GATS下的自然人流动与我国的立法对策
摘要
自然人流动是GATS协定下的四种国际服务贸易方式之一，即一成员方的自然人服务提供者在任何其他成员方境内提供短期服务的贸易方式。促进自然人流动的自由化，是国际服务贸易发展和全球经济一体化发展的必然要求。然而，服务出口国与进口国对自然人流动实行种种阻碍与限制措施，阻碍了自然人流动的顺利进行，即构筑自然人流动壁垒，其方式主要有：出口国对跨国服务贸易经营者资格予以限制；进口国则对自然人流动市场准入或自然人入境予以限制，或在其入境后给予歧视性待遇。
为了削弱自然人流动壁垒，自然人流动被纳入GATS协定的范围。WTO为自然人流动提供了自由化谈判的平台，WTO中的争端解决机构为国际服务贸易争端的解决提供了制度上的保障，GATS协定为自然人流动构筑了基本的法律框架。此外，各成员方还对自然人流动做了具体承诺，这些具体承诺规定了实质内容，构成GATS下自然人流动法律制度的核心。但是，其存在的一些不足之处成为阻碍自然人流动在GATS框架下顺利进行的主要原因，应相应地予以改进：增加承诺部门，扩大部门承诺；扩宽准入的自然人类型，切实保障发展中国家的更多参与；减少限制性条件，增加现有条件的确定性；采用GATS签证制度，订立具体承诺范本。
我国现行的有关自然人流动的法律制度存在诸多不足，入世后，我国应针对不足，因应WTO所提出的要求和我国的具体承诺，进行改进：建立统一的劳务输出管理机构，制定专门的劳务输出法；改革我国签证制度；完善我国有关外国人就业管理的规定；统一国内有关资格认证、许可的标准，加强双边谈判；积极参加WTO谈判，促使其它成员方作出有利于我国的具体承诺；改善我国人力资本状况。
Movement of Natural Persons (MNP), that is supplying a service by a service supplier of one member, through presence of natural persons of a member in the territory of any other member, is one of the four modes of conducting international trade in services. Promoting the free movement of natural persons is the demand of development of international trade in services and economic integration. However, importing and exporting countries take measures impeding the movement of natural persons.
In order to weaken those barriers towards MNP, GATS bring MNP into its scope. WTO supplies a place negotiating for free MNP, the Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes provide regulations for settlement of disputes in international trade in services arid GATS builds the basic legal frame of MNP. Furthermore, Members of the WTO make specific commitments on MNP which stipulate specific rights and obligations, constituting the kernel of the legal system of MNP. The present specific commitments have some defects which need improvement. The paper gives some suggestions as follows: widen and deepen commitments concerning MNP, add more types of natural persons for entry to guarantee more participation of developing countries, reduce restrictions to improve defmiteness, and deploy "GATS Visa" regime and a model schedule.
There are many defects in our present legal regimes on MNP in China. After entering the WTO, these legal regimes need to be improved according to the regulations of the WTO and Chinese specific commitments. The paper give some suggestions as follows: establish a unified administrative unit and stipulate specialized laws on labour export, reform our visa regimes, improve and perfect regulations on administration of foreigners' employment, unify the domestic standards of authentication and permission of qualifications, take an active part in the WTO's negotiations in order to promote other members to make specific commitments beneficial to China and improve and perfect the conditions of human capital.
为了削弱自然人流动壁垒，自然人流动被纳入GATS协定的范围。WTO为自然人流动提供了自由化谈判的平台，WTO中的争端解决机构为国际服务贸易争端的解决提供了制度上的保障，GATS协定为自然人流动构筑了基本的法律框架。此外，各成员方还对自然人流动做了具体承诺，这些具体承诺规定了实质内容，构成GATS下自然人流动法律制度的核心。但是，其存在的一些不足之处成为阻碍自然人流动在GATS框架下顺利进行的主要原因，应相应地予以改进：增加承诺部门，扩大部门承诺；扩宽准入的自然人类型，切实保障发展中国家的更多参与；减少限制性条件，增加现有条件的确定性；采用GATS签证制度，订立具体承诺范本。
我国现行的有关自然人流动的法律制度存在诸多不足，入世后，我国应针对不足，因应WTO所提出的要求和我国的具体承诺，进行改进：建立统一的劳务输出管理机构，制定专门的劳务输出法；改革我国签证制度；完善我国有关外国人就业管理的规定；统一国内有关资格认证、许可的标准，加强双边谈判；积极参加WTO谈判，促使其它成员方作出有利于我国的具体承诺；改善我国人力资本状况。
Movement of Natural Persons (MNP), that is supplying a service by a service supplier of one member, through presence of natural persons of a member in the territory of any other member, is one of the four modes of conducting international trade in services. Promoting the free movement of natural persons is the demand of development of international trade in services and economic integration. However, importing and exporting countries take measures impeding the movement of natural persons.
