热泵区域供热（冷）系统的节能优化与评价
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摘要
热泵系统能够有效地利用自然界或人工环境中许多难以被直接应用的低品位能源,具有节能环保的突出优点。但对于区域规模应用的热泵系统(即：热泵区域供热(冷)系统)而言,由于区域管网系统的存在,使得其整体能效水平一般比单体建筑中应用的热泵系统要低,并很可能因此失去其节能特性,故该区域系统在实际应用前应对其节能性进行评估；同时,作为一种集中用能系统,客观上对该系统的节能优化要求也尤为突出,而现有的研究成果远不能很好地解决热泵区域系统这两方面的问题,所以,本文主要针对热泵区域供热(冷)系统的节能评价与优化问题展开深入研究。
显然,对热泵区域供热(冷)系统的节能优化并不能确保其节能目标的实现,因而本文首先根据“先预评价再优化”的理念,对热泵区域供热(冷)系统进行了节能预评价研究。在系统的节能预评价研究方面,分别与北方地区传统的锅炉房区域供热系统和分散式单体建筑独立供冷系统在能耗方面进行详细地对比分析,推导出热泵区域供热(冷)系统在供热和供冷时的节能预评价指标,进而总结出各自的节能预评价方法。
对通过节能预评价筛查的热泵区域系统可以展开进一步的节能优化研究,论文首先从制约该系统能效提高的关键环节——区域管网系统入手,建立了区域管网主干线管径的逐段优选模型,为管网循环泵的选择提供必要依据。研究发现该管径优选与系统整体平均能效比之间的耦联关系极其微弱,在实际中可以实现与系统其余部分的解耦优化。
热泵机组组合的能耗是热泵区域供热(冷)系统总能耗的最重要组成部分,因此该机组组合的节能优选就成为整个系统能耗优化的核心。本文针对热泵机组组合节能优选中的关键问题,提出并创建了该机组组合节能优选模型,即,首先针对固定机组组合在承担不断变化的系统动态负荷时,如何以最小的机组组合能耗为目标将系统的动态负荷合理地分配给各台热泵机组,构建了基于动态规划原理的机组最优动态负荷分配策略的确定性求解模型；然后再根据实际工程中热泵机组的备选集合,筛选出各种可行的机组组合方案,最终以“优中选优”的方式获得年总能耗最小的机组组合方案。
通过整合以上究成果,提出热泵区域供热(冷)系统的能耗耦联优化策略,据此可以实现对热泵区域系统节能性的准确评价。最后,根据热泵区域供冷系统相对于分散式单体建筑供冷系统在能效方面的潜在优势与劣势,提出了影响热泵区域供冷系统节能评价的三个关键指标,按其对区域系统能效的影响程度大小排序,分别为：系统的平均负荷率指标(PLRa)、热泵区域系统半径(RⅡ)和系统的设计总负荷指标(Qc)
Heat pump system can utilize various low grade natural or unused energy efficiently. So it usually has distinguished advantages of energy-saving and environmental protection. However, the energy efficiency of the heat pump district heating and cooling system is always lower than the heat pump system used in an individual building, and the system is very likely to lose its energy-saving characteristics because of the existence of the district pipe network. Thus the energy-saving characteristics of the heat pump district heating and cooling system has to be evaluated before its utilization in a project. Meanwhile, as an energy intensive system, it is especially necessary for the heat pump district heating and cooling system to be optimized with regard to the energy consumption. So the energy-saving evaluation and the energy optimization of the heat pump district heating and cooling system was carefully studied in the dissertation.
Though the energy optimization of the heat pump district heating and cooling system can improve the energy efficiency of the system, it cannot guarantee the energy-saving effect of the system. The energy-saving pre-evaluation was studied on the basic research concept of 'pre-evaluation first and optimization later'. In the study of energy-saving pre-evaluation of the system, the conventional boiler house district heating system and the individual fresh water cooling tower system that is commonly used in independent buildings were chosen to be the comparison systems here. Then the energy-saving pre-evaluation indexes in both heating and cooling modes are deduced after detailed comparison of the heat pump district heating and cooling system with the above mentioned conventional systems. Further, the methodologies of energy-saving pre-evaluation for the heat pump district heating and cooling system are summarized accordingly.
The energy optimization of he heat pump district heating and cooling system can be further proceeded if the pre-evaluation of the system shows its energy-saving potential. It is the district pipe network that mainly prevent the energy efficiency of the heat pump district heating and cooling system from increasing. So a pipe diameter optimization model is established for the main pipeline of the district pipe network. This provides the vital basis for the selection of the circulation pump of the district pipe network. It is found that only a very slight correlation exists between the pipe diameter optimization and the energy efficiency ratio of the whole heat pump district heating and cooling system. Therefore the pipe diameter optimization of the main pipeline of the district pipe network can be done separately from other parts of the system.
The heat pump units consume the largest portion of energy in the whole heat pump district heating and cooling system. So the selection of the most energy efficient combination of heat pump units becomes the core of the energy optimization of the whole system. In the research, an optimization model was set up for the selection of the most energy efficient combination of heat pump units. Firstly, a determinant mathematical model to search the optimized heat pump loading strategy for a given combination of heat pump units was established. That is, the dynamic heating/cooling load of the system can be allocated to each heat pump unit in the most energy efficient way by the mathematical model. And the minimum annual energy consumption of the given heat pump units combination can be calculated at he same time. Then all the feasible combinations of heat pump units that meet the system heating/cooling load were searched out from the candidate heat pump units set for an actual project. So the most energy efficient combination of heat pump units can be found out by comparing the minimum annual energy consumption of all the feasible heat pump units combination schemes.
