海上保险告知义务矫正论
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摘要
传统海上保险告知义务体制已运行百年有余,其极具特色,可谓保险法领域中的一枝奇葩。在现今海运时代,投保人与保险人之间的缔约信息披露义务已经发生了本质改变,从海上保险司法实践中不断涌现的裁判结果迥异的告知义务纠纷案例,说明固守传统的现行告知义务法律规则,已经越来越不能适应世事变迁的步伐。论文从矫正论的角度出发,对传统海上保险告知义务规则的诸多问题进行了分析,并在此基础上,对海上保险告知义务新秩序的构建,提出了具体的立法建议。
     论文由引言、正文和结论组成,正文部分共分六大章节进行详细阐述。第一章剖析了海上保险告知义务的法律属性,将其矫正为以过错责任为限的法定义务。第二章主要探究了海上保险合同缔约主体在履行告知义务时发生的保险信息不对称问题,推导出海上保险告知义务与信息不对称之间的内在联系,并提出了相应的改进路径。第三章旨在探究现行的海上保险告知义务模式的优缺点,在比较分析无限和有限告知义务两种模式基础上,提出无限告知义务模式应仅局限在海上货物保险领域中适用,其他种类的海上保险应采用有限告知义务模式。第四章在法经济学的范式下对海上保险告知义务规则进行了纠正性分析,在考量缔约主体之间利益冲突问题的前提下,对履行告知义务所产生的交易成本和法律效益进行重新评判。第五章重点分析了《鹿特丹规则》作为一个新海运公约,其架构出的诸多新制度,对海上保险告知义务规则的变革影响,可能延缓海上保险无限告知义务向有限告知义务的转变进程。第六章研究了海上保险告知义务新秩序的构建问题,对我国未来可能选择的海上保险告知义务规则提出了具体的立法构想。
     通过运用比较法、文献法、案例分析法等方法,对现行海上保险告知义务制度进行矫正性分析,打破旧告知义务制度的羁绊,推陈出新,逐步验证新告知义务秩序中的规范配置的新方案,促进海运保险业有序发展。
It has been hundreds of years since the operation of traditional duty of disclosure in marine insurance, and its distinguishing feature makes it rather a rarity in the field of insurance law. In the modern marine business, information disclosure between the assured and the insurer has changed radically, which is illustrated in the enormous maritime disputes with totally different rulings and arbitration awards emerged from the judicial practice. That is to say, firmly entrenched in the existing duty of disclosure is only increasingly out of step. Therefore, this paper, starting with the theory of rectification, analyzes various problems in traditional duty of disclosure, and based on this, puts forward some specific legislative suggestions in order to build a new regime of duty of disclosure.
     This paper consists of three parts, i.e., the introduction, the body and the conclusion. Specific details will be given in the main body which is divided into six chapters:The first chapter analyses the legal nature of duty of disclosure in marine insurance, and corrects it as an obligation within the limit of fault liability. The second chapter focuses on the information asymmetry between the two parities of the marine insurance contract when performing and observing the duty of disclosure, and derives the internal relation between the duty of disclosure and asymmetric information from the analysis of the two, and meanwhile, offers the ways for perfection. The third chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the existing pattern of duty of disclosure in marine insurance. By comparing such unlimited informative obligation and limited informative obligation two patterns, this paper suggests that unlimited informative obligation only be applied to the Marine Cargo Insurance, whereas other kinds of marine insurance adopt limited informative obligation. The fourth chapter analyzes and corrects the duty of disclosure under the paradigm of the economic analysis of law, and in light of the conflicts of interest between the two parities, reevaluates the transaction cost and the benefit of law accompanied by performing and observing duty of disclosure. The fifth chapter emphatically reveals Rotterdam Rules, a new maritime convention, many of its brand-new rules that has influences the evolution of duty of disclosure in marine insurance, may slow the process of unlimited informative obligation shifting to limited informative obligation. The sixth chapter goes into the frame work of new order of duty of disclosure, and concludes with some specific legislative conceptions.
     By using comparison method, literature method and case analysis etc., this paper analyzes the existing duty of disclosure in marine insurance from a corrective perspective in the hope of breaking the bonds and giving this traditional system a new life, as well as testing the suggested solutions in the new one so that a sound and prosperous marine business can be achieved.
引文
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    ①条款原文Subject to the provisions of this section, the assured must disclose to the insurer, before the contract is concluded, every material circumstance which is known to the assured, and the assured is deemed to know every circumstance which, in the ordinary course of business, ought to be known by him. If the assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may avoid the contract.
