中国现代种业市场结构优化研究
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摘要
中国现代种业由国有垄断进入市场化发展阶段虽已十年有余，但种业市场整体上仍然停留在种业产业化发展的最初阶段。计划经济时期中国种业“育繁推”环节各自为政。2000年开始的市场化改革使中国种业呈现“井喷”发展，目前，中国共有6900多家持证经营的种子企业和全球第二的种子市场规模。但是种业市场集中度低，行业的利润水平不高，整体竞争实力弱。河南是农业大省，承担着全国十分之一的粮食生产任务，作为中国农业发展的缩影，其现代种业发展正面临着更加突出的难题与挑战。
本文应用产业组织理论，借助产业组织理论中“市场结构——市场行为——市场绩效”(SCP)的研究框架，分析了河南省现代种业市场结构，在对2008-2011年河南省种子企业面板数据实证研究的基础上，得到企业效率是影响市场绩效的主要因素，从而实证了新实证产业组织理论提出的市场垄断行为理论更适合于解释河南省现代种业状况，并提出了河南省现代种业优化路径。本文通过大量的实证研究得出以下主要结论：
1.河南省种业在经历了计划经济时期的国有企业垄断的市场结构后，现代种业的发展正在逐步实现完全竞争向垄断竞争市场结构的过渡。
2.河南省现代种业市场结构与市场行为之间存在相互影响的动态关系。分散市场结构下的过度竞争使品种经营权成为河南省种子企业之间竞争的实质，由此引发的产品之间的趋同性,在一定程度上影响了市场集中度的提高。
3.河南省市场结构对市场绩效没有产生直接的影响，企业规模、效率以及形成的市场势力共同构成影响市场绩效的直接原因。本文利用2008-2011年河南省种子企业的面板数据，运用DEA及其平滑方法计算得出了企业效率，通过将其代入改进的市场结构、效率、市场绩效关系检验模型，验证得到了NEIO市场垄断行为理论假说成立的条件更加充分。也就是说明，河南省现代种业的企业绩效主要是建立在企业规模、效率以及形成的市场势力的基础之上。“效率主义”和“结构主义”只能部分地解释企业规模与效率之间的关系。
4.本文提出河南省现代种业市场结构的核心是“规模”与“效率”的关系，市场结构的关键是规模与效率协调问题。
在上述研究结论基础上，本文还进一步以“马歇尔冲突”、哈佛学派规模与产品异质理论、芝加哥学派效率异质论以及NEIO共同边界理论为支撑，提出了河南省现代种业的优化路径：第一，通过竞争法系与企业引导来实现有效竞争，优化市场形态；第二，通过改变现有大、中、小种子企业事实上形成的“纺锤体”型结构，向寡头为主体，中小型企业共生的“金字塔型”结构；第三，通过规模效率与技术效率的改善，实现现代种业市场结构的高度化。
The modern seed market reform in China has been lasting for more than ten years; however theoverall market remained in the initial stages of the industrial development of the seed industry. The threeparts of modern seed industry did not integrate until2000when the market-oriented reform began. Atpresent, China has more than6900licensed seed companies and the size of the market of the world'ssecond characterlized with low concentration, low profit level and weak competition strength. Henan isagricultural province, responsible for one over ten of the country's grain production tasks.As a microcosmof China's agricultural development; the development of modern seed industry in Henan is facing themore prominent problems and challenges.
Using the theory of industrial organization, with the reseach frame of “market structure, marketconduct and market performance”(SCP), the modern seed industry market structure in Henan provinceis analyzed. On the basis of empirical research with the panel data of seed enterprises in henan province in2008-2011, the pape gets that the enterprise efficiency is the main factor that influences the performanceof the market, and the new empirical industrial organization theory and empirical market monopolytheory is more suitable for the interpretation of the modern seed industry in Henan province. According tothe results, this article puts forward the optimum path of modern seed industry in Henan province. Thepaper mainly draws the following conclusions:
1. The seed industry in Henan Province has experienced the planned economy period ofstate-owned enterprises after the monopoly market structure, the development of modern seed industry isgradually realize the transition of complete competition to monopoly competition market structure.
2. Dynamic relationship exists between market structure and conduct of the modern seed industry inHenan Province. Dispersion of excessive competition under the market structure makes variety rights toseed the essence of the competition between enterprises in Henan province, which affected the highermarket concentration in a certain extent.
3. The market structure of Henan province doesn't directly impact on market performance, the scale,efficiency and markup of the seed companies’ are the direct factor affecting the market performance.Based on the panel data, using DEA and its smoothing method, the paper validates the NEIO marketmonopoly theory hypothesis conditions more fully, which means that enterprise performance of modernseed industry in Henan province is mainly based on the enterprise scale, efficiency, and formed the basisof market forces.“Efficiency” and “Structuralism”only partly explain the relationship between firm sizeand efficiency.
