教育人种志:概念与历史
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摘要
教育人种志是教育研究对人种志的一种借用,它具有人种志的根本特征和研究规范,又体现了教育研究的学科特色。所以,教育人种志与人种志存在诸多相通之处:一是研究情境的自然性;二是研究视角的整体性;三是研究结果的描述性。同时又具有自身的特点:首先是研究对象的相对熟悉性;其次是研究时间的相对灵活性。而若能不囿于先前量的研究方法的一些评判标准,就能更清晰地了解教育人种志的优点和不足。
     自20世纪初人种志在西方人类学中确立其方法霸主地位之后,一些人类学家和社会学家开始于20世纪30—50年代将人种志运用于教育研究,从而萌发了教育人种志的雏形。随着质的研究方法在教育研究中的兴盛以及教育人类学的诞生,教育人种志于20世纪60、70年代逐渐成型,并在正规教育中得到了广泛的运用。20世纪80年代兴起的关于教育人种志的理论探讨与反思,使得该研究方法的应用范围逐渐向纵深发展,并诞生了学校教育人种志。
     在几十年的发展历程中,教育人种志曾受多种理论流派的影响,从而形成了观点各异、策略不同的三种类型:传统教育人种志、交流教育人种志和批判教育人种志。我们还可从其纵向发展中理出教育人种志的几条发展线索:一是理论基础——从功能论取向到解释论取向;二是研究目的——从指向人类学到指向教育学;三是研究对象——从异族教育到本土教育;四是研究者——从人类学家到教育人类学家再到教育实践工作者;五是研究方法的三个层面——从具体策略到整个研究方法。
     鉴于当前我国教育研究者对教育人种志的认识以及实际运用状况,笔者认为有必要引介这一新研究方法,并尝试着从研究方法的三个层面、研究方法的类型、研究对象和内容以及研究者队伍等几个角度,对我国引介教育人种志提了一些初浅的建议。
As an application of ethnography to the educational research, educational ethnography has the basic characters and research rules of ethnography as well as the subject features of educational research. As a result, on the one hand, there are many similarities between ethnography and educational ethnography. Firstly, their research context is natural. Secondly, their research angle is holistic. Thirdly, their research result is narrative. On the other hand, educational ethnography possesses its own characters. Firstly, its research object is relatively familiar to the researcher. Secondly, its research time is relatively flexible. If the judging standards aren't restricted within the narrow limits of those of quantitative research method, the advantages and disadvantages of educational ethnography will be more distinct.
    After ethnography achieved its hegemony of research method in the west anthropology at the turning of the 20th century, several anthropologists and socialists tried to apply it to education research in the 30-50s of the 20th century. Therefore educational ethnography began to bud. Along with the flourish of the qualitative research method in educational research and the birth of educational anthropology, educational ethnography came into being and was applied extensively into normal education in the 60-70s of the 20th century. The discussion and reflection on educational ethnography in the 80s of the 20th century deepened its research area and resulted in the birth of the schooling ethnography.
    During its history of several decades, educational ethnography was affected by many schools and evolved into three categories which have different standpoints and strategies, namely traditional ethnography in education, educational ethnography of communication and critical ethnography in education. We can find out five clues about the development of educational ethnography from its history. The first is about its theory base which was from functionalism-oriented to hermeneutics-oriented. The second is about its research aim which was from aiming at anthropology to aiming at pedagogy. The third is about research object which was from "the others" education to native education. The forth is about researchers which were from anthropologists to educational anthropologists and to teaching staff of practice. The fifth is about the three levels of research method which were from strategies to the whole research method.
    According to the application of educational ethnography and Chinese educational researchers' understanding about this research method, educational ethnography is necessary to be introduced to China. The paper tries to give some suggestions about how to introduce educational ethnography from some aspects.
引文
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