基于PDA的无公害农产品产地土壤质量现场评价系统的研究
|
摘要
农产品是人类赖以生存的物质基础和保障。国内外此起彼伏的农产品污染和农产品污染引起的中毒事件,使消费者更加关注农产品的安全问题。无公害农产品是为从根本上解决农产品质量安全和餐桌污染问题提出的概念。在影响农产品安全的诸多因素中,产地是农产品质量安全的源头,产地的安全管理显得尤为重要。然而,随着我国农业生产的迅速发展,化肥、农药大量使用,农业土壤环境污染日益明显,而土壤污染具有隐蔽性、潜伏性和长期性,最易被人们忽略,因此,获取足够的产地信息、尤其是产地土壤信息保障产地安全具有重要意义。本文从保障农产品安全的角度出发,提出了无公害农产品产地土壤质量评价描述性指标体系,并提出了标准化、数值化的方法,在此基础上,建立了以土壤质量现场评价信息为主体的无公害农产品产地信息采集与产地现场评价系统,旨在将先进的农业数字化技术引入无公害农产品认证中来,为保障产地安全提供一种高效的技术手段。该系统在重庆市、云南通海县进行了试用,主要研究结果如下:
(1)从土壤耕性、土壤肥力、作物健康状况、土壤生物、污染源等六个方面筛选出土壤结构、土壤质地、耕层厚度、田间持水量、土壤水分入渗能力、有机质、盐碱化程度、土壤pH值、农田排水状况、地下水埋深、作物长势、作物颜色及缺素现象、根系形态、土壤动物、作物残茬、坡度、地形部位、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀、排水沟水颜色、土壤气味、土壤颜色、土壤触觉、土壤侵入体、产地与潜在污染源相对风向、受控污染源与产地间距离等27个便于进行土壤质量评价的描述性指标。
(2)为了提高描述性指标数据的相对可比性,细化不同土壤质量间的差异,对描述性指标进行了标准化与数值化:根据对评价指标的不同描述,将其分为“好”、“中”、“差”三等,将三个等级设为满分10分,10~8分为“好”,7~4分为“中”,3~1分为“差”。现场评价时,先判断土壤各指标的等级,再根据等级内的差异判断指标得分。
(3)根据无公害农产品产地现场检查的内容与重点,对产地信息的特征进行了分析,共建立字段469个,表28个;以特征分析为基础,采用实体关系(E-R)模型构建了无公害农产品产地信息数据模型,构建了无公害农产品产地信息数据库,目前库中共收录产地信息869条;以PDA为移动终端,建立无公害农产品产地土壤质量评价信息采集系统,系统功能包括GPS定位、数据操作、数据处理、查询、多用户登陆、数据传输,实现了数据的本地与远程查询、检查结果自动判定、产地信息实时传输等。
(4)通过对通海县农户调查数据与PDA现场采集数据的对比分析,发现大部分描述性指标得分随着土壤肥力和土壤质量等级的升高而增大,其变化趋势与肥力高低变化、土壤质量等级高低变化基本一致,即本文所选取的土壤质量评价描述性指标具有较强的代表性,现场评价得分能够比较灵敏地、相对量化地反映土壤质量的状况。
(5)云南通海县无公害农产品产地土壤质量现场评价的指标体系可以优化为:土壤结构、土壤质地、耕层厚度、田间持水量、土壤水分入渗能力、有机质、盐碱化程度、土壤pH值、农田排水状况、地下水埋深、作物长势、作物颜色及缺素现象、根系形态、土壤动物、作物残茬、坡度、地形部位、植被覆盖度、土壤气味、土壤触觉、土壤颜色、土壤侵入体、产地与潜在污染源相对风向、受控污染源与产地间距,共24个指标。
Agricultural products are vital material for the survival of mankind. Their safeties are highlighten because of the frequentive agricultural pollution and poisoning. Nuisanceless argo-food (NAF) came into being in China with an aim to guarantee the fundamental quality and safety of agricultural product wich are originally impacted by the producing area. For managing effectively producing area safety, gaining enough information about producing area, especially soil information is especially important. This paper proposed a soil quality evaluation descriptive index system of the NAF producing area, and carried out standardization and quantitative method. Based on this, producing area field evaluation system was established in order to provide an efficient means for producing area safety management. The system was used in Chongqing and in Tonghai county of Yunan province. Some main conclusions are obtained as follows:
(1) From the aspects of soil tillage, soil fertility, crop health, soil organism, pollution source, 27 soil quality evaluation descriptive indexes were selected in this paper, including: soil texture, arable layer thickness, field water-holding capacity, soil water infiltration capacity, organic matter, saline of alkaline degree, soil pH, drainage condition, groundwater depth, crop condition, crop color and nutrient deficiency symptom, root structure, soil animal, crop residues, slope, vegetation coverage, soil erosion, drain water color, smell, soil color, soil touch sensation, soil intrusions,wind direction between potential pollution sources and producing area, and the distance from controlled source to producing area.
