摘要
大豆是一种重要的经济作物。大豆灰斑病(soybean frogeye leaf spot)是大豆上的一种严重病害。其病原为尾胞属大豆尾孢菌(Cercospora sojina)。克隆大豆抗灰斑病菌相关基因旨在为大豆抗病基因工程提供材料,并有助于我们深入了解大豆抗灰斑病的分子机制;而利用转基因技术将具有抗病、抗虫和促生长作用的hrf1基因导入大豆可为我们提供抗灰斑病的大豆品种。
大豆抗灰斑病菌相关基因的克隆
1.大豆抗灰斑病菌相关基因cDNA片段的克隆及序列分析
以大豆灰斑病菌亲和与非亲和小种接种大豆,利用mRNA差异显示技术分离了大豆抗灰斑病相关基因cDNA片段共74个。通过反向northern,Southern杂交,northern杂交等检测,最后确定了33个抗灰斑病相关cDNA片段。初步分析表明,片段DN23M是Glycine max major latex protein homologue(msg)3′端序列,可能编码了一个PR10/Bet v 1/MLP蛋白家族的病程相关蛋白或抗病应答蛋白;片段DN31M与G.max glycine-rich RNA-binding protein(GRP)有较高同源性,可能是涉及依赖于GRP的mRNA剪切水平上的一种抗性机制;片段DN32M、DN40M和DN43N则显示了与植物凝集素基因的高度同源,其二级结构的分析也表明它们含有一个保守的豆科凝集素(Legume Lectin)的结构域Lectin_legA,但又与已知的大豆凝集素有很大差异,可能是在大豆中存在一种新的凝集素,并参与了大豆对灰斑病菌的抗性机制。
2.大豆抗灰斑病菌相关基因cDNA片段反向PCR研究
对已知的大豆抗灰斑病菌相关基因cDNA片段DN45N进行反向PCR分析,从大豆基因组中扩增出该片段两侧序列,得到8425 bp的克隆IPPDN45N-SacI。经测序和序列分析,得到完整的片段IPPDN45M(8575 bp)。生物信息学分析(基因预测)表明IPPDN45M中包含了一个完整的基因IPPDN45M-G,其编码的蛋白质IPPDN45M-P可能是一种植物凝集素蛋白或类似物,并包含一个GAL_Lectin活性结构域。
大豆抗灰斑病菌相关基因克隆与分析及大豆转h厅1基因相关研究
令h厅1墓因在大豆中的表达引发抗病性
力rP基因是植物病原细菌中编码非特异性激发子的一类基因,其产物HarPins
可以激发烟草过敏性细胞坏死(hyPersensitive eell death,HCD),诱导植物抗病
性、抗虫,促进植物生长。本研究利用花粉管通道法,将来自Xan动。monas。厂尸ae
pv.on亿日e的编码harPinxo。的基因h成转入大豆,得到了不同的转基因株系,检
测表明转力成基因的大豆对灰斑病有显著抗性,且抗病防卫反应基因IOxZ、pall、
Chss组成性表达。
Soybean plant is an important economic crop. Soybean frogeye leaf spot is one of serious disease during soybean growing stage. The pathogen of this disease is Cercospora sojina. Cloning of soybean resistance C.sojina relevant genes should provided materials for gene engineering of soybean resistance disease and helped us to understand the molecular mechanism of soybean resistance against C.sojina. Soybean transgened with hrfl gene, which has functions of inducing resistance to pathogen and insects, enhance plant growth, should offered high resistance levels soybean varieties.
Cloning of soybean relevant genes to resistance against C.sojina 1. Cloning and sequence analysis of soybean cDNA relevant to resistance against C.sojina and specific induced by the pathogen
By an mRNA differential display protocol, 74 cDNA fragments were obtained from soybean plants inoculated with two different races of C.sojina. Thirty-three fragments were subsequently determined to be associated with resistance to the pathogen in the plant, based on Southern, reverse northern, and northern blot hybridization. Advanced analyses of these cDNAs revealed several ones that are implicated in resistance. The cDNA DN23M shows partial homology with the 3'-terminus of Glycine max major latex protein homologue (msg), which appears to be a pathogenesis related or resistance-related protein and belongs to the PRIO/Bet v 1/MLP protein family. Secondly, cDNA DN32M has a high homologue with G.max glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRP), which was considered involved in a resistance mechanism based on mRNA splicing.
Moreover, cDNAs DN32M, DN40M and DN43M contain a region highly homologous with lectins. Deduced partial proteins possess a conserved domain of the Legume lectin, LegA, but are distinct from known soybean lectins. Therefore, we propose that these might be an undiscovered type of lectins in soybean, which involved in the mechanism of soybean resistance C.sojina.
2.Reverse PCR analysis of soybean cDNA relevant to resistance against C.sojina and specific induced by the pathogen
Reverse PCR programs were conducted to amplify 5' and 3'-terminal sequences of the partial cDNA sequence of soybean cDNAs relevant to the resistance against C.sojina and specific induced by the pathogen, as described in the last chapter of this thesis. Primers used were synthesized based on sequences of cDNA clones we got and allowed for amplification of sequences flanking sufficient length of the cloned cDNAs and anticipated termini. By the protocols, two terminal parts of the DN45M clone were obtained. Complete sequence of the positive clone IPPDN45M has been obtained, as revealed by assembling these mutual flanked sequences and analyses of IPPDN45M-SacI fragments. Bioinformatical analyses suggest that IPPDN45M contain a complete gene that encodes a lectin or a lectin-like protein named IPPDN45M-P. Amino acid components and orders in the putative IPPDN45M-P indicate that the protein contains a functional domain GAL-Lectin found in other lectins.
Transgenic expression of the hrfl gene in soybean confers pathogen defense.
Some hrp genes in the hrp gene cluster in plant pathogenic bacteria encode nonspecific elicitors named harpins. Harpins elicit hypersensitive cell death (HCD) in nonhost plants of bacteria and induce resistance to pathogens and insects in many plants. In this study, hrfl gene, which encodes harpinXoo of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, was transferred into soybean by pollen tube pathway. Transgenic expressing of the hrfl gene in soybean confers resistance to C. sojina. Genes LOX2, PAL1, CHS8, which are involved in pathogen defense, were expressed to various levels in
hrf1-expressing transgenic soybean lines.