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    ②我国的保险监督机构为中国保险监督管理委员会,成立于1998年,是国务院直属单位,根据国务院授权履行行政管理职能,依照法律、法规统一监督管理全国保险市场,维护保险业的合法、稳健运行.
    ①樊启荣.保险契约告知义务制度论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:136.
    ②原文"Insurance is a contract based upon speculation. The special facts, upon which the contingent chance is to be computed, lie most commonly in the knowledge of the insured only; the underwriter trusts to his representation and proceeds upon the confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in his knowledge, to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist, and to induce him to estimate the risk as if it did not exist. Good faith forbids either party by concealing what he privately knows, to draw the other into a bargain from his ignorance of that fact, and his believing the contrary."参见 (1766)3Burr 1905.
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    ①在海上保险告知义务领域,因保险合同主体之间的信息不对称,导致信息披露范围的无法准确界分,而诱发的告知义务纠纷案例几乎存在于每一个海运时代,如下是英国《劳埃德法律报告》收录的近三十年出现的主要典型案例:(1)C.T.I.v.Oceanus[1982]2 Lloyd's Rep:178-203; (2)Banque Keyser v.Skandia[1987]1 Lloyd's Rep:69-108; (3)The"Dora"[1989]1 Lloyd's Rep:69-97; (4)Pan Atlantic v.Pine Top[1993] 1 Lloyd's Rep:504-508; (5)Fraser Shipping v.Colton[1997]1 Lloyd's Rep:586-599; (6)Aneco Re v.J&H[1998]1 Lloyd's Rep:565-607; (7)The"Nea Tyhi"[1999]2 Lloyd's Rep:497-535; (8)The"Kapitan Sakharov"[2000]1 Lloyd's Rep:389-415; (9)The"Mercandian Continent"[2000]2 Lloyd's Rep:357-381; (10)HIH Casualty V.Chase[2001]1 Lloyd's Rep:31-59; (11)The"Star Sea"[2001]1 Lloyd's Rep:389-415; (12)Interbrew v.FT[2002]1 Lloyd's Rep:543-552; (13)Black V.Sumitomo[2002]1 Lloyd's Rep:693-712; (14)Garnat Trading & Shipping (Singapore) Pte Ltd and another v.Baominh Insurance Corporation [2011]2 Lloyd's Rep:492-512; (15) Sealion Shipping ltd and another v.valiant insurance co[2012]1 Lloyd's Rep:252-274.
    ①不同社会主体对公平概念的理解很难形成一个统一标准,存在不同程度的个体差异,法律规范仅是解决社会问题的路径之一,并非是唯一的最后的解决争议的方法,需要与道德规范、宗教规范以及政治规范等其他社会规范结合在一起,才能形成一种相对公平的社会秩序。可参见:Kenji Yoshino.The New Equal protection.124Harv.L.Rev.747 (2011):747-748.
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    ④2009年交通运输部对1987年的《水路运输管理条例实施细则》进行了第二次修正,该《细则》第12条规定:个体(联户)船舶从事营业性运输,应当持乡(镇)以上人民政府的证明,向规定的审批机关提交“水路运输企业(船舶)开业申请书”。审批机关应当于接到申请书的次日起二十天内,对经审核符合条件,决定批准的,发给长期或者临时“水路运输许可证”;对不予批准的,给予答复.
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    ①条款原文:Freight" includes the profit derivable by a shipowner from the employment of his ship to carry his own goods or moveables, as well as freight payable by a third party, but does not include passage money.
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    ③ Papadimitriou v.Henderson (1939) 64Ll.L.Rep.345关于该案例的具体案情和评析,也可参见:张丽英,赵劲松、赵鹿军.中英海上保险法原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:290-294. ①王海明.船舶保险理论实务与经营管理.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:130.
    ②英国上述两个运费保险条款的具体内容,可参见:杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:188-199.
    ③应世昌.新编海上保险学.上海:同济大学出版社,2008:450.
    ④Atlantic Maritime Company,Inc.v.Gibbon[1953]1Lloyd'Rep.278. ①张丽英,赵劲松、赵鹿军.中英海上保险法原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:277-281.
    ②该条原文:In insurance on freight, whether paid in advance or otherwise, the insurance value is the gross amount of the freight at the risk of the assured, plus the charges of insurance.
    ①该条原文:Subject to any express provision in the policy, where there is a partial loss of freight, the measure of indemnity is such proportion of the sum fixed by the policy in the case of a valued policy, or of the insurable value in the case of an unvalued policy, as the proportion of freight lost by the assured bears to the whole freight at the risk of the assured under the policy.
    ②司玉琢.海商法(第二版).北京:法律出版社,2008:414.