(2) In order to improving the comparability of descriptive index and refining the difference of various soil quality, the descriptive indexes were standardized and numerical. According to the different description, it could be divided into "good", "medium", or "poor", the highest scores in which is 10 points, 10~8 points to be "good", 7~4 points to be "medium", 3~1 points to be "poor". The soil index level is judged at first and then judged score according to the differences in rating when field evaluating the soil quality.
(3) According to the content and focus of on-site examination of NAF producing area, 469 fields and 28 tables were established based on the analysis of producing area character. The NAF data model was built using E-R model based on character analysis, and then built NAF producing area information database. 869 agro-production producing area records were logged in the database. It was build that soil quality field evaluation information collection System, in which the PDA is mobile terminal. The system function includes: GPS position, data operating, data process, query, multi-user landing, and data transmission. Thus the system realized local and remote inquiry, and automatic judgment of inspection results, and the information real-time transmission.
(4) Based on the analysis of investigation information and PDA collecting data in TongHai country, found: most index scores increase with the increasing of soil fertility and quality, the changing trend was the same as fertility, and quality grades, the field evaluation score can reflect soil quality condition sensitively and quantitatively.
(5) The soil quality field evaluation system of the NAF producing area in Tonghai county of Yunnan province is optimized to 24 index: the soil structure, soil texture, arable layer thickness, field capacity, soil water infiltration capacity, organic matter, saline of alkaline degree, pH value, drainage condition, groundwater level, crop condition, crop color and deficiency, the structure of root, the soil animals, crop residues, slope terrain parts, vegetation coverage, soil smell, soil touch sensation, soil color, soil intrusions wind direction between potential pollution sources and producing area, and the distance from controlled source to producing area.
(1)从土壤耕性、土壤肥力、作物健康状况、土壤生物、污染源等六个方面筛选出土壤结构、土壤质地、耕层厚度、田间持水量、土壤水分入渗能力、有机质、盐碱化程度、土壤pH值、农田排水状况、地下水埋深、作物长势、作物颜色及缺素现象、根系形态、土壤动物、作物残茬、坡度、地形部位、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀、排水沟水颜色、土壤气味、土壤颜色、土壤触觉、土壤侵入体、产地与潜在污染源相对风向、受控污染源与产地间距离等27个便于进行土壤质量评价的描述性指标。
(2)为了提高描述性指标数据的相对可比性,细化不同土壤质量间的差异,对描述性指标进行了标准化与数值化:根据对评价指标的不同描述,将其分为“好”、“中”、“差”三等,将三个等级设为满分10分,10~8分为“好”,7~4分为“中”,3~1分为“差”。现场评价时,先判断土壤各指标的等级,再根据等级内的差异判断指标得分。
(3)根据无公害农产品产地现场检查的内容与重点,对产地信息的特征进行了分析,共建立字段469个,表28个;以特征分析为基础,采用实体关系(E-R)模型构建了无公害农产品产地信息数据模型,构建了无公害农产品产地信息数据库,目前库中共收录产地信息869条;以PDA为移动终端,建立无公害农产品产地土壤质量评价信息采集系统,系统功能包括GPS定位、数据操作、数据处理、查询、多用户登陆、数据传输,实现了数据的本地与远程查询、检查结果自动判定、产地信息实时传输等。
(4)通过对通海县农户调查数据与PDA现场采集数据的对比分析,发现大部分描述性指标得分随着土壤肥力和土壤质量等级的升高而增大,其变化趋势与肥力高低变化、土壤质量等级高低变化基本一致,即本文所选取的土壤质量评价描述性指标具有较强的代表性,现场评价得分能够比较灵敏地、相对量化地反映土壤质量的状况。
(5)云南通海县无公害农产品产地土壤质量现场评价的指标体系可以优化为:土壤结构、土壤质地、耕层厚度、田间持水量、土壤水分入渗能力、有机质、盐碱化程度、土壤pH值、农田排水状况、地下水埋深、作物长势、作物颜色及缺素现象、根系形态、土壤动物、作物残茬、坡度、地形部位、植被覆盖度、土壤气味、土壤触觉、土壤颜色、土壤侵入体、产地与潜在污染源相对风向、受控污染源与产地间距,共24个指标。
Agricultural products are vital material for the survival of mankind. Their safeties are highlighten because of the frequentive agricultural pollution and poisoning. Nuisanceless argo-food (NAF) came into being in China with an aim to guarantee the fundamental quality and safety of agricultural product wich are originally impacted by the producing area. For managing effectively producing area safety, gaining enough information about producing area, especially soil information is especially important. This paper proposed a soil quality evaluation descriptive index system of the NAF producing area, and carried out standardization and quantitative method. Based on this, producing area field evaluation system was established in order to provide an efficient means for producing area safety management. The system was used in Chongqing and in Tonghai county of Yunan province. Some main conclusions are obtained as follows:
(1) From the aspects of soil tillage, soil fertility, crop health, soil organism, pollution source, 27 soil quality evaluation descriptive indexes were selected in this paper, including: soil texture, arable layer thickness, field water-holding capacity, soil water infiltration capacity, organic matter, saline of alkaline degree, soil pH, drainage condition, groundwater depth, crop condition, crop color and nutrient deficiency symptom, root structure, soil animal, crop residues, slope, vegetation coverage, soil erosion, drain water color, smell, soil color, soil touch sensation, soil intrusions,wind direction between potential pollution sources and producing area, and the distance from controlled source to producing area.