引文
1. Aarts MG, Dirkse WG, Stiekema WJ. (1993) A Pereira Transposon tagging of a male sterility gene in Arabidopsis. Nature. 363(6431):715-7
2. Aarts N, Metz M, Holub E, Staskawicz BJ, Daniels MJ, Parker JE. (1998) Different requirements for EDS1 and NDR1 by disease resistance genes define at least two Rgene-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95(17):10306-11
3. Adam D. (2000) Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Now for the hard ones. Nature. 408(14): 792-3
4. Adams MD, Kelley JM, Gocayne JD, Dubnick M, Polymeropoulos MH, Xiao H, Merril CR, Wu A, Olde B, Moreno RF. (1991) Complementary DNA Sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project. Science. 252(5013):1651-6
5. Akada S, and Dube SK. Earliest expressing chalcone synthase genes in soybean and characterization of a new member of the gene family, Gmchs8. Unpublished
6. Anderson PA, Lawrence GJ, Morrish BC, Ayliffe MA, Finnegan EJ, Ellis JG. (1997) Inactivation of the flax rust resistance gene M associated with loss of a repeated unit within the leucine-rich repeat coding region. Plant Cell. 9(4) :641-51
7. Andrew FB. (1996) Plant Disease Resistance Genes: Function Meets Structure. Plant Cell. 8:1757-71
8. Angell SM, Baulcombe DC. (1999) Technical advance: potato virus X amplicon-mediated silencing of nuclear genes. Plant J. 20(3):357-62
9. Arondel V, Lemieux B, Hwang I, Gibson S, Goodman HM, Somerville CR. (1992) Map-based cloning of a gene controlling omega-3 fatty acid desaturation in Arabidopsis. Science. 258(5086):1353-5
10. Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidmanm JG, Smith J.A., and Struhl K. (1990) In: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Vol. 2, Appendix 1, p. A.1.5
11. Ballvora A, Pierre M, van den Ackerveken G, Schornack S, Rossier O, Ganal M, Lahaye T, Bonas U. (2001) Genetic mapping and functional analysis of the tomato Bs4 locus governing recognition of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria AvrBs4 protein. Mol. Plant. Microbe. Interact. 14(5):629-38
12. Banerjee D, Zhang X, Bent AF. (2001) The leucine-rich repeat domain can determine effective interaction between RPS2 and other host factors in arabidopsis RPS2-mediated disease resistance. Genetics. 158(1):439-50
13. Bankier AT and Barrell BG. (1983) Shotgun DNA Sequencing. Techniques in Life Sciences. Vol. B5. Elsevier.
14. Barron D. (1998) Technically Speaking: Streptavidin MagneSphere Paramagnetic Particles. Promega Notes 66:17-8
15. Bassam BJ, Caetano-Anolles G, Gresshoff PM. (1991) Fast and sensitive silver staining of DNA in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 196(1):80-3
16. Baulcombe D. (1999) Viruses and gene silencing in plants. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 15:189-201
17. Benito EP, Prins T, van Kan JA. (1996) Application of differential display RT-PCR to the analysis of gene expression in a plant-fungus interaction. Plant Mol. Biol. 32(5):947-57
18. Bendahmane A, Querci M, Kanyuka K, Baulcombe DC. (2000) Agrobacterium transient expression system as a tool for the isolation of disease resistance genes: application to the Rx2 locus in potato. Plant J. 21(1):73-81
19. Bent AF, Kunkel BN, Dahlbeck D, Brown KL, Schmidt R, Giraudat J, Leung J, Staskawicz BJ. (1994) RPS2 of Arabidopsis thaliana: a leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes. Science. 265(5180): 1856-60
20. Birnboim HC, Doly J. (1979) A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 7(6): 1513-23
21. Bittner-Eddy PD, Crute IR, Holub EB, Beynon JL. (2000) RPP13 is a simple locus in Arabidopsis thaliana for alleles that specify downy mildew resistance to different avirulence determinants in Peronospora parasitica. Plant J. 21(2): 177-88
22. Blumberg DD. (1987) Equipping the laboratory. Methods Enzymol. 152:3-20
23. Boeke JD, Garfinkel DJ, Styles CA, Fine GR. (1985) Ty elements transpose through an RNA intermediate. Cell. 40(3):491-500
24. Borgen ND, Sato WL, Drewes LR. (1992) A Lock-clocking oligo(d T) primer for 5' and 3' RACE PCR. PCR Methods Applic. 2:144-8
25. Botella MA, Parker JE, Frost LN, Bittner-Eddy PD, Beynon JL, Daniels MJ, Holub EB, Jones JD. (1998) Three genes of the Arabidopsis RPP1 complex resistance locus recognize distinct Peronospora parasitica avirulence determinants. Plant Cell. 10(11):1847-60
26. Boyes DC, McDowell JM, Dangl JL. (1996) Plant pathology: many roads lead to resistance. Curr. Biol. 6(6):634-7
27. Boyes DC, Nam J, Dangl JL. (1999) The Arabidopsis thaliana RPM1 disease resistance gene product is a peripheral plasma membrane protein that is degraded coincident with the hypersensitive response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95(26): 15849-54
28. Breiteneder H, Ferreira F, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Ebner C, Breitenbach M, Rumpold H, Kraft D, Scheiner O. (1993) Four recombinant isoforms of Cor I, the major allergen of hazel pollen, show different IgE-binding properties. Eur J Biochem. 212:355-62
29. Breiteneder H, Ferreira F, Reikerstorfer A, Duchene MK, Valenta R, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Ebner C, Breitenbach M, Kraft D, Scheiner O. (1992) Complementary DNA cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of alng I, the major allergen in pollen of alder (Alnus glutinosa). J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 90: 909-1
30. Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, O'riordan G, Susani M, Ahorn H, Ebner C, Kraft D, Scheiner O. (1995) Molecular characterization of Apig I the major allergen of celery (Apium graveolens), and its immunological and
structural relationships to a group of 17 kDa tree pollen allergens. Eur. J. Biochem. 233:484-9
31. Breiteneder H, Pettenburger K, Bito A, Valenta R, Kraft D, Rumpold H, Scheiner O, Breitenbach M. (1994) The gene coding for the major birch pollen allergen Betvl, is highly homologous to a pea disease resistance response gene. EMBO J. 8:1935-8
32. Broeck D V D et al, (1998) Plant cell. 13(1):121-9
33. Bryan GT, Wu KS, Farrall L, Jia Y, Hershey HP, McAdams SA, Faulk KN, Donaldson GK, Tarchini R, Valent B. (2000) A single amino acid difference distinguishes resistant and susceptible alleles of the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta. Plant Cell. 12(11):2033-46
34. Burke, P. (1996) Technically Speaking: PolyATtract mRNA Isolation Systems. Prornega Notes. 56:27-
35. Buschges R, Hollricher K, Panstruga R, Simons G, Wolter M, Frijters A, van Daelen R, van der Lee T, Diergaarde P, Groenendijk J, Topsch S, Vos P, Salamini F, Schulze-Lefert P. (1997) The barley Mlo gene: a novel control element of plant pathogen resistance. Cell. 88(5):695-705
36. Cai D, Kleine M, Kifle S, Harloff HJ, Sandal NN, Marcker KA, Klein-Lankhorst RM, Salentijn EM, Lange W, Stiekema WJ, Wyss U, Grundler FM, Jung C. (1997) Positional cloning of a gene for nematode resistance in sugar beet. Science. 275(5301):832-4
37. Carpenter CD, Kreps JA, Simon AE, (1994) Genes encoding glycine-rich Arabidopsis thaliana proteins with RNA-binding motifs are influenced by cold treatment and an endogenous circadian rhythm. Plant Physiology. 104:1015-25
38. Cartegni L, Chew SL, Krainer AR. (2002) Listening to silence and understanding nonsense: exonic mutations that affect splicing. Nature Rev. Genet. 3:285-98
39. Century KS, Shapiro AD, Repetti P, Dahlbeck D, Holub E, Staskawicz BJ. (1997) NDR1, a pathogen-induced component required for Arabidopsis disease resistance. Science. 278(5345):1963-5
40. Chen Z, Kloek AP, Boch J, Katagiri F, Kunkel BN. (2000) The pseudomonas syringae avrRpt2 gene product promotes pathogenicity from inside the plant cell. Mol. Plant Pathol. 13:1312-21
41. Chiang CC, Hadwiger LA. (1990) Cloning and characterization of a disease resistance response gene in pea inducible by Fusarium solani. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 3(2) :78-85
42. Chiari M, D'Alesio L, Consonni R, Righetti PG. (1995) New types of large-pore polyacrylamide-agarose mixed-bed matrices for DNA electrophoresis: pore size estimation from Ferguson plots of DNA fragments. Electrophoresis. 16(8):1337-44
43. Chiari M, Righetti PG. (1995) New types of separation matrices for electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 16(10):1815-29