The energy optimization strategy was put forward for the heat pump district heating and cooling system by integrating the above research results, and the accurate energy-saving evaluation of the heat pump district system can then be made. In the end, after the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the heat pump district system over the individual heat pump system, three key indexes that influence the energy-saving evaluation result of the heat pump district cooling system were brought out. They are the average part-load ration (PLRa), district radius of the system (R11) and the total design cooling load of the system (Qc) respectively in the order of their impacts on the energy efficiency of the heat pump district system.
显然,对热泵区域供热(冷)系统的节能优化并不能确保其节能目标的实现,因而本文首先根据“先预评价再优化”的理念,对热泵区域供热(冷)系统进行了节能预评价研究。在系统的节能预评价研究方面,分别与北方地区传统的锅炉房区域供热系统和分散式单体建筑独立供冷系统在能耗方面进行详细地对比分析,推导出热泵区域供热(冷)系统在供热和供冷时的节能预评价指标,进而总结出各自的节能预评价方法。
对通过节能预评价筛查的热泵区域系统可以展开进一步的节能优化研究,论文首先从制约该系统能效提高的关键环节——区域管网系统入手,建立了区域管网主干线管径的逐段优选模型,为管网循环泵的选择提供必要依据。研究发现该管径优选与系统整体平均能效比之间的耦联关系极其微弱,在实际中可以实现与系统其余部分的解耦优化。
热泵机组组合的能耗是热泵区域供热(冷)系统总能耗的最重要组成部分,因此该机组组合的节能优选就成为整个系统能耗优化的核心。本文针对热泵机组组合节能优选中的关键问题,提出并创建了该机组组合节能优选模型,即,首先针对固定机组组合在承担不断变化的系统动态负荷时,如何以最小的机组组合能耗为目标将系统的动态负荷合理地分配给各台热泵机组,构建了基于动态规划原理的机组最优动态负荷分配策略的确定性求解模型；然后再根据实际工程中热泵机组的备选集合,筛选出各种可行的机组组合方案,最终以“优中选优”的方式获得年总能耗最小的机组组合方案。
通过整合以上究成果,提出热泵区域供热(冷)系统的能耗耦联优化策略,据此可以实现对热泵区域系统节能性的准确评价。最后,根据热泵区域供冷系统相对于分散式单体建筑供冷系统在能效方面的潜在优势与劣势,提出了影响热泵区域供冷系统节能评价的三个关键指标,按其对区域系统能效的影响程度大小排序,分别为：系统的平均负荷率指标(PLRa)、热泵区域系统半径(RⅡ)和系统的设计总负荷指标(Qc)
Heat pump system can utilize various low grade natural or unused energy efficiently. So it usually has distinguished advantages of energy-saving and environmental protection. However, the energy efficiency of the heat pump district heating and cooling system is always lower than the heat pump system used in an individual building, and the system is very likely to lose its energy-saving characteristics because of the existence of the district pipe network. Thus the energy-saving characteristics of the heat pump district heating and cooling system has to be evaluated before its utilization in a project. Meanwhile, as an energy intensive system, it is especially necessary for the heat pump district heating and cooling system to be optimized with regard to the energy consumption. So the energy-saving evaluation and the energy optimization of the heat pump district heating and cooling system was carefully studied in the dissertation.
Though the energy optimization of the heat pump district heating and cooling system can improve the energy efficiency of the system, it cannot guarantee the energy-saving effect of the system. The energy-saving pre-evaluation was studied on the basic research concept of 'pre-evaluation first and optimization later'. In the study of energy-saving pre-evaluation of the system, the conventional boiler house district heating system and the individual fresh water cooling tower system that is commonly used in independent buildings were chosen to be the comparison systems here. Then the energy-saving pre-evaluation indexes in both heating and cooling modes are deduced after detailed comparison of the heat pump district heating and cooling system with the above mentioned conventional systems. Further, the methodologies of energy-saving pre-evaluation for the heat pump district heating and cooling system are summarized accordingly.
The energy optimization of he heat pump district heating and cooling system can be further proceeded if the pre-evaluation of the system shows its energy-saving potential. It is the district pipe network that mainly prevent the energy efficiency of the heat pump district heating and cooling system from increasing. So a pipe diameter optimization model is established for the main pipeline of the district pipe network. This provides the vital basis for the selection of the circulation pump of the district pipe network. It is found that only a very slight correlation exists between the pipe diameter optimization and the energy efficiency ratio of the whole heat pump district heating and cooling system. Therefore the pipe diameter optimization of the main pipeline of the district pipe network can be done separately from other parts of the system.
The heat pump units consume the largest portion of energy in the whole heat pump district heating and cooling system. So the selection of the most energy efficient combination of heat pump units becomes the core of the energy optimization of the whole system. In the research, an optimization model was set up for the selection of the most energy efficient combination of heat pump units. Firstly, a determinant mathematical model to search the optimized heat pump loading strategy for a given combination of heat pump units was established. That is, the dynamic heating/cooling load of the system can be allocated to each heat pump unit in the most energy efficient way by the mathematical model. And the minimum annual energy consumption of the given heat pump units combination can be calculated at he same time. Then all the feasible combinations of heat pump units that meet the system heating/cooling load were searched out from the candidate heat pump units set for an actual project. So the most energy efficient combination of heat pump units can be found out by comparing the minimum annual energy consumption of all the feasible heat pump units combination schemes.
The energy optimization strategy was put forward for the heat pump district heating and cooling system by integrating the above research results, and the accurate energy-saving evaluation of the heat pump district system can then be made. In the end, after the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the heat pump district system over the individual heat pump system, three key indexes that influence the energy-saving evaluation result of the heat pump district cooling system were brought out. They are the average part-load ration (PLRa), district radius of the system (R11) and the total design cooling load of the system (Qc) respectively in the order of their impacts on the energy efficiency of the heat pump district system.
引文
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