(2) In order to improving the comparability of descriptive index and refining the difference of various soil quality, the descriptive indexes were standardized and numerical. According to the different description, it could be divided into "good", "medium", or "poor", the highest scores in which is 10 points, 10~8 points to be "good", 7~4 points to be "medium", 3~1 points to be "poor". The soil index level is judged at first and then judged score according to the differences in rating when field evaluating the soil quality.
(3) According to the content and focus of on-site examination of NAF producing area, 469 fields and 28 tables were established based on the analysis of producing area character. The NAF data model was built using E-R model based on character analysis, and then built NAF producing area information database. 869 agro-production producing area records were logged in the database. It was build that soil quality field evaluation information collection System, in which the PDA is mobile terminal. The system function includes: GPS position, data operating, data process, query, multi-user landing, and data transmission. Thus the system realized local and remote inquiry, and automatic judgment of inspection results, and the information real-time transmission.
(4) Based on the analysis of investigation information and PDA collecting data in TongHai country, found: most index scores increase with the increasing of soil fertility and quality, the changing trend was the same as fertility, and quality grades, the field evaluation score can reflect soil quality condition sensitively and quantitatively.
(5) The soil quality field evaluation system of the NAF producing area in Tonghai county of Yunnan province is optimized to 24 index: the soil structure, soil texture, arable layer thickness, field capacity, soil water infiltration capacity, organic matter, saline of alkaline degree, pH value, drainage condition, groundwater level, crop condition, crop color and deficiency, the structure of root, the soil animals, crop residues, slope terrain parts, vegetation coverage, soil smell, soil touch sensation, soil color, soil intrusions wind direction between potential pollution sources and producing area, and the distance from controlled source to producing area.
引文
[1]巴比江,郑大玮,卡热玛·哈木提,等.地下水埋深对春玉米田土壤水分及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):57~60.
[2]曹慧,孙辉,杨浩,等.土壤酶活性及其对土壤质量的指示研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2003, 9(1):105~109.
[3]曹志洪.继承传统土壤学成果,促进现代土壤学发展[J].中国基础科学,2000,2:11~16.
[4]曹志洪.解译土壤质量演变规律,确保土壤资源持续利用[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(3):28 ~32.
[5]陈建安,林健,兰天水,等.山区公路边土壤铅污染水平及其分布规律研究[J].海峡预防医学杂志,2001,5(2):5~8.
[6]陈龙乾,邓喀中,徐黎华,等.矿区复垦土壤质量评价方法[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5): 449~452.
[7]陈松林.福州海岛耕作土壤质量的定量评价[J].福建师范大学学报,1996,12(3):84~88.
[8]方慧,邵永华,何勇.基于掌上电脑的农田信息空间分析系统的研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(6):679~383.
[9]郭枫,郭相平,袁静,等.地下水埋深对作物的影响研究现状[J].中国农村水利水电,2008,(1):63 ~65.
[10]胡月明,万洪富,吴志峰,等.基于GIS的土壤质量模糊变权评价[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3): 266~ 274.
[11]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[12]加快推进无公害农产品产地认定和产品认证步伐的实施意见.农业质量标准[J].2004,(4):11~13.
[13]解金耀.基于SMS的无线信息采集系统的研究与设计[D],2005.
[14]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报, 1999,54(2):113~120.
[15]李盛韬.基于Web主题的信息采集技术研究[D],2002.
[16]李湘南,凌玲,李海东.汽车废气中铅对沿线农田污染的环境质量评价[J].武汉汽车工业大学学报,2000,8(6):37~41.
[17]李志军,张富仓,康绍忠,等.不同潜水埋深条件下的农田土壤水分动态试验研究[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2005,3(4):21~23.
[18]梁文举,葛亭魁,段玉玺.土壤健康及土壤动物生物指示的研究与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2001, 32(1): 70~72.
[19]林健,邱卿如,陈健安,等.公路旁土壤中重金属和类金属污染评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2000, 17(5):284~286.
[20]刘卉.基于GPS技术的农田信息采集系统的现状及展望[J].全球定位系统,2002.33~36.
[21]刘江,许秀娟.气象学(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[22]刘黎明.土地资源学(第四版)[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[23]刘梦云.半干旱山区植被恢复中的土壤质量演变[D].硕士论文,2003.
[24]刘世梁,傅博杰,刘国华,等.我国土壤质量评价及其评价研究的进展[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1): 137~143.
[25]刘晓冰,邢宝山.土壤质量及其评价指标[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(2):109~112.
[26]刘映刚.基于GPS的农田信息管理系统的研究[D],2005.
[27]刘占锋,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):901~ 913.
[28]梁文举,葛亭魁,段玉玺.土壤健康及土壤动物生物指示的研究与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2001,32(1):70~72.
[29]龙牧华.土壤质量含义的变迁[J].地理科学进展,1996(1),35~37.
[30]楼文高.基于人工神经网络的三江平原土壤质量综合评价与预测模型[J].中国管理科学, 2002, 10(1):79~83.