In order to weaken those barriers towards MNP, GATS bring MNP into its scope. WTO supplies a place negotiating for free MNP, the Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes provide regulations for settlement of disputes in international trade in services arid GATS builds the basic legal frame of MNP. Furthermore, Members of the WTO make specific commitments on MNP which stipulate specific rights and obligations, constituting the kernel of the legal system of MNP. The present specific commitments have some defects which need improvement. The paper gives some suggestions as follows: widen and deepen commitments concerning MNP, add more types of natural persons for entry to guarantee more participation of developing countries, reduce restrictions to improve defmiteness, and deploy "GATS Visa" regime and a model schedule.
There are many defects in our present legal regimes on MNP in China. After entering the WTO, these legal regimes need to be improved according to the regulations of the WTO and Chinese specific commitments. The paper give some suggestions as follows: establish a unified administrative unit and stipulate specialized laws on labour export, reform our visa regimes, improve and perfect regulations on administration of foreigners' employment, unify the domestic standards of authentication and permission of qualifications, take an active part in the WTO's negotiations in order to promote other members to make specific commitments beneficial to China and improve and perfect the conditions of human capital.
引文
[1]翁里．国际移民法理论实践．北京：法律出版社，2001。
[2]王全兴．劳动法．北京：法律出版社，1997。
[3]赵维田．世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度．吉林：吉林人民出版社，2000。
[4]胡涵钧．新编国际贸易．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000。
[5]王传丽．国际贸易法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000。
[6]杜厚文．世贸组织规则与中国战略全书．北京：新华出版社，2000。
[7]石广生．中国加入世界贸易组织知识读本(三)．北京：人民出版社，2000。
[8]李慧中．新编国际贸易教程．太原：山西经济出版社，1997。
[9]胡炳麟．社会主义劳动力市场导论．福州：福建教育出版社，1996。
[10]许军珂．国际服务贸易法律与实务．北京：人民法院出版社，1997。
[11]王传丽．国际贸易法—国际货物贸易法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999。
[12]陶凯元．国际服务贸易法律的多边化与中国对外服务贸易法制．北京：法律出版社，2000。
[13]曹建明，贺小勇．世界贸易组织．北京：法律出版社，1999。
[14]张乃根．国际法原理．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2002。
[15]傅江景．WTO与我国劳动力的国际转移．学术交流．2002，(2)。
[16]窦现金．当前国际劳务市场发展态势及其应对策．职业技术教育，2002，(31)。
[17]雷蕾．价值判断：理论与实际的平衡——论WTO法的国内适用问题．中国司法，2002，(10)。
[18]刘光溪．我国法律与WTO协议的“调整适用”．法学论坛，2002，17，(1)。
[19]马立国，冯继康．国际劳务市场需求格局的变化与我们的选择．山东经济．1997，(2)。
[20]王谨，刘晓琴．我国对外劳务合作存在的问题与对策．陕西青年管理干部学院学报，2001，14，(2)。
[21]韩军．人力资本要素与国际服务贸易比较优势的发挥．国际经贸探索，2001，(3)。
[22]王士俊．我国国际劳务合作的现状、问题及对策．理论前言，2000，(20)。
[23]王奇英．加强政府对国际劳务输出的管理．中国劳动科学，1997，(8)。
[24]张幼安．管理新机制促进国际劳务新发展．工作研究，2000，(9)。
[25]焦一蔓．拓展我国国际劳务贸易刍议．国际经贸探索，1994，(3)。
[26]WTO document S/C/W/75. December 8, 1998.
[27]Karsenty.G. Assessing trade in services by mode of supply in sauve and stern(eds) GATS 2000: New Direction in Service Trade Liberation. Washington DC: Brookings Institution. 2000.
[28]A.Chanda. Movement of Natural Persons and Trade in Services:Liberalising Temporary Movement of Labour under the GATS. World Economy, 1999,24(5).
[29]TD/TC/WP(2001)26/REV2
[30]Josephine J. Francisco. Barriers to Temporary Migration of Filipino Workers as Service Providers.Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[31]Neela Mukherjee. Exporting Labour Services and Market Access Commitments under GATS in the World Trade Organization, Journal of World Trade, 1996,30(5):27.
[32]Remarks of H.E.Domingo L.Siazon, JR.Philippine Ambassador to Japan. Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons, Mita Kaigisho,Tokyo,Japan,19 March,2003.
[33]Draft Model Schedule Covering the Temporary Entry of Natural Persons under The General Agreement on Trade in Services. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons(Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[34]Antonia Carzaniga. GATS,Mode 4 and the Pattern of Commitments. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons(Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[35]Alan Winters. Economic Implications of Mode 4 Trade. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of natural Persons (Mode 4) under the GATS,Geneva,11-12 April 2002.
[36]Richard Self, B. K. Xutshi. Temporary Entry of Natural Persons as Service Providers:Issues and Challenges in Further Liberalization under the Current GATS Negotiations. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons(Mode 4)under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[37]Paul Henry. Current Regimes-Case Study:Canada. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[38]Julia Nielson, Oliver Cattaneo. Current Regimes-Case Study: the United States of America. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[39]Aashit Shah and Vaibhav Parikh. Movement of Natural Persons under the Gats in the Software Services Sector. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4) under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[40]Enos A. Brown. The Jamaican Experience with the Movement of Natural Persons in the Provision of Services. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4) under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[41]MONP under GATS: Problems and Prospects. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4) under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[42]APEC Approachs to Movement of Natural Persons: Presentations to Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons, Tokyo, March 19,2003.