    ③王海明.船舶保险理论实务与经营管理.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:339.
    ①刘玮.海上保险.天津:南开大学出版社,2008:310.
    ②同上,第311页.
    ③王海明.船舶保险理论实务与经营管理.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:332.
    ①汪鹏南.中国海上船舶保险案例摘要及评论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2008:53.
    ①王海明.船舶保险理论实务与经营管理.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:333.
    ②China.findla.cn.
    ①汪鹏南.中国海上船舶保险案例摘要及评论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2008:50.
    ①[法国]埃里克·布鲁索(Eric Brousseau),国]让·米歇尔·格拉尚(Jean Michel Glachant).契约经济学:理论和应用.王秋石、李国民、李胜兰等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:38.[英]罗纳德·哈利·科斯在该书第二章“契约、组织和制度”对“经济的方法”进行了分析和评价.
    ②[美]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学.史晋川,董雪冰译.上海:格致出版社和上海人民出版社2010:10.该书原书名:Law and Economics,是一本关于法与经济学的著作,具有很强的影响力,现已被美国和其他国家的很多大学作为法经济学领域的教科书.
    ③[美]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学.史晋川,董雪冰译.上海:格致出版社和上海人民出版社2010:3.
    ①[美]A·米切尔·波林斯基.法和经济学导论.郑戈译.北京:法律出版社,2009:46-47.波林斯基是美国法和经济学协会主席,是美国法经济学研究的领军人物之一,他在该本著作中,从法经济学的角度对保险制度中的风险进行了详细分析.
    ①张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学.上海:上海人民出版社,2011:7.
    ②张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学.上海:上海人民出版社,2011:171.
    ①唐运祥.保险中介概论.北京:商务印书馆,2000:201.
    ②Jane Andrewartha. English Maritime Law Update:2010. Journal of Maritime Law and commerce,2011(7):399.
    ③刘连生,申河.保险中介.北京:中国金融出版社,2007:130.
    ①Howard Bennett. The law of marine insurance.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996:86.
    ②张金蕾.英国海上保险合同的订立.哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,2011:6-7.
    ①North and South Trust Company v. Berkeley[1970] 2 Lloyd's Rep.467.
    ②刘连生,申河.保险中介.北京:中国金融出版社,2007:141.
    ① Raoul colinvaux. The Law of Insurance. London:Sweet&Maxwell.1984:312-332.
    ②马宁.保险经纪人法律地位的重新界定——质疑保险代理人与保险经纪人之区分.政治与法律,2010(9):112.
    ③ Howard Bennett.The law of marine insurance.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1996:80-81.
    ①刘连生,申河.保险中介.北京:中国金融出版社,2007:49.
    ②唐运祥.保险中介概论.北京:商务印书馆,2000:62.
    ③Liberian Insurance Agency Inc.v.Mosse[1977]2Lloyd'Rep.560.
    ①Banque Keyser Ullmann S.A.v.Skandia(U.K.) Insurance Co.and Others[1987]1Lloyd'Rep.69.
    ②郑戈.法和经济学导论.北京:法律出版社,2009:130.
    ③中国保监会2005年1月1日施行的《保险代理机构管理规定》第101条规定:保险代理机构、保险代理分支机构及其业务人员在开展保险代理业务过程中,不得有下列欺骗保险公司、投保人、被保险人或者受益人的行为:(一)隐瞒与保险合同有关的重要情况;(二)以本机构名义销售保险产品或者进行保险产品宣传:(三)阻碍投保人履行如实告知义务或者诱导其不履行如实告知义务;(四)泄露在经营过程中知悉的被代理保险公司、投保人、被保险人或者受益人的业务和财产情况及个人隐私;(五)挪用、截留保险费、保险金或者保险赔款;(六)串通投保人、被保险人或者受益人骗取保险金。
    ① Thomas J.Schoenbaum. The duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance law:a comparative analysis of American and English law. Journal of Maritime Law and commerce,1998(1):3.原文:The rule of utmost good faith is grounded in economic efficiency. It is a rule designed to minimize costs to both insurers and assureds也可参见:陈安主编:《国际经济法论丛》(第三卷),北京:法律出版社,2000:323.
    ②[法国]埃里克·布鲁索(Eric Brousseau),[法国]让·米歇尔·格拉尚(Jean Michel Glachant):契约经济学:理论和应用.王秋石、李国民、李胜兰等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:3-4.
    ③谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:143-145.
    ①科斯定理的三大要点:(一)在交易费用为零的情况下,不管权利如何进行初始配置,当事人之间的谈判都会导致这些财富最大化的安排;(二)在交易费用不为零的情况下,不同的权利配置界定会带来不同的资源配置;(三)因为交易费用的存在,不同的权利界定和分配,则会带来不同效益的资源配置.
