam floor aquifuge and is revealed, which providesthe scientific basis that will be helpful to the further study for floor faultage's water regularitymining on the top of water pressured.
(5) Combined with actual hydrogeologic conditions, the destruction depth of floormining that is consideredwhether or not are analyzed and the danger zones of water inrushfrom floor aquifuge of No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine are predicted using the way of waterbursting coefficient, and then the water resisting property of the floor stratais also evaluated,and predicting water inrushes situation of the floor under the circumstances of coal mining infuture, In order to liberation coal reserves of the ordovician limestone water disaster threatfurthest in No.5coal of Dongjiahe coal mine, these coal reserves of5344.6million tons isattained, its result improves the recovery rate of Dongjiahe coal mine resources, and createsthe considerable economic efficiency. This study laid a foundation for coal mine water hazardprotection and control of Dongjiahe coal mine.
(6) Through the systematic researching from the article, and applying researches allabove to the grouting reinforcement project of floor aquifer in No.22507working face of No.5coal in Dongjiahe coal mine, the fluid-solid coupling numerical analysis method is usedfor water disaster control practice, and grouting reinforcement strengthening and rebuildingtechnical method based on simulated output was put forward, safety mining of No.22507coalmining face has been realized at present, which have achieved enormous economic benefitsand social benefits. These research results have provided the reference experience that will behelpful to the further prediction and prevention for floor water disaster of ordovician karstmining on the top of water pressured in Dongjiahe coal mine and even all over Chen-he coalmine area.
引文
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