[43]Trade in Services Negotiations on WTO Proposal concerning the Movement of Natural Persons. 18 June,2002, Japan Business Federation (Nippon Keidanren).
[2]王全兴．劳动法．北京：法律出版社，1997。
[3]赵维田．世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度．吉林：吉林人民出版社，2000。
[4]胡涵钧．新编国际贸易．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000。
[5]王传丽．国际贸易法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000。
[6]杜厚文．世贸组织规则与中国战略全书．北京：新华出版社，2000。
[7]石广生．中国加入世界贸易组织知识读本(三)．北京：人民出版社，2000。
[8]李慧中．新编国际贸易教程．太原：山西经济出版社，1997。
[9]胡炳麟．社会主义劳动力市场导论．福州：福建教育出版社，1996。
[10]许军珂．国际服务贸易法律与实务．北京：人民法院出版社，1997。
[11]王传丽．国际贸易法—国际货物贸易法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999。
[12]陶凯元．国际服务贸易法律的多边化与中国对外服务贸易法制．北京：法律出版社，2000。
[13]曹建明，贺小勇．世界贸易组织．北京：法律出版社，1999。
[14]张乃根．国际法原理．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2002。
[15]傅江景．WTO与我国劳动力的国际转移．学术交流．2002，(2)。
[16]窦现金．当前国际劳务市场发展态势及其应对策．职业技术教育，2002，(31)。
[17]雷蕾．价值判断：理论与实际的平衡——论WTO法的国内适用问题．中国司法，2002，(10)。
[18]刘光溪．我国法律与WTO协议的“调整适用”．法学论坛，2002，17，(1)。
[19]马立国，冯继康．国际劳务市场需求格局的变化与我们的选择．山东经济．1997，(2)。
[20]王谨，刘晓琴．我国对外劳务合作存在的问题与对策．陕西青年管理干部学院学报，2001，14，(2)。
[21]韩军．人力资本要素与国际服务贸易比较优势的发挥．国际经贸探索，2001，(3)。
[22]王士俊．我国国际劳务合作的现状、问题及对策．理论前言，2000，(20)。
[23]王奇英．加强政府对国际劳务输出的管理．中国劳动科学，1997，(8)。
[24]张幼安．管理新机制促进国际劳务新发展．工作研究，2000，(9)。
[25]焦一蔓．拓展我国国际劳务贸易刍议．国际经贸探索，1994，(3)。
[26]WTO document S/C/W/75. December 8, 1998.
[27]Karsenty.G. Assessing trade in services by mode of supply in sauve and stern(eds) GATS 2000: New Direction in Service Trade Liberation. Washington DC: Brookings Institution. 2000.
[28]A.Chanda. Movement of Natural Persons and Trade in Services:Liberalising Temporary Movement of Labour under the GATS. World Economy, 1999,24(5).
[29]TD/TC/WP(2001)26/REV2
[30]Josephine J. Francisco. Barriers to Temporary Migration of Filipino Workers as Service Providers.Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[31]Neela Mukherjee. Exporting Labour Services and Market Access Commitments under GATS in the World Trade Organization, Journal of World Trade, 1996,30(5):27.
[32]Remarks of H.E.Domingo L.Siazon, JR.Philippine Ambassador to Japan. Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons, Mita Kaigisho,Tokyo,Japan,19 March,2003.
[33]Draft Model Schedule Covering the Temporary Entry of Natural Persons under The General Agreement on Trade in Services. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons(Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[34]Antonia Carzaniga. GATS,Mode 4 and the Pattern of Commitments. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons(Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[35]Alan Winters. Economic Implications of Mode 4 Trade. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of natural Persons (Mode 4) under the GATS,Geneva,11-12 April 2002.
[36]Richard Self, B. K. Xutshi. Temporary Entry of Natural Persons as Service Providers:Issues and Challenges in Further Liberalization under the Current GATS Negotiations. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons(Mode 4)under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[37]Paul Henry. Current Regimes-Case Study:Canada. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[38]Julia Nielson, Oliver Cattaneo. Current Regimes-Case Study: the United States of America. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4)under the GATS,Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[39]Aashit Shah and Vaibhav Parikh. Movement of Natural Persons under the Gats in the Software Services Sector. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4) under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[40]Enos A. Brown. The Jamaican Experience with the Movement of Natural Persons in the Provision of Services. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4) under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[41]MONP under GATS: Problems and Prospects. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons (Mode4) under the GATS, Geneva, 11-12 April 2002.
[42]APEC Approachs to Movement of Natural Persons: Presentations to Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons, Tokyo, March 19,2003.
[43]Trade in Services Negotiations on WTO Proposal concerning the Movement of Natural Persons. 18 June,2002, Japan Business Federation (Nippon Keidanren).