[31]路鹏,苏以荣,牛铮,等.土壤质量评价指标及其时空变异[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(4):190 ~194.
[32]马爱国.无公害农产品管理与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[33]马爱国.无公害农产品认证工作手册.农业部农产品质量安全中心,2004.
[34]孟庆华.黄土丘陵坡面土地利用与水土流失研究[D],2002.
[35]潘剑君.土壤资源调查与评价[M].中国农业出版社,2004.
[36]潘晓玲.干旱区绿洲生态系统动态稳定性的初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4):345~351.
[37]庞家乐.基于Web主题的数据管理系统的设计与实现[D],2007.
[38]齐伟,张风荣,牛振国,等.土壤质量时空变化一体化评价方法及其应用[J].土壤通报,2003, 34(1):1~5.
[39]钱登峰.华北土石山区典型植物群落土壤健康评价[D].西南大学,2007.
[40]秦明周,赵杰.城乡结合部土壤质量变化特点与可持续性利用对策——以开封市为例[J].地理学报,2000,55(5):545~554.
[41]泉志和.掌上电脑在“二类调查”中的具体应用[J].林业调查规划,2007,32(2):28~29.
[42]史先琳.基于PDA的移动GIS的研究与设计[D].四川大学硕士论文,2003.
[43]石钰.基于GPRS的自动气象站数据传输及应用研究[D].西南交通大学,2006.
[44]孙波,赵其国,张桃林,等.土壤质量与持续环境Ⅲ土壤质量评价的生物学指标[J].土壤,1997,29 (5):225~234.
[45]孙波,赵其国.红壤退化中的土壤质量评价指标及评价方法[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(2):118~ 128.
[46]索有瑞,黄雅丽.西宁地区公路两侧土壤和植物中铅含量及其评价[J].环境科学,1996, 17(2):74~ 76.
[47]唐志.主题Web信息采集与分析技术研究[D].重庆大学,2006.
[48]陶卫民,陈媛.美国的精确农业技术[J].国外农机.2002(2):40.
[49]万存绪,张效勇.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用[J].应用科学学报,1991,9(6):359~365.
[50]王斌,丁桑.公路两侧土壤中铅的分布规律研究[J].重庆环境科学,1998,20(4):53~55.
[51]王建国,杨林章,单艳红.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用研究[J].土壤学报,2001,38(2):176~ 183.
[52]王晶.不同保护性耕作措施对土壤质量的影响[D].甘肃农业大学,2007.
[53]王立祥,李军.农作学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[54]王密侠,李新.北方旱区地下水埋深调控与盐渍化防治[J].地下水,1994,16(4):172~174.
[55]王蓉芳,曹富友,彭世琪,等.中国耕地的基础地力与土壤改良[M].中国农业出版社,1996.
[56]王数,东野光亮.地质学与地貌学教程[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004.
[57]王万茂,韩桐魁.土地利用规划学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[58]王效举,龚子同.红壤丘陵小区域不同利用方式下土壤变化的评价和预测[J].土壤学报,1998, 35(1):135~139.
[59]魏凯斌,汪志农,基于嵌入式农业信息采集系统关键技术的研究[J].农业化研究,2007(4):129~ 131.
[60]魏秀国,何江华,王少毅,等.城郊公路两侧土壤和蔬菜中铅含量及分布规律[J].农业环境与发展,2002, (1):39~40.
[61]无公害农产品标准汇编,NY/T5335~2004:无公害农产品产地环境质量调查规范.
[62]吴文波,张书慧等.基于PDA/GPS/GIS的精确农业空间信息采集方法及其数据应用[J].吉林大学学报,2005,35(3):323~328.
[63]吴先余,马俊杰,薛科社.黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤资源利用及其保护的研究—以耀县树林村林场土壤资源评价为例[J].水土保持通报,1994,14(5):36~41.
[64]熊东红,贺秀斌,周红艺.土壤质量评价研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2005,27(1):71~75.
[65]杨建强,罗先香.土壤盐渍化与地下水动态特征关系研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,19(6):11~15.
[66]杨庆.基于嵌入式Internet的远程数据采集系统的设计[D].天津大学,2003.
[67]杨志帮.基于Web的产品信息管理系统的研究设计[D].新疆大学,2006.
[68]于德全.基于PDA的土地资源调查系统的研究与实现[D].西安科技大学硕士论文,2005.
[69]张华,张甘霖.土壤质量指标和评价方法.土壤,2001(6):326~33.
[70]张建辉.川江流域防护林区土壤质量评价方法[J].山地学报,1992,10(2):109~115.
[71]张鹏飞,田长彦,卞卫国,等.克拉玛依农业开发区土壤质量评价指标的筛选[J].干旱地区研究, 2004, 21(2):165~170.
[72]张淑娟,刘映刚.基于GPS的农田信息采集与处理系统的设计与实现[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(2):196~199.
[73]张心昱,陈利顶.土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法研究进展与展望[J].水土保持研究, 2006,13(3):30~34.
[74]张学雷,张甘霖,龚子同.海南岛土壤质量的指标与量化表达研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4): 549~552.
[75]张云霞,陈云浩,李晓兵.草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):85~93.
