基于VSP的高分辨率地震数据处理方法研究
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摘要
由于地层的吸收效应,使得地震子波振幅衰减、相位畸变,降低了地震记录的分辨率。考虑VSP记录较地面地震记录具有更高的品质和分辨率,可以利用井地联合进行地面地震记录高分辨率方法研究,本论文阐述两种技术思路:反Q滤波和高频恢复滤波。
准确的品质因子Q求取是反Q滤波的前提,本论文着重地介绍了谱比法、质心频移法、解析法的基本原理和模型应用;并利用Gabor变换谱进行Q分析,实现了基于振幅衰减函数和补偿函数的两种Q分析方法;结合地震波在黏弹性介质中的传播方程及小波尺度域地震波能量衰减公式,进行小波尺度域的Q值分析,并由能量衰减公式生成能量衰减属性剖面,与常规的瞬时属性比较,揭示它们对气层的敏感性。
对于地层的吸收效应,反Q滤波或高频恢复滤波可以最小化地震波的能量衰减和速度频散。本论文在实现反Q滤波算法和高频恢复滤波算法的同时,结合反Q滤波算法的国内外研究现状,推导了反Q滤波快速算法和反Q滤波稳定算法,实现了高频恢复滤波算法。最后通过实际数据验证了反Q滤波算法和高频恢复滤波算法的应用效果。
Along with high resolution seismic prospecting needs, more and more people cared about the problems of attenuation and dispersion. The actual subsurface materials are viscoelastic and inhomogeneous. When elastic waves propagate in the medium, some parts of energy are converted into heat because of the friction effects among particles. Due to the attenuation of seismic energy by the earth, the amplitude dissipation is an exponential function of the time and frequency. This effect decreased the seismic dominant frequency, reduced seismic resolution and distorted amplitude spectrum and phase spectrum of wavelets.
To study and compensate the earth Q effects is the key of seismic processing, which is important to improve seismic imaging precision, reasonably interpret AVO effect and properly inverse medium parameters. VSP seismic records, due to particular observation mode of ground excitation and well reception, have higher quality and more high frequency components compared to seismic data. So we can combine seismic data with VSP records to improve seismic records quality.
Considering the seismic attenuation and the particular predominance of VSP records, in this paper we give two methods: (1) Inverse Q filtering on seismic data with Q extracted from VSP downgoing arrivals; (2) High frequency restoration to seismic data based on VSP downgoing arrivals.
Often the earth attenuation effects are measured as Q effect. The quality factor Q is a valuable parameter, which contain many useful information concerning lithology and reservoir, such as press, porosity, permeability and saturation. Studying Q can also forecast stratum lithology, fluid types, fluid saturation, press and permeability, besides accurately Q estimation is the key for inverse Q filtering.
Combined with the domestic and foreign research situation of Q analysis algorithms. In this paper I greatly present fundamentals and modeling examples on spectrum ratio algorithm, centroid frequency shift algorithm and analytic algorithm. Q analysis refers to the procedure for estimating Q directly from a reflection seismic trace. Conventional Q analysis method compares two seismic wavelets selected from different depth (or time) levels, but picking“clean”wavelets without interferences from other wavelet and noise from a reflection seismic trace is really a problem. Therefore, using the Gabor transform spectrum, I propose two Q analysis methods based on the attenuation function and compensation function. The robust Q analysis methods use information from the whole seismic trace, rather than comparing individual wavelets. Because wavelet analysis has better time-frequency localization. combined with seismic wave propagating equation and energy attenuation formula in viscoelastic medium, we study seismic wave attenuation characteristic in wavelet scaling domain and compare energy attenuation attributes to routine instantaneous attributes. At last we indicate that attenuation characters in wavelet scaling domain have more sensitivity.