44. Chomczynski P. (1993) A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. Biotechniques.
15(3):532-4, 536-7
45. Chomczynski P, Mackey K. (1994) One-hour downward capillary blotting of RNA at neutral pH. Anal. Biochem. 221(2):303-5
46. Chomczynski P, Sacchi N. (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162(1): 156-9
47. Chong K, Tank, et al. (1994) Physiol Plant. 92:511
48. Cohen SN, Chang AC, Hsu L. (1972) Nonchromosomal antibiotic resistance in bacteria: genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by R-factor DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 69(8):2110-4
49. Collins FS, Patrinos A, Jordan E, Chakravarti A, Gesteland R, Waiters L. (1998) New Goals for the U. S. Human Genome Project:1998-2003. Science. 282(5389) :682-9
50. Collins FS, Weissman SM, (1984) Directional cloning of DNA fragments at a large distance from an initial probe: a circularization method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81(21):6812-6
51. Collins N, Drake J, Ayliffe M, Sun Q, Ellis J, Hulbert S, Pryor T. (1999) Molecular characterization of the maize Rp1-D rust resistance haplotype and its mutants, Plant Cell. 11(7):1365-76
52. Consalez GG, Corradi A, Ciarmatori S, Bossolasco M, Malgaretti N, Stayton CL. (1996) A new method to screen clones from differential display experiments prior to RNA studies. Trends Genet. 12:455-6
53. Crowell DN, John M, Russell D, Amasino RM. (1992) Characterization of a stress-induced, developmentally regulated gene family from soybean. Plant Mol. Biol. 8(3):459-66
54. Dangl JL, Jones JD. (2001) Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature. 411(6839):826-33
55. Dangl JL. (1995) Piece de resistance: Novel classes of plant disease resistance genes. Cell. 80:363-6
56. Dangl JL, Dietrich RA, and Richberg MH, (1996). Death don't have no mercy: Cell death programs in plant-microbe interactions. Plant Cell. 8:1793-1807
57. Diatchenko L, Lau YF, Campbell AP, Chenchik A, Moqadam F, Huang B, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov K, Gurskaya N, Sverdlov ED, Siebert PD. (1996) Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93(12):6025-30
58. Dixon MS, Hatzixanthis K, Jones DA, Harrison K, Jones JD. (1998) The tomato Cf-5 disease resistance gene and six homologs show pronounced allelic variation in leucine-rich repeat copy number. Plant Cell. 10(11):1915-25
59. Dixon MS, Jones DA, Keddie JS, Thomas CM, Harrison K, Jones JD. (1996) The tomato Cf-2 disease resistance locus comprises two functional genes encoding leucine-rich repeat proteins. Cell. 84(3):451-9
60. Dong X, Mindrinos M, Davis KR, Ausubel FM. (1991) Induction of Arabidopsis defense genes by virulent and avirulent Pseudornonas syringae
strains and by a cloned avirulence gene. Plant Cell. 3(1):61-72
61. Doolittle RF, Feng DF, Johnson MS, McClure MA. (1989) Origins and evolutionary relationships of retroviruses. Q. Rev. Biol. 64(1):1-30
62. Ellis J, Dodds P, Pryor T. (2000) Structure, function and evolution of plant disease resistance genes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3(4):278-84
63. Ellis JG, Lawrence GJ, Luck JE, Dodds PN. (1999) Identification of regions in alleles of the flax rust resistance gene L that determine differences in gene-for-gene specificity. Plant Cell. 11(3):495-506
64. Errampali D et al. (1991) Plant cell. 11:149-57
65. Feys BJ, Moisan LJ, Newman MA, Parker JE. (2001) Direct interaction between the Arabidopsis disease resistance signaling proteins, EDS1 and PAD4. EMBO J. 20(19):5400-11
66. Feys BJ, Parker JE. (2000) Interplay of signaling pathways in plant disease resistance. Trends Genet. 16(10):449-55
67. Flor HH. (1971) Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 9: 275-296
68. Frank RL, Vodkin LO. (1991) Sequence and structure of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Glycine max. DNA Seq. 1(5):335-46
69. Fristensky BW, Horovitz D, Hadwiger LA. (1988 cDNA sequences for pea disease resistance response genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 11:713-5
70. Frohman MA, Dush MK, Martin GR. (1988) Rapid production of full-length cDNAs from rare transcripts: amplification using a single gene-specific oligonucleotide primer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85(23):8998-9002
71. Gierl A, Saedler H. (1992) Plant-transposable elements and gene tagging. Plant Mol. Biol. 19(1):39-49
72. Glazebrook J. (2001) Genes controlling expression of defense responses in Arabidopsis-2001 status. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4(4):301-8
73. Grant MR, Godiard L, Straube E, Ashfield T, Lewald J, Sattler A, Innes RW, Dangl JL. (1995) Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance. Science. 269:843-6
74. Grossman PD, Menchen S, Hershey D. (1992) Quantitative analysis of DNA-sequencing electrophoresis. Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 9(1):9-16
75. Haft L, and Mezei L. (1989) Amplifications 1:8
76. Halterman D, Zhou F, Wei F, Wise RP, Schulze-Lefert P. (2001) The MLA6 coiled-coil, NBS-LRR protein confers AvrMla6-dependent resistance specificity to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in barley and wheat. Plant J. 25(3):335-48
77. Hammond-Kosack KE, and Jones JDG. (1996) Resistance
78. Hanahan D, Meselson M. (1980) Plasmid screening at high colony density. Gene. 10(1):63-7
79. Hattori M, Tsukahara F, Furuhata Y, Tanahashi H, Hirose M, Saito M, Tsukuni S, Sakaki Y. (1997) A novel method for making nested deletions and its application for sequencing of a 300 kb region of human App Locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1802-8
80. He SY, Huang HC, and Collmer H. (1993) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
