花粉特性在番茄分类、耐寒及杂交育种上的应用研究
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摘要
1.本试验对10份不同栽培、半栽培及野生的番茄花粉材料进行了扫描电镜观察,结果表明,番茄花粉形状均为球形,差异不明显;花粉大小虽差异明显,但不能作为准确的花粉分类依据;花粉外壁纹饰有较大差异,根据纹饰类型将其分成三种类型:粗疣—颗粒状纹饰,细疣—颗粒状纹饰,网纹—颗粒状纹饰,结果与根据生物学特性的划分基本一致。另外本文同时还探讨了番茄杂交种的纹饰特点及番茄演化在其外壁纹饰上的体现。
     2.对6个不同番茄试材进行低温胁迫,筛选出抗寒性差异品种,用上述材料的花粉进行不同温度下的萌发试验。在8℃和12℃低温处理下,花粉开始萌发分别在6小时和2~3小时后,耐寒品种的萌发率明显高于不耐寒品种,与品种的耐寒性呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.9054和0.9238),16℃和24℃处理下的花粉,开始萌发时间比8℃、12℃大大提早,萌发率也大大提高,但品种间差别不明显,与品种耐寒性的关系未达到显著水平;耐寒品种在低温(8℃和12℃)下花粉管的生长速度比不耐寒品种高,在16℃和24℃条件下所有品种的花粉管生长速度都较高,品种间则看不到明显的差别。
     3.分别在不同的生长条件和贮藏条件下的番茄花粉生活力进行了
    
    许霞:花粉形态、萌发和贮藏在番茄分类、耐寒及杂交育种上的应用研究
    测定。露地番茄的花粉活力高于温室番茄(测定日期的温度为分别为
    25℃和36℃),当天开放的花的花粉活力高于之前或之后花的花粉活力。
    开花当天的花粉在24℃,RH7S%一90%条件下贮藏3天,生活力便降至
    22.7%,而在4℃,RHZI%贮藏一周,仍有42%的花粉具有生活力。在同
    温度条件下降低湿度,可以保持较高的萌发率,延长贮藏时间。黑暗条
    件下贮藏花粉可以相应提高花粉萌发率,但不能延长贮藏时间。低温高
    湿或室温低湿下贮藏的花粉,其萌发率均低于低温。
1. In this experiment, pollen grains of 10 different cultivated, semi-cultivated, and wild tomato varieties were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result shows, tomato pollens of different varieties have a same spherical shape; The pollens have different sizes, but the size can't serve as a exact basis for tomato taxonomy; From the comparison of pollen exine sculpture, tomato pollen grains can be divided into 3 types: 1. Coarsely wartyranulate; 2. Smoothly wartyranulate; 3. Reticulateranulate. The result of this taxonomy method is similar to that of taxonomy based on biological features, Meanwhile, the character of tomato hybrid and embodiment of evolution on pollen exine sculpture are also discussed.
    2. 6 tomato varieties were treated by low-temperature stress and identified by different degrees of cold tolerance . Their pollens were treated under different temperature. Results shows: Pollens started to germinate 6 and 2~3 hours later respectively under 8 and 12 , the germination rates of chill-tolerable
    
    
    varieties were much higher than that of chill-intolerable ones and this is in significant positive correlation with their chill tolerance nature (coefficient correlation were 0.9054 and 0.9238 respectively).
    Pollens treated by 16 and 24 germinated much earlier and had a even higher germination rate than that treated by 8 and 12 ,but there were no significant differences among varieties, so their correlation with chill tolerance did not reach a significant level; The pollen tube growing speeds of chill-tolerance varieties were higher than that of chill-intolerable ones under low temperature (8 and 12 ), but under 16 and 24 , pollen tube of all varieties grew fast, no obvious differences among those varieties.
    3. The tomato pollen viability under different growing and storage conditions were measured. Pollen viability of tomato growing in the field is higher than that in the greenhouse( temperature were 25 and 36 respectively when measured). Pollen viability of flower opened the first day is also higher than before or after that. Pollens from the first day of flowering stored under 24 and RH78%~80% for 3 days, the
    
    
    viability drops to 22. 7%, while those stored under 4 and RH21%
    for one week, still have a viability of 42%. Pollens stored under
    low temperature and high humidity or room temperature(24 ) and
    low humidity get a lower germination rate than those under both
    low temperature and low humidity.
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