For accurate Q estimation, inverse Q filtering to seismic data can minimize dissipation and dispersion. Combined with the domestic and foreign research situation of inverse Q filtering algorithms. In this paper I states routine inverse Q filtering fundamentals, and furthermore derive a fast inverse Q filtering algorithm and a stable inverse Q filtering algorithm. Both of algorithms are based on the theory of wavefield downward continuation, assuming a depth-dependent layered-earth Q model, they are implemented in a layered manner. For each individual constant Q layer, inverse Q filtering is accomplished in two step: (1) the surface-recorded wavefield is extrapolated to the top of the current layer and (2) a constant Q inverse filtering is performed across that layer. For the fast algorithm, in step two we make variable substitution to extrapolated wavefield, resample and interpolate using spline function in the frequency domain. We make spectrum analysis to entire seismic trace and make least square fit to variation of center frequency along with time. The amplitude operator of the inverse Q filtering, which is a 2-D function of traveltime and frequency, is approximated optimally as the product of two 1-D functions depending, respectively, on time and frequency. The function depending on time relate to center frequency which can be determined by function concerning time. This method is fast due to decomposition of amplitude compensation operator, which insures the application of FFT algorithm. For the stable inverse Q filtering algorithm, the surface-recorded wavefield is extrapolated to the top of the current layer by solving an inversion system to the downward continuation within the overburden. We pick time-variable maximum trimming frequency using gabor transform and according to this frequency determine time-variable gain-limited amplitude and corresponding time-variable gain-limited frequency to implement the stabilization of inverse Q filtering.
For another method to compensate the earth Q effects, that is high frequency restoration algorithm. In this paper I also expatiate the fundamentals: this method analyzes the frequency decay of direct arrivals at different VSP depth levels in a well, further more picks up the earth filtering operater, and then compensates the surface seismic data for that decay with HFR by designing inverse earth filtering operator. By high-frequency restoration, this method enhances predominant frequency components, stretches frequency-band and compensates frequency decay and amplitude variation via earth effects, furthermore improves seismic resolution.
At last, I verify the inverse Q filtering algorithm and high frequency restoration algorithm by processing the field data. I select a surveying line across well from 3-D section for example. Using zero-offset VSP records to pick up Q operator and earth filtered operator, and I make inverse Q filtering and high frequency restoration to surface seismic data. By respectly comparison among shallow layer, intermediate layer and deep layer, we draw conclusion that both inverse Q filtering algorithm and high-frequency restoration algorithm compensate earth Q effects, enhance dominant frequency and broaden bandwidth of seismic records. Moreover the robust methods improve events continuity and seismic records resolution and recover the frequency components that in principle are recoverable. The application of high-resolution algorithms lays the foundation for the later data processing and interpretation.
准确的品质因子Q求取是反Q滤波的前提,本论文着重地介绍了谱比法、质心频移法、解析法的基本原理和模型应用;并利用Gabor变换谱进行Q分析,实现了基于振幅衰减函数和补偿函数的两种Q分析方法;结合地震波在黏弹性介质中的传播方程及小波尺度域地震波能量衰减公式,进行小波尺度域的Q值分析,并由能量衰减公式生成能量衰减属性剖面,与常规的瞬时属性比较,揭示它们对气层的敏感性。
对于地层的吸收效应,反Q滤波或高频恢复滤波可以最小化地震波的能量衰减和速度频散。本论文在实现反Q滤波算法和高频恢复滤波算法的同时,结合反Q滤波算法的国内外研究现状,推导了反Q滤波快速算法和反Q滤波稳定算法,实现了高频恢复滤波算法。最后通过实际数据验证了反Q滤波算法和高频恢复滤波算法的应用效果。
Along with high resolution seismic prospecting needs, more and more people cared about the problems of attenuation and dispersion. The actual subsurface materials are viscoelastic and inhomogeneous. When elastic waves propagate in the medium, some parts of energy are converted into heat because of the friction effects among particles. Due to the attenuation of seismic energy by the earth, the amplitude dissipation is an exponential function of the time and frequency. This effect decreased the seismic dominant frequency, reduced seismic resolution and distorted amplitude spectrum and phase spectrum of wavelets.
To study and compensate the earth Q effects is the key of seismic processing, which is important to improve seismic imaging precision, reasonably interpret AVO effect and properly inverse medium parameters. VSP seismic records, due to particular observation mode of ground excitation and well reception, have higher quality and more high frequency components compared to seismic data. So we can combine seismic data with VSP records to improve seismic records quality.