harpinpss: a protein that is secreted via the hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants. Cell. 73:1255-66
81. He Z, Wang ZY, Li L, Zhu Q, Lamb C, Ronald P, Chory J. (2000) Perception of brassinosteroids by the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1. Science. 288(5475) :2360-3
82. Hehl R, Nacken WK, Krause A, Saedler H, Sommer H. (1991) Structural analysis of Tam3, a transposable element from Antirrhinum majus, reveals homologies to the Ac element from maize. Plant Mol. Biol. 16(2):369-71
83. Hess D. (1987) Pollen based techniques in genetics manipulation. Int. Rev. Cytol. 107:376-95
84. Hilson P, Caroll KL, and Masson PH. (1993) Molecular characterization of PAB2, a member of the multigene family coding for poly(A)-binding proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology. 103:525-33
85. Hinsch M, Staskawicz B. (1996) Identification of a new Arabidopsis disease resistance locus, RPs4, and cloning of the corresponding avirulence gene, avrRps4, from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 9(1):55-61
86. Hirochika H. (1997) Retrotransposons of rice: their regulation and use for genome analysis. Plant Mol Biol. 35(1-2):231-40
87. Hirochika H, Otsuki H, Yoshikawa M, Otsuki Y, Sugimoto K, Takeda S. (1996) Autonomous transposition of the tobacco retrotransposon Tto1 in rice. Plant Cell. 8(4):725-34
88. Holub EB. (2001) The arms race is ancient history in Arabidopsis, the wildflower. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2(7):516-27
89. Hoog C. (1991) Isolation of a large number of novel screening strategy. Nucleic Acids Res. 19(22):6123-7
90. Hubank M, Schatz DG. (1994) Identifying differences in mRNA expression by representational difference analysis of cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 22(25):5640-8
91. Hulbert SH, Webb CA, Smith SM, Sun Q. (2001) Resistance gene complexes: evolution and utilization. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 39:285-312
92. Hung HL, Song F, and Gewirtz A. (1999) A method for identifying differentially expressed genes in rare populations of primary human hematopoietic cells. Leukemia. 13:295-7
93. Immink RG, Angenent GC. (2002) Transcription factors do it together: the hows and whys of studying protein-protein interactions. Trends Plant Sci. 7(12):531-4
94. Inoue H, Nojima H, Okayama H. (1990) High efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. Gene. 96(1):23-8
95. Ivanova NB, Belyavsky AV. (1995) Identification of differentially expressed genes by restriction endonuclease-based gene expression fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:2954-8
96. Ji C, Boyd C, Slaymaker D, Okinaka Y, Takeuchi Y, Midland SL, Sims JJ, Herman EE, Keen N. (1998) Characterization of a 34-kDa soybean binding protein for the syringolide elicitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95(6):3306-11
97. Jia Y, McAdams SA, Bryan GT, Hershey HP, Valent B. (2000) Direct
interaction of resistance gene and avirulence gene products confers rice blast resistance. EMBO J. 19(15):4004-14
98. Johal GS, Briggs SP (1992) Reductase activity encoded by the HM1 disease resistance gene in maize. Science. 258(5084):985-7
99. Jones DA, Thomas CM, Hammond-Kosack KE, Balint-Kurti PJ, Jones JD. (1994) Isolation of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum by transposon tagging. Science. 266(5186):789-93
100. Kato K. (1997) Adaptor-tagged competitive PCR: a novel method for measuring relative gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 25(22):4694-6
101. Keddie JS, Carroll BJ, Thomas CM, Reyes ME, Klimyuk V, Holtan H, Gruissem W, Jones JD. (1998) Transposon tagging of the defective embryo and meristems gene of tomato. Plant Cell. 10(6):877-88
102. Keen NT. (1990) Gene-for-gene complementarity in plant-pathogen interaction. Annu. Rev. Genet. 24:447-63
103. Kitagawa K, Skowyra D, Elledge SJ, Harper JW, Hieter P. (1999) SGT1 encodes an essential component of the yeast kinetochore assembly pathway and a novel subunit of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Mol Cell. 4(1):21-33
104. Knoche K and Kephart D. (1999) Cloning blunt-end Pfu DNA Polymerase-generated PCR fragments into pGEM-T Vector Systems. Promega Notes. 71:10
105. Kooman-Gersmann M, Honee G, Bonnema G, De Wit P. (1996) A High-Affinity Binding Site for the AVR9 Peptide Elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum Is Present on Plasma Membranes of Tomato and Other Solanaceous Plants. Plant Cell. 8(5):929-38
106. Kooman-Gersmann M, Vogelsang R, Vossen P, van den Hooven HW, Mahe G, Honee G, de Wit PJ. (1998) Correlation between binding affinity and necrosis-inducing activity of mutant AVR9 peptide elicitors. Plant Physiol. 117(2):609-18
107. Lawrence GJ, Shepherd KW, Mayo GM, Islam MR. (1994) Plant resistance to rusts and mildews: genetic control and possible mechanisms. Trends Microbiol. 2(8): 263-70
108. Lehrach H, Diamond D, Wozney JM, Boedtker H. (1977) RNA molecular weight determinations by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, a critical reexamination. Biochemistry 16(21):4743-51
109. Leister RT, and Katagiri FA. (2000) Resistance gene product of the nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats class can form a complex with bacterial avirulence proteins in vitro. Plant J. 22:345-54
110. Liang P, and Pardee AB. (1992) Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257:967-71
111. Liang P, and Pardee AB. (1994) Differential display of mRNA by PCR, p.15.8.1-15.8.8. In Ausubel F.M., Brent R., Kingston R.E., Moore D.D., Seidman J.G., Smith J.A., and Struhl K. (ed.), Current protocols inmolecular biology, suppl. 26. Greene Publishing Associates, Inc., NewYork, N.Y.