    ② A. Mitchell Poliinsky, Steven Shavell. Punitive damages:an economic analysis.111Harv. L.Rev.1281 (1998):870-871.
    ③周林彬等.法律经济学:中国的理论与实践.北京:北京大学出版社,2008:327
    ④ Barry Harrison:Economic.London:Longman Group UK Limited,1986:27.
    ⑤谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:123.
    ①中国平安保险公司的平安福寿两全保险.
    ②许莉.非对称信息与保险交易行为研究.北京:中国金融出版社,2010:18.
    ③关于法律的模糊性特征,特别是不提供信息的不精确性问题,可参见[英]蒂莫西·A·O·恩迪科特.法律中的模糊性.程朝阳译.北京:北京大学出版社,2010:43-44.
    ④娄耀雄.信息法研究.北京:人民法院出版社,2004:197.
    ①许莉.非对称信息与保险交易行为研究.北京:中国金融出版社,2010:20.
    ②许莉.非对称信息与保险交易行为研究.北京:中国金融出版社,2010:21.该书中提及英美经济学者H.A.Simon和K.J.Arrow在20世纪60年代对“充分信息假定”提出异议,以及不确定和不对称信息情况下,当事人的如何行为,寻求一种均衡的契约和制度安排来规范双方经济行为的理论.
    ③谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:122.
    ①张乃根.法经济学——经济学视野里的法律现象.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003:180.
    ②应飞虎.信息、权利与交易安全.北京:北京大学出版社,2008:13.
    ③[美]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学.史晋川,董雪冰译.上海:格致出版社和上海人民出版社2010:184-199.
    ①冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:403.
    ②[法国]埃里克·布鲁索(Eric Brousseau),[法国]让·米歇尔·格拉尚(Jean Michel Glachant):契约经济学:理论和应用.王秋石、李国民、李胜兰等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:121.该书收录了法国学者艾里克·马林与戴维·马赫蒂摩合写的学术论文《交易费用和激励理论》.
    ③谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:122-124.
    ①[美]罗宾·保罗·麦乐怡(Robin Paul Malloy)法与经济学.孙潮译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,1999:98.
    ②应飞虎.信息、权利与交易安全.北京:北京大学出版社,2008:12.
    ③关于法律效益的概念,可参见冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:250-251.
    ①冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:251-252.
    ②谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:79.
    ③谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:78.
    ④冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:236-237.
    ⑤关于法律效益与法律效率问题,可参见胡卫星:《论法律效率》,载于《中国法学》,1992年第3期:103.也可参见万光侠:《效率与公平—法律价值的人学分析》,北京:人民出版社,2000:97-99.
    ①冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:236.
    ②汪全胜.立法效益研究——以当代中国立法为视角.北京:中国法制出版社,2003:215.
    ①冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:255.
    ②汪全胜.立法效益研究——以当代中国立法为视角.北京:中国法制出版社,2003:23.
    ③冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:253.
    ①谢地,杜莉,吕岩峰.法经济学.北京:科学出版社,2009:78.
    ②冯玉军.法经济学范式.北京:清华大学出版社,2009:251.
    ③郑戈.法和经济学导论.北京:法律出版社,2009:6.
    ①[美]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学.史晋川,董雪冰译.上海:格致出版社和上海人民出版社2010:184-199.
    ②郑戈.法和经济学导论.北京:法律出版社,2009:7.
    ①[法国]埃里克·布鲁索(Eric Brousseau),[法国]让·米歇尔·格拉尚(Jean Michel Glachant):契约经济学:理论和应用.王秋石、李国民、李胜兰等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:38.
    ①[法国]埃里克·布鲁索(Eric Brousseau),让·米歇尔·格拉尚(Jean Michel Glachant):契约经济学:理论和应用.王秋石、李国民、李胜兰等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:38.
    ②文中“告知义务条款”,也应包括由保险人单方面提供的,被保险人愿意接受的,能有效降低订约成本的格式保险合同条款.
    ①保险人对被保险人的“让步”,并非一定是保险人基于被保险人的利益为出发点,而是其对长远利益的追求,而裁判机构的“协助”,主要表现为法官或仲裁人员对投保人或被保险人是否违法无限告知义务,多采用严格的的评判标准.
    ②杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:106.
    ③[美]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学.史晋川,董雪冰译.上海:格致出版社和上海人民出版社2010:3.
    ①杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:101.
    ②王金玉.海上保险无限告知义务的抽象嬗变——基于<鹿特丹规则>生效后的考量.当代法学.2011(2):137.