[76]张展羽,郭相平,乔保雨,等.作物生长条件下农田水盐运移模型[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(2): 69~73.
[77]赵春江,薛绪掌,王秀等.精准农业技术体系的研究进展与展望[J].农业工程学报,2003(7):7~12.
[78]赵其国,孙波,张桃林.土壤质量与持续环境Ⅰ:土壤质量的定义及评价方法[J].土壤,1997, 3:113~120.
[79]赵武云,杨术明.精细农业技术的发展与思考[J].农机化研究,2007,(4):168~170.
[80]赵玉国,张甘霖,张华,等.海南岛土壤质量系统评价与区域特征探析[J].中国生态农业学报,2004, 12(4):13~15.
[81]郑昭佩,刘作新.土壤质量及其评价[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(1):131~134.
[82]褚晋,高巍,王俭.农业生态环境质量评价指标的确定[J].黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报,2007,20 (2):18~19.
[83]中国大百科全书农业卷(图文数据光盘).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1999.
[84]中国农产品质量安全网,2007,http://www.aqsc.gov.cn/.
[85]周启星.健康土壤学—土壤健康质量与农产品安全[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[86] http://baike.baidu.com/view/1192701.htm.
[87] http://baike.baidu.com/view/300555.htm.
[88] http://baike.baidu.com/view/610911.htm.
[89] Anderson T H. Microbial ecophysiological indicators to assess soil quality [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2003, 9(1~3): 285~293.
[90] B J WIENHLOD, S S ANDREWS, D L KARLEN. Soil quality:a review of the science and experiences in the USA[J].Environmental geochemistry and health,2004,26:89~95.
[91] CarterMR, Gregorich E G.Concept of soil quality and their significance. In: soil quality for crop Production and ecosystem health. Elsevier Science Publishers [J].Amsterdam, Netherland 1997, 124~137.
[92] David C,Jochinke, Bernard J,Noonon,Nicholas G..Wachsmann et al. The adoption of precision agriculture in an Australian broadacre cropping system~challenges and opportunities. Field crop research [J].2007, (104):68~76.
[93] Doran J W,Sarrantonio M,Liebig M A.Soil health and sustainability[J].Advances in Agronomy, 1996,56:2～55.
[94] Doran J W, Zeiss M R. Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality [J]. Applied Soil E~cology, 2000, 15: 3~11.
[95] Doran JW, Parkin TB.Defining and assessing soil quality,In: Doran JW eds.Defining Soil Quality for A Sustainable Environment.SSSASpec.Publ.35.SSSA and ASA,Madison,1994.3~21
[96] Gupta V V S R, Yeates G W.Soil microfauna as indicators of soil health [A].In: Biological Indicators of Soil Health [C].CAB International, 1997. 201~233.
[97] http://www.sying.com/apply_news/newsinfo.asp?news_id=28188.
[98] J B GRUVER,R R WEIL. Farmer perceptions of soil quality and their relationship to management sensitive soil parameters [J].Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2006, 22(4): 271~281.
[99] Karlen D L, Ditzler C A, Andrews S S. Soil quality: why and how? [J].Geoderma,2003,114:145~ 156.
[100] Karlen D L,Mansbaeh M J,Doran J W,et al. Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for valuation (a guest editorial).J.5011Sei.Soc.Amer, 1997, 61:4~10.
[101] KueeraC, Krkham D.Soil respiration studies in tall grass Prairie in Missouri [J].Ecol, 1971, 52(3): 912~915.
[102] Nambiar K K M, Gupta A P,Fu Q L,et al.Biophysical, chemical and socio~economic indicators for assessing agricul~tural sustainability in the Chinese coastal zone[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2001, 87: 209~214.
[103] Omololu J.Idowu.HaroldM.vanEs.Farmer~oriented assessment of soil quality using field, laboratory, and VNIR spectroscopy methods [J]. Plant Soil,2007,
[104] P.J.Ericksen, M.Ardon.Similarities and differences between farmer and scientist views on soil quality issues in centralHonduras [J]. Geoderma, 2003, 233~248.
[105] paendiek.R.I, J.E parr, etc. Soil quality: new perspective for a sustainable Agriculture, in: Proc [J]. International Soil Conservation Organization .New Delhi, India, 1994, 18~24.
[106] Pankhurst C.E, Hawke B G, McDonald lt J, et. Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health [J].Austrilian Journal of Experimental Agnculture, 1995, 35:1015~1028.
[107] Parisi V, Menta C, Gardi C, et al.Microarthropod communities as a tool to assess soil quality and biodiversity: a newapproach in Italy [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2005, 105: 323~333.
[108] Parr JF, Papendick RI, Homick SB, et al.Soil quality: Attributes and relationship to altermative and sustainable agriculture Am.J.Alten.Agne, 1992, (7):5~11.
[109] Pennock D J, Anderson D W, et al. Landscape一scale changes in indicators of soil quality due to cultivation Saskatchewan [J].Canada. Geothermal, 1994, 64: l~19.
[110] Pieri C, Dumanski J, Hamblin A.. World Bank Discussion Papers .Land Quality Indicators. [J]. The World Bank, Washington D.C. 1995:315.