112. Liang P, and Pardee AB. (1995) Alternatives to 35S as a label for the
differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA. Science. 267:1186-7
113. Liang P, Averboukh L, and Pardee AB. (1993) Distribution and cloning of eukaryotic mRNAs by means of differential display: refinements and optimization. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:3269-75
114. Liang P, Zhu W, Zhang X, Guo Z, RP OC, Averboukh L, Wang F, and Pardee AB. (1994) Differential display using one-base anchored oligo-dT primers. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5763-4
115. Lisitsyn N, Wigler M. (1993) Cloning the differences between two complex genomes. Science. 259:946-57
116. Loh YT, Zhou J, Martin GB. (1998) The myristylation motif of Pto is not required for disease resistance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 11(6):572-6
117. Luck JE, Lawrence GJ, Dodds PN, Shepherd KW, Ellis JG. (2000) Regions outside of the leucine-rich repeats of flax rust resistance proteins play a role in specificity determination. Plant Cell. 12(8): 1367-77
118. Luderer R, Rivas S, Nurnberger R, Mattei B, Van den Hooven HW, Van der Hoorn RA, Romeis T, Wehrfritz JM, Blume B, Nennstiel D, Zuidema D, Vervoort J, De Lorenzo G, Jones JD, De Wit PJ, Joosten MH. (2001) No evidence for binding between resistance gene product Cf-9 of tomato and avirulence gene product AVR9 of Cladosporium fulvum. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 14(7):867-76
119. Mackey D, Holt BF, Wiig A, Dangl JL. (2002) RIN4 interacts with Pseudomonas syringae type Ⅲ effector molecules and is required for RPM1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis. Cell. 108:743-54
120. Main MA, Wang TY, Phillips DV, et al. (1999) Molecular mapping of the Rcs3 gene for resistance to frogeye leaf spot in soybean. Crop sci. 39:1687-91
121. Marcus L et al. (1996) PolyATtract Systems for mRNA purification. Promega Notes. 60:14-
122. Martin GB, Brommonschenkel DH, Chunwongse J, Frary A, Ganal MW, Spivey R, Wu T, Earle ED, Tanksley SD. (1993) Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato. Science. 262(5138):1432-6
123. Martin KJ, and Pardee AB. (1999) Principles of differential display. Methods Enzymol. 303:234-257
124. Martin KJ, Kwan CP, MJ OH, Pardee AB, and Sager R. (1998) Identification and verification of differential display cDNAs using genespecific primers and hybridization arrays. Bio Techniques. 24:1018-26
125. Maruyama K, Sato N, and Ohta N. (1999) Conservation of structure and cold-regulation of RNA-binding protein in cyanobacteria: probable convergent evolution with eukaryotic glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins. Nucleic Acid Res. 27(9):2029-36
126. Masson P, Rutherford G, Banks JA, Fedoroff N. (1989) Essential large transcripts of the maize Spm transposable element are generated by alternative splicing. Cell. 58(4):755-65
127. Matton DP, Brisson N. (1989) Cloning, expression, and sequence
conservation of pathogenesis-related gene transcripts of potato. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2(6):325-31
128. Matz M, Usman N, Shagin D, Bogdanova E, and Lukyanov S. (1997) Ordered differential display: a simple method for systematic comparison of gene expression profiles. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2541-2
129. Maxam AM, Gilbert W. (1977) A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74(2): 560-4
130. McDowell JM, Dhandaydham M, Long TA, Aarts MG, Goff S, Holub EB, Dangl JL. (1998) Intragenic recombination and diversifying selection contribute to the evolution of downy mildew resistance at the RPP8 locus of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 10(11): 1861-74
131. Meeley RB, Johal GS, Briggs SP, Walton JD. (1992) A Biochemical Phenotype for a Disease Resistance Gene of Maize. Plant Cell 4(1):71-7
132. Melchers LE. (1925) Diseases of cereal and forage crops in the United States in 1924. Plant Dis. Rep. Suppl. 40:186
133. Meyers BC, Dickerman AW, Michelmore RW, Sivaramakrishnan S, Sobral BW, Young ND. (1999) Plant disease resistance genes encode members of an ancient and diverse protein family within the nucleotide-binding superfamily. Plant J. 20(3): 317-32
134. Michiel SL, Van Leuven F, van den Oord JJ, De Wolf-Peeters C, Delabie J. (1998) Representational difference analysis using minute quantities of DNA. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 26:3608-10
135. Miller K. (1987) Gel electrophoresis of RNA. Focus (Life Technologies) 9:30
136. Milligan SB, Bodeau J, Yaghoobi J, Kaloshian I, Zabel P, Williamson VM. (1998) The root knot nematode resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat family of plant genes. Plant Cell. 10(8): 1307-19
137. Mindrinos M, Katagiri F, Yu GL, Ausubel FM. (1994) The A. thaliana disease resistance gene RPS2 encodes a protein containing a nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeats. Cell. 78(6) :1089-99
138. Mohapatra S S, Wolfraim L, et al. (1989) Plant Physiol. 89:375
139. Moiseyev GP, Fedoreyeva LI, Zhuravlev YN, Yasnetskaya E, Jekel PA, Beintema JJ. (1997) Primary structure of two ribonucleases from ginseng calluses new members of the PR-10 family of intracellular pathogenesis-related plant proteins. FEBS Lett. 407:207-10
140. Moore G, Lucas H, Batty N, Flavell R. (1991) A family of retrotransposons and associated genomic variation in wheat. Genomics. 10(2):461-8
141. Moreair MC. et al., (1996) Plant J. 9:409-419
142. Newton CR, and Graham A. (1994) In: PCR, BIOS Scientific Publishers, Ltd., Oxford, UK, 13
143. Nimchuk Z, Rohmer L, Chang JH, Dangl JL. (2001) Knowing the dancer from the dance: R-gene products and their interactions with other proteins from host and pathogen. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4(4):288-94
144. Noal L, Moores TL, van Der Biezen EA, Parniske M, Daniels MJ, Parker JE,
