大豆皮替代麸皮饲喂生长肥育猪效果研究
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摘要
大豆皮是现代制油工艺中的一个副产品，约占大豆重量的8％，占大豆体积的10％。在我国蕴藏量非常丰富，充分开发利用这一大体积能量饲料资源具有十分重要的意义。据报道大豆皮用于奶牛其营养价值等同于玉米，近年来，人们为了使大豆皮更广泛的应用于畜牧生产，在怀孕母猪日粮中适当添加饲喂，得出了有效的结论，并表明用它来替代麸皮饲喂怀孕母猪对其生产无任何负面影响，但是迄今为止，大豆皮是否能用于饲喂生长肥育猪还未见报道，这就妨碍了大豆皮在畜牧生产中的广泛应用。本研究在已有研究的基础上，对用大豆皮替代麸皮饲喂生长肥育猪进行了研究，并对其所含营养成份与不同生产季节造成的替代影响进行了初步分析探讨。
本研究发现，肥育猪在炎热季节不宜过多替代添加，在日增重方面除替代4％组与对照组之间差异不显著勉强可以外，其余处理组均不能收到有益效果，且饲料成本均高于对照组；温暖季节用大豆皮替代麸皮饲喂50kg左右生长肥育猪，7％与4％替代麸皮在日增重方面，与对照组差异不显著，在饲料成本方面，分别比对照组每增重1kg降低0.12元与0.06元，效果理想，可以推广；寒冷季节用大豆皮替代麸皮饲喂生长肥育猪在日增重方面均与对照组无显著差异，在料重比方面亦与对照组无显著差异，在每增重1kg饲料费方面，处理2、3、1、4组分别比对照组降低0.28元、0.18元、0.15元、0.07元，是一种值得推广的方案，不论替代麸皮多少均可收到有益效果。大豆皮的纤维含量高，但木质素含量低，因而消化率较高，尤其是对于反刍动物，大豆皮不存在淀粉类谷物抑制瘤胃纤维降解的负互作效应。但用大豆皮替代麸皮喂生长肥育猪，增加了日粮中粗纤维水平，猪体增热增加，尤其是炎热季节，加重了热应激，以致造成对日增重、饲料转化率的不利影响。
Soybean capsule, weighed 8% and cubage 10% of soybean, is a sort main product of modern oil manufacture. It is important to develop this kind of resources in feedstuff manufacture. It has been found that the nutritional value of soybean capsules is the same as that of the corn when feeding cows. In recent years, conclusion is drawn which it has determinate effect that appropriate soybean capsule are added into the diet of enceinte sows, and it has no negative effect substitution of soybean husks for wheaten bran in feeding enceinte sows. Nevertheless, no report on the use of soybean husks in feeding growth-finishing pigs. It slows down the use of soybean husks in animal breeding. Based on some previous research, the study has made research on the use of soybean husks in feeding growth-finishing pigs and analyzed its nutritional components and the substitution effect in different season. The study showed:
1 The substitution is hardly needed in summer except 4% substitution groups. The other project have no active effect, but the cost was higher than comparison groups. In warm season, the daily
gain by substitution of soybean husk for 7% or 4% wheaten bran was the same as that of the comparison groups when feeding growth-finishing pigs weighed about 50kg, while the cost decreased six fen to twelve fen per kilogram.
2 In winter, though the daily gain and the proportion of feed to weight was similar to that of comparison groups, the cost decreased twenty-eight fen, eighteen fen, fifteen fen and seven fen in experimented groups 2, 3, 1, and 4. Any project has negative effect in winter. The high cellulose content and low lignin content of the substitute lead to the high digestion coefficient, especially ruminants, as there is no negative effect which corny amylum inhibits rumen to degrade cellulose.
In another hand, the substitution in feeding growth-finishing pigs increase the coarse cellulose content in pigs' diet and the increment of fever, making the hot alarm reaction more serious, especially in summer , hence negative effect is brought out.