Considering the seismic attenuation and the particular predominance of VSP records, in this paper we give two methods: (1) Inverse Q filtering on seismic data with Q extracted from VSP downgoing arrivals; (2) High frequency restoration to seismic data based on VSP downgoing arrivals.
Often the earth attenuation effects are measured as Q effect. The quality factor Q is a valuable parameter, which contain many useful information concerning lithology and reservoir, such as press, porosity, permeability and saturation. Studying Q can also forecast stratum lithology, fluid types, fluid saturation, press and permeability, besides accurately Q estimation is the key for inverse Q filtering.
Combined with the domestic and foreign research situation of Q analysis algorithms. In this paper I greatly present fundamentals and modeling examples on spectrum ratio algorithm, centroid frequency shift algorithm and analytic algorithm. Q analysis refers to the procedure for estimating Q directly from a reflection seismic trace. Conventional Q analysis method compares two seismic wavelets selected from different depth (or time) levels, but picking“clean”wavelets without interferences from other wavelet and noise from a reflection seismic trace is really a problem. Therefore, using the Gabor transform spectrum, I propose two Q analysis methods based on the attenuation function and compensation function. The robust Q analysis methods use information from the whole seismic trace, rather than comparing individual wavelets. Because wavelet analysis has better time-frequency localization. combined with seismic wave propagating equation and energy attenuation formula in viscoelastic medium, we study seismic wave attenuation characteristic in wavelet scaling domain and compare energy attenuation attributes to routine instantaneous attributes. At last we indicate that attenuation characters in wavelet scaling domain have more sensitivity.
For accurate Q estimation, inverse Q filtering to seismic data can minimize dissipation and dispersion. Combined with the domestic and foreign research situation of inverse Q filtering algorithms. In this paper I states routine inverse Q filtering fundamentals, and furthermore derive a fast inverse Q filtering algorithm and a stable inverse Q filtering algorithm. Both of algorithms are based on the theory of wavefield downward continuation, assuming a depth-dependent layered-earth Q model, they are implemented in a layered manner. For each individual constant Q layer, inverse Q filtering is accomplished in two step: (1) the surface-recorded wavefield is extrapolated to the top of the current layer and (2) a constant Q inverse filtering is performed across that layer. For the fast algorithm, in step two we make variable substitution to extrapolated wavefield, resample and interpolate using spline function in the frequency domain. We make spectrum analysis to entire seismic trace and make least square fit to variation of center frequency along with time. The amplitude operator of the inverse Q filtering, which is a 2-D function of traveltime and frequency, is approximated optimally as the product of two 1-D functions depending, respectively, on time and frequency. The function depending on time relate to center frequency which can be determined by function concerning time. This method is fast due to decomposition of amplitude compensation operator, which insures the application of FFT algorithm. For the stable inverse Q filtering algorithm, the surface-recorded wavefield is extrapolated to the top of the current layer by solving an inversion system to the downward continuation within the overburden. We pick time-variable maximum trimming frequency using gabor transform and according to this frequency determine time-variable gain-limited amplitude and corresponding time-variable gain-limited frequency to implement the stabilization of inverse Q filtering.
For another method to compensate the earth Q effects, that is high frequency restoration algorithm. In this paper I also expatiate the fundamentals: this method analyzes the frequency decay of direct arrivals at different VSP depth levels in a well, further more picks up the earth filtering operater, and then compensates the surface seismic data for that decay with HFR by designing inverse earth filtering operator. By high-frequency restoration, this method enhances predominant frequency components, stretches frequency-band and compensates frequency decay and amplitude variation via earth effects, furthermore improves seismic resolution.
At last, I verify the inverse Q filtering algorithm and high frequency restoration algorithm by processing the field data. I select a surveying line across well from 3-D section for example. Using zero-offset VSP records to pick up Q operator and earth filtered operator, and I make inverse Q filtering and high frequency restoration to surface seismic data. By respectly comparison among shallow layer, intermediate layer and deep layer, we draw conclusion that both inverse Q filtering algorithm and high-frequency restoration algorithm compensate earth Q effects, enhance dominant frequency and broaden bandwidth of seismic records. Moreover the robust methods improve events continuity and seismic records resolution and recover the frequency components that in principle are recoverable. The application of high-resolution algorithms lays the foundation for the later data processing and interpretation.