Jones JD. (1999) Pronounced intraspecific haplotype divergence at the RPP5 complex disease resistance locus of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 11(11):2099-112
145. Noma k, Ohtsubo E, Ohtsubo H. (1999) Non-LTR retrotransposons (LINEs) as ubiquitous components of plant genomes. Mol. Gen. Genet. 261(1):71-9
146. O'Neill MJ, Sinclair AH. (1997) Isolation of rare transcripts by representational difference analysis. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 25:2681-2
147. Ochman H, Gerber AS, Hartl DL. (1988) Genetic applications of an inverse polymerase chain reaction. Genetics. 120(3):621-3
148. Oldroyd GED, and Staskawicz BJ. (1998) Genetically engineered broad-spectrum disease resistance in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:10300-5
149. Oliver SG, Ward JM. (1985) A Dictionary of Genetic Engineering. London, New York, Tokyo:Cambridge University Press, 1-453
150. Orbach MJ, Farrall L, Sweigard JA, Chumley FG, Valent B. (2000) A telomeric avirulence gene determines efficacy for the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta. Plant Cell. 12(11):2019-32
151. Ori N, Eshed Y, Paran I, Presting G, Aviv D, Tanksley S, Zamir D, Fluhr R. (1997) The I2C family from the wilt disease resistance locus I2 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes. Plant Cell. 9(4) :521-32
152. Osmark P, Boyle B, Brisson N. (1998) Sequential and structural homology between intracellular pathogenesisrelated proteins and a group of latex proteins. Plant Mol Biol. 38:1243-6
153. Padgett HS, Beachy RN. (1993) Analysis of a tobacco mosaic virus strain capable of overcoming N gene-mediated resistance. Plant Cell. 5(5):577-86
154. Pan Q, Liu YS, Budai-Hadrian O, Sela M, Carmel-Goren L, Zamir D, Fluhr R. (2000) Comparative genetics of nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat resistance gene homologues in the genomes of two dicotyledons: tomato and arabidopsis. Genetics. 155(1):309-22
155. Pardinas JR, Combates NJ, Prouty SM, Stenn KS, Parimoo S. (1998) Differential subtraction display: a unified approach for isolation of cDNAs from differentially expressed genes. Anal. Biochem. 257(2):161-8
156. Parker JE, Coleman MJ, Szabo V, Frost LN, Schmidt R, van der Biezen EA, Moores T, Dean C, Daniels MJ, Jones JD. (1997) The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and interleukin-1 receptors with N and L6. Plant Cell. 9(6):879-94
157. Parniske M, Hammond-Kosack KE, Golstein C, Thomas CM, Jones DA, Harrison K, Wulff BB, Jones JD. (1997) Novel disease resistance specificities result from sequence exchange between tandemly repeated genes at the Cf-4/9 locus of tomato. Cell. 91(6):821-32
158. Peart JR, Cook G, Feys BJ, Parker JE, Baulcombe DC. (2002) An EDS1 orthologue is required for N-mediated resistance against tobacco mosaic virus. Plant J. 29(5) :569-79
159. Persidis A. (1998) Biochips. Nature Biotechnol.16:981
160. Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ. (1995) Lectins as plant defense proteins. Plant Physiol. 109(2):347-52
161. Piedras P, Rivas S, Droge S, Hillmer S, Jones JD. (2000) Functional, c-myc-tagged Cf-9 resistance gene products are plasma-membrane localized and glycosylated. Plant J. 21(6):529-36
162. Prashar Y, and Weissman SM. (1996) Analysis of differential gene expression by display of 39 end restriction fragments of cDNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:659-63
163. Prashar Y, and Weissman SM. (1999) READS: A method for display of 39-end fragments of restriction enzyme-digested cDNAs for analysis of differential gene expression. Methods Enzyrnol. 303:258-71
164. Puri N, Jenner C, Bennett M, Stewart R, Mansfield J, Lyons N, Taylor J. (1997) Expression of avrPphB, an avirulence gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, and the delivery of signals causing the hypersensitive reaction in bean. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 10(2):247-56
165. Rajeevan MS, Dimulescu IM, Unger ER, and Vernon SD. (1999) Chemiluminescent analysis of gene expression on high-density filter arrays. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 47:337-42
166. Reed KC, Mann DA. (1985) Rapid transfer of DNA from agarose gels to nylon membranes. Nucleic Acids Res. 13(20):7207-21
167. Ren T, Qu F, and Morris TJ. (2000) HRT gene function requires interaction between a NAC protein and viral capsid protein to confer resistance to Turnip Crinkle Virus. Plant Cell. 12:1917-25
168. Reuber TL, Plotnikova JM, Dewdney J, Rogers EE, Wood W, Ausubel FM. (1998) Correlation of defense gene induction defects with powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants. Plant J. 16:473-85
169. Richard GH, Immink and Gerco C. (2002) Angenent Transcription factors
170. Ritter C, and Dangl JL. (1996) Interference between two specific pathogen recognition events mediated by distinct plant disease resistance genes. Plant Cell. 8:251-7
171. Ritter C, Dangl JL. (1996) Interference between Two Specific Pathogen Recognition Events Mediated by Distinct Plant Disease Resistance Genes. Plant Cell. 8(2):251-7
172. Robles J, and Doers M.(1994) pGEM-T Vector Systems troubleshooting guide. Promega Notes. 45:19
173. Ronald PC, Salmeron JM, Carland FM, Staskawicz BJ. (1992) The cloned avirulence gene avrPto induces disease resistance in tomato cultivars containing the Pto resistance gene. J Bacteriol. 174(5):1604-11
174. Rossi M, Goggin FL, Milligan SB, Kaloshian I, Ullman DE, Williamson VM. (1998) The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:9570-754
175. Roth MJ, Tanese N, SP Goff. (1985) Purification and characterization of murine retroviral reverse transcriptase expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Biol.
Chem. 260(16):9326-35
176. Ryals JA, Neuenschwander UH, Willits MG, Molina A, Steiner HY, and Hunt MD. (1996) Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell. 8:1809-19.