本研究发现，肥育猪在炎热季节不宜过多替代添加，在日增重方面除替代4％组与对照组之间差异不显著勉强可以外，其余处理组均不能收到有益效果，且饲料成本均高于对照组；温暖季节用大豆皮替代麸皮饲喂50kg左右生长肥育猪，7％与4％替代麸皮在日增重方面，与对照组差异不显著，在饲料成本方面，分别比对照组每增重1kg降低0.12元与0.06元，效果理想，可以推广；寒冷季节用大豆皮替代麸皮饲喂生长肥育猪在日增重方面均与对照组无显著差异，在料重比方面亦与对照组无显著差异，在每增重1kg饲料费方面，处理2、3、1、4组分别比对照组降低0.28元、0.18元、0.15元、0.07元，是一种值得推广的方案，不论替代麸皮多少均可收到有益效果。大豆皮的纤维含量高，但木质素含量低，因而消化率较高，尤其是对于反刍动物，大豆皮不存在淀粉类谷物抑制瘤胃纤维降解的负互作效应。但用大豆皮替代麸皮喂生长肥育猪，增加了日粮中粗纤维水平，猪体增热增加，尤其是炎热季节，加重了热应激，以致造成对日增重、饲料转化率的不利影响。
Soybean capsule, weighed 8% and cubage 10% of soybean, is a sort main product of modern oil manufacture. It is important to develop this kind of resources in feedstuff manufacture. It has been found that the nutritional value of soybean capsules is the same as that of the corn when feeding cows. In recent years, conclusion is drawn which it has determinate effect that appropriate soybean capsule are added into the diet of enceinte sows, and it has no negative effect substitution of soybean husks for wheaten bran in feeding enceinte sows. Nevertheless, no report on the use of soybean husks in feeding growth-finishing pigs. It slows down the use of soybean husks in animal breeding. Based on some previous research, the study has made research on the use of soybean husks in feeding growth-finishing pigs and analyzed its nutritional components and the substitution effect in different season. The study showed:
1 The substitution is hardly needed in summer except 4% substitution groups. The other project have no active effect, but the cost was higher than comparison groups. In warm season, the daily
gain by substitution of soybean husk for 7% or 4% wheaten bran was the same as that of the comparison groups when feeding growth-finishing pigs weighed about 50kg, while the cost decreased six fen to twelve fen per kilogram.
2 In winter, though the daily gain and the proportion of feed to weight was similar to that of comparison groups, the cost decreased twenty-eight fen, eighteen fen, fifteen fen and seven fen in experimented groups 2, 3, 1, and 4. Any project has negative effect in winter. The high cellulose content and low lignin content of the substitute lead to the high digestion coefficient, especially ruminants, as there is no negative effect which corny amylum inhibits rumen to degrade cellulose.
In another hand, the substitution in feeding growth-finishing pigs increase the coarse cellulose content in pigs' diet and the increment of fever, making the hot alarm reaction more serious, especially in summer , hence negative effect is brought out.
引文
1．王春林等 大豆中抗营养因子及其处理方 法饲料工业 2000(21．9)12-14
2．李振华 利用豆渣生产发酵饲料 饲料工业，1996，17(2)
3．李华 大豆皮在饲料中的应用 饲料工业 2000(21．10)38-40
4. ABEL-CAINES S.F.et al.Whole cottonseeds or a combination of soybeans and soybean hulls in the diets of lactating dairy cows.J.Dairy Sci,1997,80:1353～1357
5. Kunkle W. E. et al. Effects of supplemental energy source and amount on forage intake and performance by steers and intake and diet digestibility by sheep.J.Anim.Sci.1997,75:1918～1925
6．贺英等 大豆中的抗营养因子及其对单胃动物的影响 饲料博览，1996(1)