引文
[1] N.D.Hargreaves and A.J.Calvert, Inverse Q filtering by Fourier Transform,Geophysics,1991, 56(4):519～527.
[2] Futterman, W.I., Dispersive body waves,J.Geophys.RES.,1962,67:5279～5291.
[3] Yanghua Wang, A stable and efficient approach to inverse Q filtering,Geophysics,2002,67(2):657～663.
[4] Robinson, J.C.,A technique for the continuous representation of dispersion in seismic data,geophysics,1979,44(5):1345～1351.
[5] Yanghua Wang and Jian Guo, Modified Kolsky model for seismic attenuation and dispersion ,2004,1:187～196.
[6] Kjartansson, E., Constant Q wave propagation and attenuation,Geophysics. Res., 1979,84(B7): 4737～4748.
[7] Stainder Chopra etc.,High-frequency restoration of surface seismic data, The Leading Edge,2003 :730～738.
[8] 张显文,韩立国等,一种改进的反 Q 滤波算法,石油物探 2005 年学术交流会论文集,2006,212～220.
[9] Sheriff,R.E.,and L.P.Geldart, Exploration seismology, 1995,2nd ed: Cambridge University Press.
[10] Changjun Zhang etc ,Estimation of Quality Factors-An Analytical Approach, CSEG,2002.
[11] Yanghua Wang, Q analysis on reflection seismic data ,Geo.Res.L,2004, 31(17):L17606.
[12] Yanghua Wang, Inverse Q-filter for seismic resolution enhancement, Geophysics , 2006,71(3):V51～V60.
[13] Yanghua Wang , Quantifying the effectiveness of stabilized inverse Q filtering, Geophysics, 2003 ,68(1):337～345.
[14] 张卫红,提高 VSP 资料分辨率的一种方法,石油物探 2005 年学术交流会论文集,2006,110～121.
[15] 杨宝俊,勘探地震学导论,吉林科学技术出版社,1990,P190～P210.
[16] Youli Quan etc, Seismic attenuation from tomography using the frequency shift method, Geophysics,1997,62(3):895.
[17] Yang Liu etc, Interval Q Inversion from CMP Gathers: part I-Absorption Equation, SEG Annual Meeting,2005.
[18] Yang Liu etc. Interval Q Inversion from CMP Gathers part II-Inversion Method , SEG Annual Meeting,2005.
[19] Changjun Zhang etc., Estimation of quality factors from CMP records, Geophysics, 2002,67(5):1542～1547.
[20] Winkler K W,Amos Nur,Seismic attenuation:Effect of pore fluids and frictional sliding[J].Geophysics,1982,47:1～15.
[21] Bickel S H, Natarajan R R. Plane wave Q deconvolution [J]. Geophysics,1985,50(9): 1426～1439.
[22] Rahul Dasgupta, Estimation of Q from surface seismic reflection data, Geophysics,1998,63(6):2120～2128.
[23] Hongbin Li,Measures of scale based on the wavelet scalogram with applications to seismic attenuation,Geophysics,2006,71(5):V111～V118.
[24] 李宏兵等,小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征,地球物理学报,2004,47(5):892～898.
[25] Bano,M.,Q-phase compensation of seismic records in the frequency domain, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86:1179～1186.
[26] John C.Robinson, Time-variable dispersion processing through the use of “phased” sinc function,geophysics,1982,1106～1110.
[27] Gabor,D.,Theory of communication, Journal of the institute of Electrical Engineers,1946,93:429～457.
[28] S.H.Bickel and R.R.Natarajan, Plane-wave Q deconvolution,geophysics, 1985, 50(9):1426～1439.
[29] Y.C.Kim etc., Recursive wavenumber-frequency migration, geophysics, 1989, 54(3):319～329.