177. Salmeron JM, Staskawicz BJ. (1993) Molecular characterization and hrp dependence of the avirulence gene avrPto from Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato. Mol. Gen. Genet. 239(1-2):6-16
178. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, and Maniatis T. (1989) . Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
179. Schneider DS. (2002) Plant immunity and film Noir: what gumshoe detectives can teach us about plant-pathogen interactions. Cell. 109:537-40
180. Shah DM, Hightower RC, and Meagher RB. (1982) Complete nucleotide sequence of a soybean actin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1022-6
181. Shan L, Thara VK, Martin GB, Zhou JM, Tang X. (2000) The pseudomonas AvrPto protein is differentially recognized by tomato and tobacco and is localized to the plant plasma membrane. Plant Cell. 12(12):2323-38
182. Sharon N, Goldstein IJ. (1998) Lectins: more than insecticides. Science. 282(5391):1049
183. Shirasu K, Schulze-Lefert P. (2000) Regulators of cell death in disease resistance. Plant Mol Biol. 44(3):371-85
184. Silver J, Keerikatte V. (1989) Novel use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify cellular DNA adjacent to an integrated provirus. J Virol. 63(5):1924-8
185. Somerville S, and Somerville C. (1996) Arabidopsis at 7: still growing like a weed. Plant Cell. 8(11):1917-33
186. Somssich IE, Schmelzer E, Kawalleck P, Hahlbrock K. (1988) Gene structure and in situ transcript localization of pathogenesis-related protein 1 in parsley. Mol. Gen. Genet. 213(1):93-8
187. Song WY, Wang GL, Chen LL, Kim HS, Pi LY, Holsten T, GardnerJ, Wang B, Zhai WX, Zhu LH. (1995) A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21. Science. 270(5243):1804-6
188. Springer PS, McCombie WR, Sundaresan V, Martienssen RA. (1995) Gene trap tagging of PROLIFERA, an essential MCM2-3-5-like gene in Arabidopsis. Science. 268(5212) :877-80
189. Srurtevant J. (2000) Applications of Differential-Display Reverse Transcription-PCR to Molecular Pathogenesis and Medical Mycology. Clinical Microbiology Review. 13(3) :408-27
190. Steino DV, Thies WG, and Hoffmann M. (1997) A high throughout screening for rarely transcripted differentially expressed gene. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 25:2598-602
191. Swiderski MR, Innes RW. (2001) The Arabidopsis PBS1 resistance gene encodes a member of a novel protein kinase subfamily. Plant J. 26(1):101-12
192. Takagi S, Kimura M, and Katsuki M. (1992) A rapid and efficient protocol of the inverted PCR using two primers pairs. Bio Techniques. 13:176-8
193. Tai TH, Dahlbeck D, Clark ET, Gajiwala P, Pasion R, Whalen MC, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ. (1999) Expression of the Bs2 pepper gene confers resistance
to bacterial spot disease in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96(24): 14153-8
194. Takken DL, Thomas CM, Joosten MH, Golstein C, Westerink N, Hille J, Nijkamp HJ, De Wit PJ, Jones JD. (1999) A second gene at the tomato Cf-4 locus confers resistance to cladosporium fulvum through recognition of a novel avirulence determinant. Plant J .20(3):279-88
195. Takken FL, Schipper D, Nijkamp HJ, Hille J. (1998) Identification and Ds-tagged isolation of a new gene at the Cf-4 locus of tomato involved in disease resistance to Cladosporium fulvum race 5. Plant J. 14(4):401-11
196. Teresita F, Alape-Giron A, Flores-Diaz M, Flores HE. (2002) Ocatin, a novel tuber storage protein form the Andean tuber crop oca with antibacterial and antifungal activities. Plant Physiology. 128:1291-302
197. The Arabidopsis Initiative. (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 408(14):796-815
198. Thomas CM, Jones DA, Parniske M, Harrison K, Balint-Kurti PJ, Hatzixanthis K, Jones JD. (1997) Characterization of the tomato Cf-4 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum identifies sequences that determine recognitional specificity in Cf-4 and Cf-9. Plant Cell. 9(12):2209-24
199. Thompson TC, Yang G. (2000) Regulation of apoptosis in prostatic disease. Prostate Suppl. 9: 25-8
200. Tissier AF, Marillonnet S, Klimyuk V, Patel K, Torres MA, Murphy G, Jones JD. (1999) Multiple independent defective suppressor-mutator transposon insertions in Arabidopsis: a tool for functional genomics. Plant Cell. 11(10):1841-52
201. Triglia T, Peterson MG, Kemp DJ. (1988) A procedure for in vitro amplification of DNA segments that lie outside the boundaries of known sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 16(16):8186
202. van de Locht U, Meier I, Hahlbrock K, Somssich IE. (1990) A 125 bp promoter fragment is sufficient for strong elicitor-mediated gene activation in parsley. EMBO J. 9(9):2945-50
203. Van der Biezen EA, Jones JD. (1998) Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concept. Trends Biochem Sci. 23(12):454-6
204. van der Biezen EA, Jones JD. (1998) The NB-ARC domain: a novel signalling motif shared by plant resistance gene products and regulators of cell death in animals. Curr. Biol. 8(7):R226-7
205. Van der Hoorn RA, De Wit PJ, Joosten MH. (2002) Balancing selection favors guarding resistance proteins. Trends Plant Sci. 7:67-71
206. Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, and Kinzler KW. (1995) Serial Analysis of Gene Expression. Science. 270:484-7
207. Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Zhou W, Vogelstein J, Basrai MA, Bassett DE, Hi eter P, Vogelstein B, and Kinzler KW. (1997) Characterization of the ye ast transcriptome. Cell. 88(2):243-51
208. Wahl GM, Lewis JC, Ruiz B, Rothenberg B, Zhao J, Evans GA. (1987) Cosmid Vectors for Rapid Genomic Walking, Restriction Mapping, and Gene Transfer.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:2160-4
209. Wallace DM. (1987) Precipitation of nucleic acids. Meth. Enzymol. 152:41-8