    ③2008年12月11日,在纽约召开的联合国大会上,《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》获得了通过,在2009年9月23日,包括美国、荷兰、挪威、尼日利亚以及加纳等十多个国家在荷兰港口城市鹿特丹举行了签字仪式,所以又称,《鹿特丹规则》.
    ④郭萍 张文广.<鹿特丹规则>述评.环球法律评论.2009(3):143.
    ①朱曾杰、吴焕宁、张永坚、郭瑜.国际海上运输三公约释义.北京:中国商务出版社,2007:12.
    ②李克穆.保险业信息披露研究.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2007:7.
    ③朱曾杰.初评鹿特丹规则.中国海商法年刊.2009(2):9.
    ①张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学.上海:上海人民出版社,2011:235.
    ②傅廷中.海商法论.北京:法律出版社,2007:484-486.
    ③[加]威廉·台特雷.国际海商法.张永坚等译.北京:法律出版社,2005:23.
    ④樊启荣.保险契约告知义务制度论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:308.
    ⑤谷浩.海上保险的告知义务:经济学的思考.中国海商法年刊,2008(1):2.
    ⑥Asif H.Qureshi.International Economic Law.London:Sweet & Maxwell,1999:229.
    ①Pan Atlantic Insurance Co.Ltd.v.Pine Top Insurnace Co.Ltd.[1994]2 Lloyd's Rep.427.
    ①John Birds.Modern Insurance Law(4th ed).London:Sweet & Maxwell,1977:103.
    ②郭萍张文广.<鹿特丹规则>述评.环球法律评论.2009(3):140.
    ①Container Transport International Inc and Reliance Group Inc.v. Oceanus Mutual Underwriting Association Ltd.[1984]1 Lloyd's Rep:476.
    ②[英]Malcolm A.Clarke.保险合同法(3th Edition)何美欢、吴志攀等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:187
    Liberian Insurance Agency Inc.v.Mosse,[1977]2 Lloyd's Rep:560.
    ①忠江.论商事实践张力与法律文本抑制间的博弈:以保险经纪人双方代理法律地位为视角.保险研究.2010(1):118.
    ②[英]Malcolm A.Clarke保险合同法(3th Edition)何美欢、吴志攀等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002;189.该书作者提及了美国伊利诺伊州法院决定一个代理人是保险人的代理人,还是被保险人的代理人的界定标准:(一)谁首先使代理人发起行动;(二)谁最终控制代理人行为;(三)谁支付代理人薪酬;(四)代理人应保护谁的利益.
    ③鲁忠江.论商事实践张力与法律文本抑制间的博弈:以保险经纪人双方代理法律地位为视角.保险研究.2010(1):121.在该学术论文中,作者认为:《保险法》第128条规定:“保险经纪人因过错给投保人、被保险人造成损失的,依法承担赔偿责任。”应该修改为“保险经纪人因过错给投保人、被保险人和保险人造成损失的,依法承担赔偿责任。”以此,对经纪人的双方代理问题进行规制。并进一步强调“增加保险经纪人的忠实义务和完善保险经纪人的告知义务,调整保险经纪人的经营规则及完善保险经纪人的责任制度等。”
    ①张丽英赵劲松赵鹿军.中英海上保险原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:137.
    ①Howard N.Bennett. The Law of Marine Insurance.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996:55.
    ①司玉琢,韩立新.《鹿特丹规则》研究.大连:大连海事大出版社,2009:157.
    ②韩立新.<鹿特丹规则>对港口经营人的影响.中国海商法年刊.2010(1):37.
    ①朱曾杰、吴焕宁、张永坚、郭瑜.国际海上运输三公约释义.北京:中国商务出版社,2007:3.
    ①杨良宜、杨大明.国际商务游戏规则:英美证据法.北京:法律出版社,2002:744.
    ②陈响荣、杨央平、蒋南成、李刚.诉讼效益与证明要求:论在民事诉讼中应确立高度盖然性原则.法学研究,1995(5):41.
    ①间接证据,与直接证据相对应,多指不能直接证明案件的事实,但能和其他证据联系起来,共同证明和确定案件事实的证据。可参见黄荣昌、温丽珍、杨梓、王建平:《证据法实用教程》,银川:宁夏人民出版社,2007:97.
    ①司玉琢,韩立新.《鹿特丹规则》研究.大连:大连海事大出版社,2009:168-169.
    ②司玉琢,韩立新.《鹿特丹规则》研究.大连:大连海事大出版社,2009:160-161.