[111] Romig D E, Garlynd M J, Harris R E, et al.How farmers assess soil health and quality [J]. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation, 1995, 50: 229~236.
[112] Roming DE, Garlynd MJ, Harris RF, et al.. How farmers assess soil health and quality.JSoil Water Conser, 1995, 50:229~236.
[113] Smith J L,Halvorson J J,et al. Using multiple一variable indicator kriging for evaluating quality[J]. Soil Sci.Soc. Am.J.1993, 57:743~749.
[114] Soil Quality Card ForGeorgia .Georgia Conservation Tillage Alliance. 2002,10.
[115] Staben M.L., Bezdicek D.F., Smith J.L., et al.Assessment of soil quality in conservation reserve program and wheatfallow soils [J].Soil Sci Soc Amer, 1997, 61:124~130.
[116] WANG X J,GONG Z T. Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China[J].Geoderma,1998,81(3):339~355.
[117] Warkentin B P.The changing concept of soil quality [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1995, June: 226~228.
[2]曹慧,孙辉,杨浩,等.土壤酶活性及其对土壤质量的指示研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2003, 9(1):105~109.
[3]曹志洪.继承传统土壤学成果,促进现代土壤学发展[J].中国基础科学,2000,2:11~16.
[4]曹志洪.解译土壤质量演变规律,确保土壤资源持续利用[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(3):28 ~32.
[5]陈建安,林健,兰天水,等.山区公路边土壤铅污染水平及其分布规律研究[J].海峡预防医学杂志,2001,5(2):5~8.
[6]陈龙乾,邓喀中,徐黎华,等.矿区复垦土壤质量评价方法[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5): 449~452.
[7]陈松林.福州海岛耕作土壤质量的定量评价[J].福建师范大学学报,1996,12(3):84~88.
[8]方慧,邵永华,何勇.基于掌上电脑的农田信息空间分析系统的研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(6):679~383.
[9]郭枫,郭相平,袁静,等.地下水埋深对作物的影响研究现状[J].中国农村水利水电,2008,(1):63 ~65.
[10]胡月明,万洪富,吴志峰,等.基于GIS的土壤质量模糊变权评价[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3): 266~ 274.
[11]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[12]加快推进无公害农产品产地认定和产品认证步伐的实施意见.农业质量标准[J].2004,(4):11~13.
[13]解金耀.基于SMS的无线信息采集系统的研究与设计[D],2005.
[14]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报, 1999,54(2):113~120.
[15]李盛韬.基于Web主题的信息采集技术研究[D],2002.
[16]李湘南,凌玲,李海东.汽车废气中铅对沿线农田污染的环境质量评价[J].武汉汽车工业大学学报,2000,8(6):37~41.
[17]李志军,张富仓,康绍忠,等.不同潜水埋深条件下的农田土壤水分动态试验研究[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2005,3(4):21~23.
[18]梁文举,葛亭魁,段玉玺.土壤健康及土壤动物生物指示的研究与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2001, 32(1): 70~72.
[19]林健,邱卿如,陈健安,等.公路旁土壤中重金属和类金属污染评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2000, 17(5):284~286.
[20]刘卉.基于GPS技术的农田信息采集系统的现状及展望[J].全球定位系统,2002.33~36.
[21]刘江,许秀娟.气象学(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[22]刘黎明.土地资源学(第四版)[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[23]刘梦云.半干旱山区植被恢复中的土壤质量演变[D].硕士论文,2003.
[24]刘世梁,傅博杰,刘国华,等.我国土壤质量评价及其评价研究的进展[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1): 137~143.
[25]刘晓冰,邢宝山.土壤质量及其评价指标[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(2):109~112.
[26]刘映刚.基于GPS的农田信息管理系统的研究[D],2005.
[27]刘占锋,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):901~ 913.
[28]梁文举,葛亭魁,段玉玺.土壤健康及土壤动物生物指示的研究与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2001,32(1):70~72.
[29]龙牧华.土壤质量含义的变迁[J].地理科学进展,1996(1),35~37.
[30]楼文高.基于人工神经网络的三江平原土壤质量综合评价与预测模型[J].中国管理科学, 2002, 10(1):79~83.
[31]路鹏,苏以荣,牛铮,等.土壤质量评价指标及其时空变异[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(4):190 ~194.
[32]马爱国.无公害农产品管理与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[33]马爱国.无公害农产品认证工作手册.农业部农产品质量安全中心,2004.
[34]孟庆华.黄土丘陵坡面土地利用与水土流失研究[D],2002.
[35]潘剑君.土壤资源调查与评价[M].中国农业出版社,2004.
[36]潘晓玲.干旱区绿洲生态系统动态稳定性的初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4):345~351.
[37]庞家乐.基于Web主题的数据管理系统的设计与实现[D],2007.
[38]齐伟,张风荣,牛振国,等.土壤质量时空变化一体化评价方法及其应用[J].土壤通报,2003, 34(1):1~5.
[39]钱登峰.华北土石山区典型植物群落土壤健康评价[D].西南大学,2007.
[40]秦明周,赵杰.城乡结合部土壤质量变化特点与可持续性利用对策——以开封市为例[J].地理学报,2000,55(5):545~554.