[30] 马昭军等,地震波衰减反演研究综述,地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1074～1081.
[31] stolt, R.H., Migration by Fourier Transform,Geophysics,1978,43:23～48.
[32] Strick,E.,A predicted pedestal effect for pulse propagation in constant-Q solids,geophysics,1970,35:387～403.
[33] Tommy Toverud etc. Comparison of seismic attenuation models using zero-offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data, Geophysics,2005,70(22):17～25..
[34] Qingbo Liao etc. Tomographic imaging of velocity and Q , with application to crosswell seismic data from the Gypsy Pilot Site ,Oklahoma, Geophysics,1997,62(6):1804～1811.
[35] Chuandong Xu etc.,Seismic Attenuation (Q) Estimation from VSP Data, CSEG, 2006
[36] Klimentos,T.,1995,Attenuation of P- and S-waves as a method of distinguishing gas and condensate from oil and water,Geophysics,60:447～458.
[37] Parra,J.O.,and C.Hackert, Wave attenuation attributes as flow unit indicators: The Leading Edge, 2002,21:564～572.
[38] James Rickett,Integrated estimation of interval- attenuation profiles, Geophysics,2006,71(4):A19～A23.
[39] 赵宪生等,叠前反 Q 滤波与品质因子 Q 估计,物探化探计算技术,1999,17(1):16～22.
[40] Jose M.Carcione, Constitutive model and wave equations for linear, viscoelastic,anisotropic media:Geophysics,1995,60(2):537～548.
[41] Varela,C.L.Rosa, Modeling of attenuation and dispersion,Geophysics, 1993, 58: 1167～1173.
[42] Steven W.patton, Robust and least-squares estimation of acoustic attenuation from well-log data, Geophysics,1988,53:1225～1232.
[43] Ganley, D. C., A method for calculating synthetic seismograms which include the effects of absorption and dispersion, Geophysics, 1981, 46: 1100～1107.
[44] Tommy Toverud, Comparison of seismic attenuation models using zero-offset vertical seismic profiling(VSP)data,Geophysics, 2005,70(2):F17～F25.
[45] Kneib,G.,and Shapiro,S.A. Viscoacoustic wave propagation in 2-D random media and separation of absorption and scattering attenuation, Geophyisics, 1995,60:459～467.
[2] Futterman, W.I., Dispersive body waves,J.Geophys.RES.,1962,67:5279～5291.
[3] Yanghua Wang, A stable and efficient approach to inverse Q filtering,Geophysics,2002,67(2):657～663.
[4] Robinson, J.C.,A technique for the continuous representation of dispersion in seismic data,geophysics,1979,44(5):1345～1351.
[5] Yanghua Wang and Jian Guo, Modified Kolsky model for seismic attenuation and dispersion ,2004,1:187～196.
[6] Kjartansson, E., Constant Q wave propagation and attenuation,Geophysics. Res., 1979,84(B7): 4737～4748.
[7] Stainder Chopra etc.,High-frequency restoration of surface seismic data, The Leading Edge,2003 :730～738.
[8] 张显文,韩立国等,一种改进的反 Q 滤波算法,石油物探 2005 年学术交流会论文集,2006,212～220.
[9] Sheriff,R.E.,and L.P.Geldart, Exploration seismology, 1995,2nd ed: Cambridge University Press.
[10] Changjun Zhang etc ,Estimation of Quality Factors-An Analytical Approach, CSEG,2002.
[11] Yanghua Wang, Q analysis on reflection seismic data ,Geo.Res.L,2004, 31(17):L17606.
[12] Yanghua Wang, Inverse Q-filter for seismic resolution enhancement, Geophysics , 2006,71(3):V51～V60.
[13] Yanghua Wang , Quantifying the effectiveness of stabilized inverse Q filtering, Geophysics, 2003 ,68(1):337～345.
[14] 张卫红,提高 VSP 资料分辨率的一种方法,石油物探 2005 年学术交流会论文集,2006,110～121.
[15] 杨宝俊,勘探地震学导论,吉林科学技术出版社,1990,P190～P210.