    ③ Article 41:Except to the extent that the contract particulars have been qualified in the circumstances and in the manner set out in article 40:(a) A transport document or an electronic transport record is prima facie evidence of the carrier's receipt of the goods as stated in the contract particulars; (b) Proof to the contrary by the carrier in respect of any contract particulars shall not be admissible, when such contract particulars are included in:(i) A negotiable transport document or a negotiable electronic transport record that is transferred to a third party acting in good faith; or (ii) A non-negotiable transport document that indicates that it must be surrendered in order to obtain delivery of the goods and is transferred to the consignee acting in good faith; (c) Proof to the contrary by the carrier shall not be admissible against a consignee that in good faith has acted in reliance on any of the following contract particulars included in a non-negotiable transport document or a non-negotiable electronic transport record.
    ①美国海商法实践中的“瓦里斯库拉原则”——Vallescura Rule:承运人不能举证两种原因造成货损的各自比例时,就承担全部赔偿责任。《鹿特丹规则》第17条第6款没有采纳该原则.
    ①根据《鹿特丹规则》第1条第6款(a)项规定:履约方是指承运人以外的,履行或承诺履行承运人在运输合同下有关货物接收、装载、操作、积载、运输、照料、卸载或交付的任何义务的人,以该人直接或间接在承运人的要求、监督或控制下行事为限.
    ② Article 18:The carrier is liable for the breach of its obligations under this Convention caused by the acts or omissions of:(a) Any performing party; (b) The master or crew of the ship; (c) Employees of the carrier or a performing party; or (d) Any other person that performs or undertakes to perform any of the carrier's obligations under the contract of carriage, to the extent that the person acts, either directly or indirectly, at the carrier's request or under the carrier's supervision or control.
    ③《鹿特丹规则》中的“承运人”,指的是一种“订约承运人”,与“履约承运人”对应,是指与托运人订立运输合同的人,参见《鹿特丹规则》第1条第5款规定.
    ④朱曾杰、吴焕宁、张永坚、郭瑜.国际海上运输三公约释义.北京:中国商务出版社,2007:277.
    ①李可.举证责任研究:法理的角度.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2004:103.
    ②杨良宜、杨大明.国际商务游戏规则:英美证据法.北京:法律出版社,2002:3.
    ①韩象乾.民事证据理论新探.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2006:2.
    ② United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly (The Rotterdam Rules) Article 17 (1):The carrier is liable for loss of or damage to the goods, as well as for delay in delivery, if the claimant proves that the loss, damage, or delay, or the event or circumstance that caused or contributed to it took place during the period of the carrier's responsibility as defined in chapter 4.
    ①朱曾杰、吴焕宁、张永坚、郭瑜.国际海上运输三公约释义.北京:中国商务出版社,2007:255-256.
    ②张丽英.海商法学(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2010:144.
    ①陆荣华.英美责任保险理论与实务.南昌:江西高校出版杜,2005:1-2.
    ②王海明.船舶保险理论实务与经营管理.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:329.
    ③PICC船舶保险所承担的碰撞责任为4/4,参见张丽英.海商法学(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2010:353.
    ①在保险实务中,船东对货物的赔偿责任是保赔保险业务承保的最主要的风险,据各家保赔协会的统计,这种责任风险基本占各家总赔款的40%以上。参见王海明.船舶保险理论实务与经营管理.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:335.
    ②吴焕宁.鹿特丹规则释义:联合国全程或者部分海上国际货物运输合同公约.北京:中国商务出版社,2011:150.
    ①王金玉.海上保险合同无限告知义务的价值分析.法学杂志.2009(11):137.
    ②司玉琢.<鹿特丹规则>的评价与展望.中国海商法年刊.2009(2):9.
    ①杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:101-102.
    ①澳大利亚保险法采用“合理的人”,美国保险法实践多采用“合理的保险人”或“特定的保险人”,以此来取代英国1906年《海上保险法》确立的“谨慎保险人”
    ② Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin, Claire Blanchard et al.Armould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition.London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:613.
    ③ D.Rhidian Thomas. Marine Insurance:the law in transition. London:Informa Law Mortimer House,2006: 58.
    ④杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:51.
    ① Pan Atlantic Insurance Co.Ltd.v.Pine Top Insurnace Co.Ltd.[1994]2 Lloyd's Rep.427:430.
    ② Greenhill and Others v. Federal Insurance Company (1926) 24 L1.L.Rep.383.也可参见:张丽英,赵劲松、赵鹿军.中英海上保险法原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:141.
    ①Greenhill and Others v. Federal Insurance Company (1926) 24 Ll.L.Rep.383也可参见:张丽英,赵劲松、赵鹿军.中英海上保险法原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:142.