7．钱玉英等 开发大麦饲料及其专用酶制剂 中国饲料，1997(19)
8．刘燕强等 大麦的营养特性及其抗营养因子——β-葡聚糖的研究进展 动物营养学报，1998，10(2)
9. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle(7th Rev Ed ) Natinnal Academy Press,Washington DC,1996
10．易治雄 猪对植物纤维的利用 饲料工业，2000，(6)：17-19
11．牛文生 利用富含纤维素饲料的潜力 饲料，1989，(6)：31-32
12．王进波等 饲料抗营养因子研究进展 饲料博览，2000(2)16-18
13．刘永生等 不同加工处理的大豆对肉仔鸡影响的研究 饲料工业 2000(21．3)17-20
14．刘万涵 大豆磷脂在饲料中的应用 饲料研究 2001(2)23-27
15．张根军等 新法膨化大豆在猪饲料中的应用 中国饲料，1998(5)
16．余东游等 膨化大豆和乳清粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响 饲料研究，2000，21(2)
17．朴香淑等 不同大豆加工产品对早期断奶仔猪饲用价值的研究 饲料研究2000(21)26-27
18．张丽英等 特殊大豆蛋白HP300对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的研究 饲料研究2000(8)12-14
19．宋时光等 膨化全脂大豆粉饲喂哺乳仔猪的效果 中国饲料，200(3)
20．金征宇等 大豆膨化技术的研究 中国饲料，1996(9)
21. Belyea R.L.Variation in composition of by-product feeds.J.Dairy Sci. 1989,72:2339～2345
22. Macgregor C.A.et al.Effect of increasing ration fiber with soybeam mill run on digestibility and lactation performance.J.Dairy Sci.1976,59:682·689
23．靖元孝等 旋扭山绿豆替代麸皮饲养生猪试验 饲料工业，1999，20(4)
24．张维德等 热处理对全脂大豆粉脂肪酸组成影响的研究 饲料研究，1997(6)
25．杨玉芬等 妊娠母猪同粮中的纤维 饲料工业，2000(21．6)31-32
26．余东游等 膨化大事和乳清粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响 饲料工业，2000(21．2)27-28
27. Preston R L Typical composition of feeds for cattle and sheep Beef1999,35(6):20～32
28. Depeters E.J.et al.Digestion kinetics of neutral detergent fiber and chemical composition within some selected by-product feedstuffs Anim.Feed Sci.Tech. 1997,67:127～140
29. Bhatti S.A. et al.Kinetics lf hydration and functional specific graviny of fibrous feed by-products. J.Anim.Sci.1995,73:1449～1458
30. Hsu J.T.et al. Evaluation If corn fiber, cottonseed hulls oat hulls and soybean hulls as roughage sources for ruminats.J.Anim.Sci-1987,65:244～255
31. Anderson S.J.et al.Digestibility and utilization of mechanically processed soybean hulls by lambs and steers.J.Anim.Sci,1988,66:2965～2976
32. Quicke G. V. et al. Digestibiluity of soybean hulls and flakes and the invitro digestibility of the cellulose in various milling by-products-J.Dairy Sei,1959,42:185～186
33．李德发主编《猪的营养》 北京农业大学出版社
34．李宝玉等 纤维素酶在生长猪日粮中的应用 中国饲料 2000(3)16-17
35. Weidner S.J.et al. Soyhulls as a replcement for forage fiber in diets for lactating dairy cows.J. Dairy Sci.1994,77:513～521
36. Ludden P.A.et al.The value of soybean hulls as a replacement for corn in beef cattle diets formulated with or without added fat .J.Anim Sci. 1995,73:2706～2711
37．柏秋圃编著 配合饲料的加工和使用 北京：金盾出版社，1985
38．[美]国家研究委员会著《猪的营养需要》 中国农业大学出版社
39．杨凤主编《动物营养学》中国农业出版社
40．韩友文主编《饲料与饲养学》中国农业出版社
41. T.NAKAMURA et al.High amounts of soyhulls for pelleted concentrate diets.J.Dairy Sci.1989,72:988～994
42. Anderson S.J.et al.Digestibility and utilization of mechanically processed soybean hulls by lambs and steers.J.Anim.Sci,1988,66:2965～2976
43．上海市农业学校主编《生物统计与畜兽基试验》中国农业出版社
2．李振华 利用豆渣生产发酵饲料 饲料工业，1996，17(2)
3．李华 大豆皮在饲料中的应用 饲料工业 2000(21．10)38-40
4. ABEL-CAINES S.F.et al.Whole cottonseeds or a combination of soybeans and soybean hulls in the diets of lactating dairy cows.J.Dairy Sci,1997,80:1353～1357