[41]泉志和.掌上电脑在“二类调查”中的具体应用[J].林业调查规划,2007,32(2):28~29.
[42]史先琳.基于PDA的移动GIS的研究与设计[D].四川大学硕士论文,2003.
[43]石钰.基于GPRS的自动气象站数据传输及应用研究[D].西南交通大学,2006.
[44]孙波,赵其国,张桃林,等.土壤质量与持续环境Ⅲ土壤质量评价的生物学指标[J].土壤,1997,29 (5):225~234.
[45]孙波,赵其国.红壤退化中的土壤质量评价指标及评价方法[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(2):118~ 128.
[46]索有瑞,黄雅丽.西宁地区公路两侧土壤和植物中铅含量及其评价[J].环境科学,1996, 17(2):74~ 76.
[47]唐志.主题Web信息采集与分析技术研究[D].重庆大学,2006.
[48]陶卫民,陈媛.美国的精确农业技术[J].国外农机.2002(2):40.
[49]万存绪,张效勇.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用[J].应用科学学报,1991,9(6):359~365.
[50]王斌,丁桑.公路两侧土壤中铅的分布规律研究[J].重庆环境科学,1998,20(4):53~55.
[51]王建国,杨林章,单艳红.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用研究[J].土壤学报,2001,38(2):176~ 183.
[52]王晶.不同保护性耕作措施对土壤质量的影响[D].甘肃农业大学,2007.
[53]王立祥,李军.农作学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[54]王密侠,李新.北方旱区地下水埋深调控与盐渍化防治[J].地下水,1994,16(4):172~174.
[55]王蓉芳,曹富友,彭世琪,等.中国耕地的基础地力与土壤改良[M].中国农业出版社,1996.
[56]王数,东野光亮.地质学与地貌学教程[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004.
[57]王万茂,韩桐魁.土地利用规划学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[58]王效举,龚子同.红壤丘陵小区域不同利用方式下土壤变化的评价和预测[J].土壤学报,1998, 35(1):135~139.
[59]魏凯斌,汪志农,基于嵌入式农业信息采集系统关键技术的研究[J].农业化研究,2007(4):129~ 131.
[60]魏秀国,何江华,王少毅,等.城郊公路两侧土壤和蔬菜中铅含量及分布规律[J].农业环境与发展,2002, (1):39~40.
[61]无公害农产品标准汇编,NY/T5335~2004:无公害农产品产地环境质量调查规范.
[62]吴文波,张书慧等.基于PDA/GPS/GIS的精确农业空间信息采集方法及其数据应用[J].吉林大学学报,2005,35(3):323~328.
[63]吴先余,马俊杰,薛科社.黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤资源利用及其保护的研究—以耀县树林村林场土壤资源评价为例[J].水土保持通报,1994,14(5):36~41.
[64]熊东红,贺秀斌,周红艺.土壤质量评价研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2005,27(1):71~75.
[65]杨建强,罗先香.土壤盐渍化与地下水动态特征关系研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,19(6):11~15.
[66]杨庆.基于嵌入式Internet的远程数据采集系统的设计[D].天津大学,2003.
[67]杨志帮.基于Web的产品信息管理系统的研究设计[D].新疆大学,2006.
[68]于德全.基于PDA的土地资源调查系统的研究与实现[D].西安科技大学硕士论文,2005.
[69]张华,张甘霖.土壤质量指标和评价方法.土壤,2001(6):326~33.
[70]张建辉.川江流域防护林区土壤质量评价方法[J].山地学报,1992,10(2):109~115.
[71]张鹏飞,田长彦,卞卫国,等.克拉玛依农业开发区土壤质量评价指标的筛选[J].干旱地区研究, 2004, 21(2):165~170.
[72]张淑娟,刘映刚.基于GPS的农田信息采集与处理系统的设计与实现[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(2):196~199.
[73]张心昱,陈利顶.土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法研究进展与展望[J].水土保持研究, 2006,13(3):30~34.
[74]张学雷,张甘霖,龚子同.海南岛土壤质量的指标与量化表达研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4): 549~552.
[75]张云霞,陈云浩,李晓兵.草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(1):85~93.
[76]张展羽,郭相平,乔保雨,等.作物生长条件下农田水盐运移模型[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(2): 69~73.
[77]赵春江,薛绪掌,王秀等.精准农业技术体系的研究进展与展望[J].农业工程学报,2003(7):7~12.
[78]赵其国,孙波,张桃林.土壤质量与持续环境Ⅰ:土壤质量的定义及评价方法[J].土壤,1997, 3:113~120.
[79]赵武云,杨术明.精细农业技术的发展与思考[J].农机化研究,2007,(4):168~170.
[80]赵玉国,张甘霖,张华,等.海南岛土壤质量系统评价与区域特征探析[J].中国生态农业学报,2004, 12(4):13~15.
[81]郑昭佩,刘作新.土壤质量及其评价[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(1):131~134.
[82]褚晋,高巍,王俭.农业生态环境质量评价指标的确定[J].黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报,2007,20 (2):18~19.
[83]中国大百科全书农业卷(图文数据光盘).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1999.