    ②[英IMalcolm A.Clarke保险合同法(3th Edition)何美欢、吴志攀等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:610.
    ③杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:104.
    ①C.T.I.v.Oceanus[1984]1Lloyd's Rep:476.
    ②C.T.I.v.Oceanus[1982]2Lloyd's Rep:178.
    ①张丽英,赵劲松、赵鹿军.中英海上保险法原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:127.
    ②Howard Bennett. The law of marine insurance.Oxford:Oxford University Press 2006:2-3.
    ①杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:53.
    ②[英]Malcolm A.Clarke保险合同法(3th Edition)何美欢、吴志攀等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:596.
    ①张丽英,赵劲松,赵鹿军.中英海上保险法原理及判例比较研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2006:129.
    ②Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin,Claire Blanchard et al.Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition.London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:614.
    ① Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin,Claire Blanchard et al. Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition.London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:662.
    ② Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin,Claire Blanchard et al.Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition.London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:647.
    ①[]Malcolm A.Clarke.保险合同法(3th Edition)何美欢、吴志攀等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:596.
    ②杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:106.
    ①Jane Andrewartha. English Maritime Law Update:2010. Journal of Maritime Law and commerce,2011(7):399.原文:According to thelnternational Chamber of Commerce's International Maritime Bureau (IMB) piracyattacks increased by 10% over 2009; the number of crew members taken hostageincreasing by over hundred.
    ②袁立,郑旭红,周卫东.海盗风险增加的成本及新机遇.中国水运,2009(12):51.该文提及:如果选择在危险区域通行,海运公司将面临着船只被海盗劫持的风险,就得支付额外的保险成本,每天约30,00美元的额外保费.
    ①杜鹃.海上保险.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2005:47.
    ②[美]L·L·富勒,小威廉R·帕杜.合同损害赔偿中的信赖利益.韩世远译.北京:中国法制出版社,2004:6.
    ③徐自力.论保险合同无效时的信赖利益损失.学术界,2010(6):175.
    ①袁建华.海上保险原理与实务.成都:西南财经大学出版社,2006:46.
    ②何丽新,吴海燕.海商法案例精解.厦门:厦门大学出版社,2004:271.
    ③约翰·F·道宾.美国保险法.梁鹏译.北京:法律出版社,2008:4.
    ①M.A.克拉克.保险合同法.何美欢,吴志攀等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:647.
    ①人民网-人民日报:2011.12.21.
    ① Thomas J.Schoenbaum. The duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance law:a comparative analysis of American and English law. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce,1998(1):39.也可参见:陈安主编:《国际经济法论丛》(第三卷).北京:法律出版社,2000:321-356.该书收录了此文的中文译本,李章军和陈辉煌合译的:《海上保险法之最大诚信原则——美国法与英国法之比较研究》.原文:the doctrine of utmost good faith still has utility in marine insurance because it fosters a high standard of care, economic efficiency, and lower premiums for assureds.
    ② Thomas J.Schoenbaum. The duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance law:a comparative analysis of American and English law. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce,1998(1):3.原文:The rule places the onuson the party with exclusive knowledge of circumstances affecting the risk todisclose so that the risks can be most precisely and cheaply evaluated. This should lead to lower costs for insurers and, ultimately, lower and more precisepremium costs for assureds.
    ①杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:102-106.
    ② Thomas J.Schoenbaum. The duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance law:a comparative analysis of American and English law. Journal of Maritime Law and commerce,1998(1):2.系文:1s the doctrine of utmost good faith necessary to the law of marine insurance or is it merely an anachronism left over from the distant past?
    ③陈安主编:《国际经济法论丛》(第三卷).北京:法律出版社,2000:356.
    ④ Jane Andrewartha. English Maritime Law Update:2010. Journal of Maritime Law and commerce,2011(7): 399.42JMARLC 399.原文:Most sectors of the shipping industry, however, continue to suffer from low demand and excess tonnage.
    ⑤D. Rhidian Thomas. Marine Insurance:the Law in Transition. London:Informa Law Mortimer House,2006: 54.
    ①杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:106.
    ① Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin, Claire Blanchard et al. Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition. London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:540.
    ②杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:105.
    ③ Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin, Claire Blanchard et al. Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition. London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:541.
    ④ Bates v. Hewitt, (1867) L.R.2Q.B.595.
    ⑤陈安主编:《国际经济法论丛》(第三卷).北京:法律出版社,2000:325.
    ⑥ Carter v.Boehm, (1766) 3Burr.1905.
    ① Thomas J.Schoenbaum. The duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance law:a comparative analysis of American and English law. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce,1998(1):6.原文:In 1879 the court in London Assurance v. Mansel held that the assured had a duty to disclose a fact even if he was unaware of its materiality to the insurer.