5. Kunkle W. E. et al. Effects of supplemental energy source and amount on forage intake and performance by steers and intake and diet digestibility by sheep.J.Anim.Sci.1997,75:1918～1925
6．贺英等 大豆中的抗营养因子及其对单胃动物的影响 饲料博览，1996(1)
7．钱玉英等 开发大麦饲料及其专用酶制剂 中国饲料，1997(19)
8．刘燕强等 大麦的营养特性及其抗营养因子——β-葡聚糖的研究进展 动物营养学报，1998，10(2)
9. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle(7th Rev Ed ) Natinnal Academy Press,Washington DC,1996
10．易治雄 猪对植物纤维的利用 饲料工业，2000，(6)：17-19
11．牛文生 利用富含纤维素饲料的潜力 饲料，1989，(6)：31-32
12．王进波等 饲料抗营养因子研究进展 饲料博览，2000(2)16-18
13．刘永生等 不同加工处理的大豆对肉仔鸡影响的研究 饲料工业 2000(21．3)17-20
14．刘万涵 大豆磷脂在饲料中的应用 饲料研究 2001(2)23-27
15．张根军等 新法膨化大豆在猪饲料中的应用 中国饲料，1998(5)
16．余东游等 膨化大豆和乳清粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响 饲料研究，2000，21(2)
17．朴香淑等 不同大豆加工产品对早期断奶仔猪饲用价值的研究 饲料研究2000(21)26-27
18．张丽英等 特殊大豆蛋白HP300对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的研究 饲料研究2000(8)12-14
19．宋时光等 膨化全脂大豆粉饲喂哺乳仔猪的效果 中国饲料，200(3)
20．金征宇等 大豆膨化技术的研究 中国饲料，1996(9)
21. Belyea R.L.Variation in composition of by-product feeds.J.Dairy Sci. 1989,72:2339～2345
22. Macgregor C.A.et al.Effect of increasing ration fiber with soybeam mill run on digestibility and lactation performance.J.Dairy Sci.1976,59:682·689
23．靖元孝等 旋扭山绿豆替代麸皮饲养生猪试验 饲料工业，1999，20(4)
24．张维德等 热处理对全脂大豆粉脂肪酸组成影响的研究 饲料研究，1997(6)
25．杨玉芬等 妊娠母猪同粮中的纤维 饲料工业，2000(21．6)31-32
26．余东游等 膨化大事和乳清粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响 饲料工业，2000(21．2)27-28
27. Preston R L Typical composition of feeds for cattle and sheep Beef1999,35(6):20～32
28. Depeters E.J.et al.Digestion kinetics of neutral detergent fiber and chemical composition within some selected by-product feedstuffs Anim.Feed Sci.Tech. 1997,67:127～140
29. Bhatti S.A. et al.Kinetics lf hydration and functional specific graviny of fibrous feed by-products. J.Anim.Sci.1995,73:1449～1458
30. Hsu J.T.et al. Evaluation If corn fiber, cottonseed hulls oat hulls and soybean hulls as roughage sources for ruminats.J.Anim.Sci-1987,65:244～255
31. Anderson S.J.et al.Digestibility and utilization of mechanically processed soybean hulls by lambs and steers.J.Anim.Sci,1988,66:2965～2976
32. Quicke G. V. et al. Digestibiluity of soybean hulls and flakes and the invitro digestibility of the cellulose in various milling by-products-J.Dairy Sei,1959,42:185～186
33．李德发主编《猪的营养》 北京农业大学出版社
34．李宝玉等 纤维素酶在生长猪日粮中的应用 中国饲料 2000(3)16-17
35. Weidner S.J.et al. Soyhulls as a replcement for forage fiber in diets for lactating dairy cows.J. Dairy Sci.1994,77:513～521
36. Ludden P.A.et al.The value of soybean hulls as a replacement for corn in beef cattle diets formulated with or without added fat .J.Anim Sci. 1995,73:2706～2711
37．柏秋圃编著 配合饲料的加工和使用 北京：金盾出版社，1985
38．[美]国家研究委员会著《猪的营养需要》 中国农业大学出版社
39．杨凤主编《动物营养学》中国农业出版社
40．韩友文主编《饲料与饲养学》中国农业出版社
41. T.NAKAMURA et al.High amounts of soyhulls for pelleted concentrate diets.J.Dairy Sci.1989,72:988～994
42. Anderson S.J.et al.Digestibility and utilization of mechanically processed soybean hulls by lambs and steers.J.Anim.Sci,1988,66:2965～2976
43．上海市农业学校主编《生物统计与畜兽基试验》中国农业出版社