[16] Youli Quan etc, Seismic attenuation from tomography using the frequency shift method, Geophysics,1997,62(3):895.
[17] Yang Liu etc, Interval Q Inversion from CMP Gathers: part I-Absorption Equation, SEG Annual Meeting,2005.
[18] Yang Liu etc. Interval Q Inversion from CMP Gathers part II-Inversion Method , SEG Annual Meeting,2005.
[19] Changjun Zhang etc., Estimation of quality factors from CMP records, Geophysics, 2002,67(5):1542～1547.
[20] Winkler K W,Amos Nur,Seismic attenuation:Effect of pore fluids and frictional sliding[J].Geophysics,1982,47:1～15.
[21] Bickel S H, Natarajan R R. Plane wave Q deconvolution [J]. Geophysics,1985,50(9): 1426～1439.
[22] Rahul Dasgupta, Estimation of Q from surface seismic reflection data, Geophysics,1998,63(6):2120～2128.
[23] Hongbin Li,Measures of scale based on the wavelet scalogram with applications to seismic attenuation,Geophysics,2006,71(5):V111～V118.
[24] 李宏兵等,小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征,地球物理学报,2004,47(5):892～898.
[25] Bano,M.,Q-phase compensation of seismic records in the frequency domain, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86:1179～1186.
[26] John C.Robinson, Time-variable dispersion processing through the use of “phased” sinc function,geophysics,1982,1106～1110.
[27] Gabor,D.,Theory of communication, Journal of the institute of Electrical Engineers,1946,93:429～457.
[28] S.H.Bickel and R.R.Natarajan, Plane-wave Q deconvolution,geophysics, 1985, 50(9):1426～1439.
[29] Y.C.Kim etc., Recursive wavenumber-frequency migration, geophysics, 1989, 54(3):319～329.
[30] 马昭军等,地震波衰减反演研究综述,地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1074～1081.
[31] stolt, R.H., Migration by Fourier Transform,Geophysics,1978,43:23～48.
[32] Strick,E.,A predicted pedestal effect for pulse propagation in constant-Q solids,geophysics,1970,35:387～403.
[33] Tommy Toverud etc. Comparison of seismic attenuation models using zero-offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data, Geophysics,2005,70(22):17～25..
[34] Qingbo Liao etc. Tomographic imaging of velocity and Q , with application to crosswell seismic data from the Gypsy Pilot Site ,Oklahoma, Geophysics,1997,62(6):1804～1811.
[35] Chuandong Xu etc.,Seismic Attenuation (Q) Estimation from VSP Data, CSEG, 2006
[36] Klimentos,T.,1995,Attenuation of P- and S-waves as a method of distinguishing gas and condensate from oil and water,Geophysics,60:447～458.
[37] Parra,J.O.,and C.Hackert, Wave attenuation attributes as flow unit indicators: The Leading Edge, 2002,21:564～572.
[38] James Rickett,Integrated estimation of interval- attenuation profiles, Geophysics,2006,71(4):A19～A23.
[39] 赵宪生等,叠前反 Q 滤波与品质因子 Q 估计,物探化探计算技术,1999,17(1):16～22.
[40] Jose M.Carcione, Constitutive model and wave equations for linear, viscoelastic,anisotropic media:Geophysics,1995,60(2):537～548.
[41] Varela,C.L.Rosa, Modeling of attenuation and dispersion,Geophysics, 1993, 58: 1167～1173.
[42] Steven W.patton, Robust and least-squares estimation of acoustic attenuation from well-log data, Geophysics,1988,53:1225～1232.
[43] Ganley, D. C., A method for calculating synthetic seismograms which include the effects of absorption and dispersion, Geophysics, 1981, 46: 1100～1107.
[44] Tommy Toverud, Comparison of seismic attenuation models using zero-offset vertical seismic profiling(VSP)data,Geophysics, 2005,70(2):F17～F25.
[45] Kneib,G.,and Shapiro,S.A. Viscoacoustic wave propagation in 2-D random media and separation of absorption and scattering attenuation, Geophyisics, 1995,60:459～467.