    ② Thomas J.Schoenbaum. The duty of utmost good faith in marine insurance law:a comparative analysis of American and English law. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce,1998(1):2.原文:Even in the field of insurance the doctrine has been largely abrogated in American law as to non-marine matters.
    ①HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd & Ors v Chase Manhattan Bank & Ors[2001]C.L.C1853.
    ② Howard Bennett. The law of marine insurance.Oxford:Oxford University Press 2006:183.
    ①汪鹏南.中国海上保险案例摘要及评论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2008:9-26.
    ②张丽英.海商法学(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2010:319.
    ①汪鹏南.中国海上保险案例摘要及评论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2008:106.
    ② Greenhill and Others v.Federal Insurance Company(1926)24L1.L.Rep.383; Liberian Insurance Agency Inc.v.Mosse[1977]2Lloyd's Rep.560; Pan Atlantic Insurance Co.Ltd.v.Pine Top Insurnace Co.Ltd.[1994]2 Lloyd's Rep.427.
    ① Howard Bennett. The law of marine insurance.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006:103.
    ② Jonathan Gilman, Robert Merkin,Claire Blanchard et al.Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average.17th Edition.London:Sweet & Maxwell,2008:613.
    ①刘建勋.新保险法经典、疑难案例判解.北京:法律出版社,2010:132.
    ②P·S·阿迪亚.合同法导论.赵旭东,何帅领,邓晓霞译.北京:法律出版社,2003:420.
    ①杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京:法律出版社,2010:102-103.
    ②第4款原文:If the policyholder fails to discharge his duty of disclosure as set out in para.1 above, the insurer may terminate the contract or propose an amendment to it. In the latter case, the assured may accept or reject the proposed amendment. If he rejects it, the insurer may terminate the contract. If the contract is terminated, the insurer will be obliged to pay any otherwise recoverable claim which arose prior to termination in proportion to the 'ration between the agreed premium and the premium and premium which a prudent insurer would have fixed if the policyholder had fulfilled his obligations under para.1'. However, if the insurer can demonstrate that the prudent insurer would not have accepted the risk on the terms proposed, then the insurer will not have to pay any claim.
    ①A. Mitchell Polinsky. Steven Shavell. Punitive Damages:An Economic Analysis.111Harv. L.Rev.1281 (1998):870.
    ②A. Mitchell Polinsky, Steven Shavell. Punitive Damages:An Economic Analysis.111Harv. L.Rev.1281 (1998):874.
    ③Mark A. Geistfeld. The Principle of Misalignment:Duty,Damages,and the Nature of Tort Liability. The Yale Law Journal,2011(10):180.
    ④张新宝,李倩.惩罚性赔偿的立法选择.清华法学,2009(4):6.
    ① Manifest Shipping Co.LTD. v. Uni-polaris Insurance Co.LTD.and la reunion europeenne [2001]1 Lloyd's Rep:389-390.
    ①这里的“普通保险法”指除了海上保险法以外的保险立法,多表现为各国制定《保险法》,关于现阶段保险合同缔约阶段的告知义务立法,各国《保险法》已经进行了很多立法尝试,并取得了一定的法律成效,在海上保险法领域,却固守传统,发展缓慢,包括英美法系国家的美国和澳大利亚等国,以及一些区域性的国际组织(欧盟),均对英国1906年《海上保险法》确立的传统告知义务规则提出批评,新告知义务规则的形成,正在酝酿之中.
    ②关于“危害性信息的重要情况”,笔者已在本论文第二章第三节详细述及,可参见本文第31-33页.
    ①前已述及,笔者采用的是过错责任原则,而非无过错责任原则,若投保人不存在主观过错,其无需承担未履行告知义务的法律责任.
    ②可参见我国《消费者权益保护法》第49条规定:“经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或者接受服务的费用的一倍。”
    ③关于惩罚性损害赔偿责任,可参见A. Mitchell Polinsky, Steven Shavell. Punitive Damages:An Economic Analysis. 111Harv. L.Rev.1281 (1998):869-962.
    ①我国2009年《保险法》第16条第3款规定:前款规定的合同解除权,自保险人知道有解除事由之日起,超过三十日不行使而消灭。自合同成立之日起超过二年的,保险人不得解除合同:发生保险事故的,保险人应当承担赔偿或者给付保险金的责任.
    ②我国最高人民法院已经在2011年12月20日公示了第一批4个指导性案例,旨在利用指导性案例来固化某一类案件的裁判要点,弥补成文法存在的疏漏.
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