210. Walter MH, Liu JW, Grand C, Lamb CJ, Hess D. (1990) Bean pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins deduced from elicitor-induced transcripts are members of a ubiquitous new class of conserved PR proteins including pollen allergens. Mol Gen Genet. 222(2-3):353-60
211. Wang GL, Ruan DL, Song WY, Sideris, Chen L, Pi LY, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Fauquet C, Gaut BS, Whalen MC, Ronald PC. (1998) Xa21D encodes a receptor-like molecule with a leucine-rich repeat domain that determines race-specific recognition and is subject to adaptive evolution. Plant Cell. 10(5):765-79
212. Wang WH, Takano T, Shibata D, Kitamura K, Takeda G. (1994) Molecular basis of a null mutation in soybean lipoxygenase 2: substitution of glutamine for an iron-ligand histodine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91(13):5828-32
213. Wang ZX, Yano M, Yamanouchi U, Iwamoto M, Monna L, Hayasaka H, Katayose Y, Sasaki T. (1999) The Pib gene for rice blast resistance belongs to the nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes. Plant J. 19(1):55-64
214. Warner SA, Scott R, Draper J. (1992) Characterization of a wound-induced transcript from the monocot asparagus that shares similarity with a class of intracellular pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Plant Mol Biol. 19(4):555-61
215. Warner SA, Scott R, Draper J. (1993) Isolation of an asparagus intracellular PR gene (AoPR1) wound-responsive promoter by the inverse polymerase chain reaction and its characterization in transgenic tobacco. Plant J. 3(2):191-201
216. Warren RF, Henk A, Mowery P, Holub E, Innes RW. (1998) A mutation within the leucine-rich repeat domain of the Arabidopsis disease resistance gene RPS5 partially suppresses multipie bacterial and downy mildew resistance genes. Plant Cell. 10(9): 1439-52
217. Warren RF, Merritt PM, Holub E, Innes RW. (1999) Identification of three putative signal transduction genes involved in R gene-specified disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Genetics. 152(1):401-12
218. Wei ZM, Laby RJ, Zumoff CH, Bauer DW, He SY, Collmer A, Beer SV. (1992) Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science. 257:5066 85-8
219. Whalen MC, Innes RW, Bent AF, Staskawicz BJ. (1991) Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pathogens of Arabidopsis and a bacterial locus determining avirulence on both Arabidopsis and soybean. Plant Cell. 3(1):49-59
220. Whitham S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Choi D, Hehl R, Corr C, Baker B. (1994) The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: similarity to toll and the interleukin-1 receptor. Cell. 78(6):1101-15
221. Xiong Y, Eickbush TH. (1990) Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO J. 9(10):3353-62
222. Yammanoto K, Sasaki T. (1997) Large-scale EST sequencing in rice. Plant
Molecular Biology. 35(1): 135-44
223. Yohn CB, Cohen A, Danon A, Mayfield SP. (1998) A poly(A) binding protein functions in the chloroplast as a message-specific translation factor. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. 95:2238-43
224. Yoshimura S, Yamanouchi U, Katayose Y, Toki S, Wang ZX, Kono I, Kurata N, Yano M, Iwata N, Sasaki T. (1998) Expression of Xa1, a bacterial blight-resistance gene in rice, is induced by bacterial inoculation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95(4):1663-8
225. Zeiner M, Gehring UJ. (1994) Cloning of 5' cDNA regions by inverse PCR. Bio Techniques. 17(6):1050-2, 1054
226. Zhao S, Ooi SL, and Pardee AB. (1995) New primer strategy improves precision of differential display. Bio Techniques. 18:842-846, 848, 850
227. Zhou F, Kurth J, Wei F, Elliott C, Valè G, Yahiaoui N, Keller B, Somerville S, Wise R, Schulze-Lefert P. (2001) Cell-Autonomous Expression of Barley Mla1 Confers Race-Specific Resistance to the Powdery Mildew Fungus via a Rar1-Independent Signaling Pathway. Plant Cell. 13(2):337-50
228. Zhou MY, Clark SE, and Gomez-Sanchez CE. (1995) Universal cloning method by TA strategy. Bio Techniques. 19:34
229.曹越平,杨庆凯.(1995)大豆灰斑病抗性基因效应分析及在育种中的应用.东北农业大学学报.26(4):313-7
230.陈炜,张戈,张恩仲.(2001)基于生物信息学的SNP候选位点搜寻方法.遗传.23(2):153-6
231.崔欣,陈庆山,杨庆凯,曹越平.(2002)大豆转基因的研究进展.生物技术通报.4:16-20
232.崔岩,杨庆凯,周思军,孔凡江.(2003)提高大豆花粉管通道技术的转化率研究.大豆科学.22(1):75-6
233.董伟,杨庆凯.(1999)大豆灰斑病1号生理小种抗性基因的RAPD标记.高技术通讯.9(10):48-51
234.段晓岚,陈善葆.(1985)外源DNA导入水稻引起性状变异.中国农业科学.3:6-10
235.高莹,瞿礼嘉,陈章良.(2000)植物凝集素的分子生物学研究.生物技术通报.(5):18~22
236.韩为东,于力,楼方定等.(2001)一个新的白血病相关基因LRD16全长cDNA克隆序列分析及表达特征.中国生物化学与分子生物学报.17(2):209-14
237.黄桂潮等.(1984)大豆灰斑病生理小种鉴定结果初报.大豆科学.3(3):231-5
238.黄骏麒,钱思颖,周光宇等.(1986) 外源抗枯萎病棉DNA导入感病棉的抗性转移.中国农业科学.3:32-6
239.黄烈健.(2000)玉米抗病相关侯选基因DNA片段克隆.中国农业科学.23(增刊):141-6
240.雷勃军,钱毕,李希臣.(2000)通过直接引入外源DNA育成高产、优质、高蛋白大豆新品种:黑生101.作物学报.26(6):725-30
241.李刚,胡迎春,张开泰,等(2000)“电子”cDNA文库筛选指导基因的全长cDNA克隆.生物技术通讯.11(1):1-4
242.李平.(2001)博士学位论文.南京农业大学.
243.李永青,曾伟奇,朱传炳等(2001)人类新基因ZNF322的初步研究.生命科学研究.5(2):141-5
244.梁国栋.(2001)最新分子生物学实验技术.北京:科学出版社P.366-70
245.刘博林,岳绍先.(1989)龙葵阿拉特津抗性基因向大豆叶绿体基因组的转移及在转基因植株中的表达.中国科学(B辑).7:699-705
246.刘军,杨金水.(1999)差异表达基因的分离策略.生物工程进展.19:43-6
247.刘忠堂,黄桂潮.(1986)抗灰斑病大豆新品种选育.中国农业科学.3:26-30
248.罗瑛,隋建丽,铁轶等.(2001)生物信息学辅助定位及延伸辐射诱导未知表达序列标签.生物化学与生物物理进展.28(2):188-91
249.马淑梅,李宝英.(1997)大豆灰斑病发生规律及防治技术研究.植物保护学报.24(3):244-8
250.宁顺斌,王玲,宋运淳.(1999)一组基于RT-PCR的末知产物基因克隆技术及其在植物方面的应用.武汉植物学研究.17:31-8
251.裴新梧,崔凯荣,孔英珍,等.(1999)导入高梁DNA选育丰产、抗逆小麦新品系及其RAPD分子验证.兰州大学学报.35(2):130-4
252.王石平.(1998)用同源序列的染色体定位寻找水稻抗病基因DNA片段.植物学报.40(1):42-5
253.魏国兰.(2001)硕士学位论文.南京农业大学.
254.闻伟刚,王金生(2001)水稻白叶枯病菌harpin基因的克隆与表达.植物病理学报.31:295-300
255.闻伟刚.(2000)博士学位论文.南京农业大学.
256.邢桂春,张成岗,魏汉东,等(2001) 采用RACE技术获得全长人新基因MAGE-D1.中国生物化学与分子生物学报.17(2):203-8
257.杨庆凯.(1988) 大豆灰斑病抗性鉴定与遗传的初步研究.东北农学院学报.18(4):213-17
258.余晓江.(2002)硕士学位论文.南京农业大学.
259.种康.(1995)中国科学(B辑).24(9):964
260.周光宇,龚蓁蓁.(1979)远缘杂交的分子基础-DNA片段杂交假设的一个论证.遗传学报.6(4):405-13
261.邹继军,杨庆凯,陈受宜等.(1999)大豆灰斑病抗病基因RAPD标记的分子特征及抗感种质的SCAR标记鉴定.科学通报.44:2544-50