[84]中国农产品质量安全网,2007,http://www.aqsc.gov.cn/.
[85]周启星.健康土壤学—土壤健康质量与农产品安全[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[86] http://baike.baidu.com/view/1192701.htm.
[87] http://baike.baidu.com/view/300555.htm.
[88] http://baike.baidu.com/view/610911.htm.
[89] Anderson T H. Microbial ecophysiological indicators to assess soil quality [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2003, 9(1~3): 285~293.
[90] B J WIENHLOD, S S ANDREWS, D L KARLEN. Soil quality:a review of the science and experiences in the USA[J].Environmental geochemistry and health,2004,26:89~95.
[91] CarterMR, Gregorich E G.Concept of soil quality and their significance. In: soil quality for crop Production and ecosystem health. Elsevier Science Publishers [J].Amsterdam, Netherland 1997, 124~137.
[92] David C,Jochinke, Bernard J,Noonon,Nicholas G..Wachsmann et al. The adoption of precision agriculture in an Australian broadacre cropping system~challenges and opportunities. Field crop research [J].2007, (104):68~76.
[93] Doran J W,Sarrantonio M,Liebig M A.Soil health and sustainability[J].Advances in Agronomy, 1996,56:2～55.
[94] Doran J W, Zeiss M R. Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality [J]. Applied Soil E~cology, 2000, 15: 3~11.
[95] Doran JW, Parkin TB.Defining and assessing soil quality,In: Doran JW eds.Defining Soil Quality for A Sustainable Environment.SSSASpec.Publ.35.SSSA and ASA,Madison,1994.3~21
[96] Gupta V V S R, Yeates G W.Soil microfauna as indicators of soil health [A].In: Biological Indicators of Soil Health [C].CAB International, 1997. 201~233.
[97] http://www.sying.com/apply_news/newsinfo.asp?news_id=28188.
[98] J B GRUVER,R R WEIL. Farmer perceptions of soil quality and their relationship to management sensitive soil parameters [J].Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2006, 22(4): 271~281.
[99] Karlen D L, Ditzler C A, Andrews S S. Soil quality: why and how? [J].Geoderma,2003,114:145~ 156.
[100] Karlen D L,Mansbaeh M J,Doran J W,et al. Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for valuation (a guest editorial).J.5011Sei.Soc.Amer, 1997, 61:4~10.
[101] KueeraC, Krkham D.Soil respiration studies in tall grass Prairie in Missouri [J].Ecol, 1971, 52(3): 912~915.
[102] Nambiar K K M, Gupta A P,Fu Q L,et al.Biophysical, chemical and socio~economic indicators for assessing agricul~tural sustainability in the Chinese coastal zone[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2001, 87: 209~214.
[103] Omololu J.Idowu.HaroldM.vanEs.Farmer~oriented assessment of soil quality using field, laboratory, and VNIR spectroscopy methods [J]. Plant Soil,2007,
[104] P.J.Ericksen, M.Ardon.Similarities and differences between farmer and scientist views on soil quality issues in centralHonduras [J]. Geoderma, 2003, 233~248.
[105] paendiek.R.I, J.E parr, etc. Soil quality: new perspective for a sustainable Agriculture, in: Proc [J]. International Soil Conservation Organization .New Delhi, India, 1994, 18~24.
[106] Pankhurst C.E, Hawke B G, McDonald lt J, et. Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health [J].Austrilian Journal of Experimental Agnculture, 1995, 35:1015~1028.
[107] Parisi V, Menta C, Gardi C, et al.Microarthropod communities as a tool to assess soil quality and biodiversity: a newapproach in Italy [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2005, 105: 323~333.
[108] Parr JF, Papendick RI, Homick SB, et al.Soil quality: Attributes and relationship to altermative and sustainable agriculture Am.J.Alten.Agne, 1992, (7):5~11.
[109] Pennock D J, Anderson D W, et al. Landscape一scale changes in indicators of soil quality due to cultivation Saskatchewan [J].Canada. Geothermal, 1994, 64: l~19.
[110] Pieri C, Dumanski J, Hamblin A.. World Bank Discussion Papers .Land Quality Indicators. [J]. The World Bank, Washington D.C. 1995:315.
[111] Romig D E, Garlynd M J, Harris R E, et al.How farmers assess soil health and quality [J]. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation, 1995, 50: 229~236.
[112] Roming DE, Garlynd MJ, Harris RF, et al.. How farmers assess soil health and quality.JSoil Water Conser, 1995, 50:229~236.
[113] Smith J L,Halvorson J J,et al. Using multiple一variable indicator kriging for evaluating quality[J]. Soil Sci.Soc. Am.J.1993, 57:743~749.
[114] Soil Quality Card ForGeorgia .Georgia Conservation Tillage Alliance. 2002,10.
[115] Staben M.L., Bezdicek D.F., Smith J.L., et al.Assessment of soil quality in conservation reserve program and wheatfallow soils [J].Soil Sci Soc Amer, 1997, 61:124~130.
[116] WANG X J,GONG Z T. Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China[J].Geoderma,1998,81(3):339~355.
[117] Warkentin B P.The changing concept of soil quality [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1995, June: 226~228.