4. In this paper, the core of the modern seed industry market structure in Henan province is the“scale”and “efficiency”.
Supported by theories of the “Marshall conflicts”, the theory of firm scale and product heterogeneityof Harvard School, and the theory of efficiency heterogeneity theory of Chicago School and the theory ofmultiple boundary of the New Experiment Industry Organization (NEIO).The implementation strategyof policy of market optimization is to influence of the structural characteristics, thereby to optimize thebasic form of market structure. The optimization policy works on this way that: by adjusting the firmscales to rationalize the market structure; by improving enterprise efficiency to upgrade the marketstructure.
本文应用产业组织理论，借助产业组织理论中“市场结构——市场行为——市场绩效”(SCP)的研究框架，分析了河南省现代种业市场结构，在对2008-2011年河南省种子企业面板数据实证研究的基础上，得到企业效率是影响市场绩效的主要因素，从而实证了新实证产业组织理论提出的市场垄断行为理论更适合于解释河南省现代种业状况，并提出了河南省现代种业优化路径。本文通过大量的实证研究得出以下主要结论：
1.河南省种业在经历了计划经济时期的国有企业垄断的市场结构后，现代种业的发展正在逐步实现完全竞争向垄断竞争市场结构的过渡。
2.河南省现代种业市场结构与市场行为之间存在相互影响的动态关系。分散市场结构下的过度竞争使品种经营权成为河南省种子企业之间竞争的实质，由此引发的产品之间的趋同性,在一定程度上影响了市场集中度的提高。
3.河南省市场结构对市场绩效没有产生直接的影响，企业规模、效率以及形成的市场势力共同构成影响市场绩效的直接原因。本文利用2008-2011年河南省种子企业的面板数据，运用DEA及其平滑方法计算得出了企业效率，通过将其代入改进的市场结构、效率、市场绩效关系检验模型，验证得到了NEIO市场垄断行为理论假说成立的条件更加充分。也就是说明，河南省现代种业的企业绩效主要是建立在企业规模、效率以及形成的市场势力的基础之上。“效率主义”和“结构主义”只能部分地解释企业规模与效率之间的关系。
4.本文提出河南省现代种业市场结构的核心是“规模”与“效率”的关系，市场结构的关键是规模与效率协调问题。
在上述研究结论基础上，本文还进一步以“马歇尔冲突”、哈佛学派规模与产品异质理论、芝加哥学派效率异质论以及NEIO共同边界理论为支撑，提出了河南省现代种业的优化路径：第一，通过竞争法系与企业引导来实现有效竞争，优化市场形态；第二，通过改变现有大、中、小种子企业事实上形成的“纺锤体”型结构，向寡头为主体，中小型企业共生的“金字塔型”结构；第三，通过规模效率与技术效率的改善，实现现代种业市场结构的高度化。
The modern seed market reform in China has been lasting for more than ten years; however theoverall market remained in the initial stages of the industrial development of the seed industry. The threeparts of modern seed industry did not integrate until2000when the market-oriented reform began. Atpresent, China has more than6900licensed seed companies and the size of the market of the world'ssecond characterlized with low concentration, low profit level and weak competition strength. Henan isagricultural province, responsible for one over ten of the country's grain production tasks.As a microcosmof China's agricultural development; the development of modern seed industry in Henan is facing themore prominent problems and challenges.
Using the theory of industrial organization, with the reseach frame of “market structure, marketconduct and market performance”(SCP), the modern seed industry market structure in Henan provinceis analyzed. On the basis of empirical research with the panel data of seed enterprises in henan province in2008-2011, the pape gets that the enterprise efficiency is the main factor that influences the performanceof the market, and the new empirical industrial organization theory and empirical market monopolytheory is more suitable for the interpretation of the modern seed industry in Henan province. According tothe results, this article puts forward the optimum path of modern seed industry in Henan province. Thepaper mainly draws the following conclusions:
1. The seed industry in Henan Province has experienced the planned economy period ofstate-owned enterprises after the monopoly market structure, the development of modern seed industry isgradually realize the transition of complete competition to monopoly competition market structure.
2. Dynamic relationship exists between market structure and conduct of the modern seed industry inHenan Province. Dispersion of excessive competition under the market structure makes variety rights toseed the essence of the competition between enterprises in Henan province, which affected the highermarket concentration in a certain extent.
3. The market structure of Henan province doesn't directly impact on market performance, the scale,efficiency and markup of the seed companies’ are the direct factor affecting the market performance.Based on the panel data, using DEA and its smoothing method, the paper validates the NEIO marketmonopoly theory hypothesis conditions more fully, which means that enterprise performance of modernseed industry in Henan province is mainly based on the enterprise scale, efficiency, and formed the basisof market forces.“Efficiency” and “Structuralism”only partly explain the relationship between firm sizeand efficiency.
4. In this paper, the core of the modern seed industry market structure in Henan province is the“scale”and “efficiency”.
Supported by theories of the “Marshall conflicts”, the theory of firm scale and product heterogeneityof Harvard School, and the theory of efficiency heterogeneity theory of Chicago School and the theory ofmultiple boundary of the New Experiment Industry Organization (NEIO).The implementation strategyof policy of market optimization is to influence of the structural characteristics, thereby to optimize thebasic form of market structure. The optimization policy works on this way that: by adjusting the firmscales to rationalize the market structure; by improving enterprise efficiency to upgrade the marketstructure.
引文
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