燃料电池汽车氢能系统评价及北京案例分析
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摘要
氢能系统是一种极具潜力的未来的能源系统，氢能技术与氢能系统应用的发展迫切需要开展与氢能系统评价相关的研究。燃料电池汽车的出现为氢能应用于交通领域提供了技术平台，论文针对这种具体的氢能系统进行了全面的评价。
论文首先从宏观角度分析我国应该采取的燃料电池汽车氢能系统发展战略；然后从微观角度运用生命周期评价方法对一个假想的，却极有可能在未来实施的燃料电池汽车氢能系统案例的所有可行方案从能源、环境和经济三方面进行评价，选出最优方案并讨论改进方向；最后对燃料电池汽车氢能系统的安全性进行评价并总结现有工作中存在的问题，展望氢能系统评价的发展方向。
论文的主要结论是：⑴对于不同时间段和地域，结合其不同的能源结构、技术经济、资源和污染等情况，我国应该制定不同的燃料电池汽车氢能系统方案。这一工作应在燃料电池汽车氢能系统发展时空矩阵的指导下有计划、有步骤地完成；⑵燃料电池汽车在我国最早实现商业化的时间是2008年（奥运会），地点是北京，车型是燃料电池公共汽车。针对这一案例，综合考虑燃料电池汽车氢能系统“从井口到车轮”全生命周期的能源利用效率、环境影响和经济性指标，最佳的方案是：在集中制氢厂采用天然气蒸汽重整制氢，用汽车将装有氢气的高压气瓶输运到氢气加注站，加注给以氢气为燃料的燃料电池公共汽车。
论文包括宏观和微观两个层次，贯穿全生命周期的思想，兼顾能源、环境、经济和安全性四个方面，首次在国内建立了完整的燃料电池汽车氢能系统评价体系，推动了氢能系统评价工作在我国的深入进行，并为我国发展燃料电池汽车提供了有价值的参考。
Hydrogen energy system is one of the most promising energy systems in the future. With the development of hydrogen energy technologies and applications, it is necessary to carry out assessment of hydrogen energy system immediately. Fuel cell vehicles provide the base for hydrogen energy to be applied in transportation system and the specific hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is assessed completely in this thesis.
In the thesis, the strategy for China to develop the hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is analyzed firstly. Then a case in Beijing is studied, which is based on an imaginary but possible FCB (Fuel Cell Bus) project in Beijing, 2008. In the case, 11 feasible plans of hydrogen energy systems about fuel cell vehicles are evaluated from all the aspects of energy, environment and economy with LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). Finally, the safety of this kind of hydrogen energy system is assessed and some advice for assessment of hydrogen energy system in China are given.
Followed are the main results of this thesis: ⑴China should make different plans of hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles during different periods and in different areas. The matrix of time and space for development of hydrogen energy system in China will instruct this work comprehensively, scientifically and objectively; ⑵For Beijing case and from all the aspects of energy, environment and economy, the best plan of hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is: Hydrogen is produced by natural gas steam reforming in the central factory, then transported to the refueling stations in the hydrogen tube trailer by the trucks, and filled to the FCB using hydrogen gas.
In the thesis, the whole system for assessment of hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is founded, including both macroscopical strategy and microcosmic case for the first time, which will promote assessment of hydrogen energy system in China and provide useful references for the government to develop fuel cell vehicles.
论文首先从宏观角度分析我国应该采取的燃料电池汽车氢能系统发展战略；然后从微观角度运用生命周期评价方法对一个假想的，却极有可能在未来实施的燃料电池汽车氢能系统案例的所有可行方案从能源、环境和经济三方面进行评价，选出最优方案并讨论改进方向；最后对燃料电池汽车氢能系统的安全性进行评价并总结现有工作中存在的问题，展望氢能系统评价的发展方向。
论文的主要结论是：⑴对于不同时间段和地域，结合其不同的能源结构、技术经济、资源和污染等情况，我国应该制定不同的燃料电池汽车氢能系统方案。这一工作应在燃料电池汽车氢能系统发展时空矩阵的指导下有计划、有步骤地完成；⑵燃料电池汽车在我国最早实现商业化的时间是2008年（奥运会），地点是北京，车型是燃料电池公共汽车。针对这一案例，综合考虑燃料电池汽车氢能系统“从井口到车轮”全生命周期的能源利用效率、环境影响和经济性指标，最佳的方案是：在集中制氢厂采用天然气蒸汽重整制氢，用汽车将装有氢气的高压气瓶输运到氢气加注站，加注给以氢气为燃料的燃料电池公共汽车。
论文包括宏观和微观两个层次，贯穿全生命周期的思想，兼顾能源、环境、经济和安全性四个方面，首次在国内建立了完整的燃料电池汽车氢能系统评价体系，推动了氢能系统评价工作在我国的深入进行，并为我国发展燃料电池汽车提供了有价值的参考。
Hydrogen energy system is one of the most promising energy systems in the future. With the development of hydrogen energy technologies and applications, it is necessary to carry out assessment of hydrogen energy system immediately. Fuel cell vehicles provide the base for hydrogen energy to be applied in transportation system and the specific hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is assessed completely in this thesis.
In the thesis, the strategy for China to develop the hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is analyzed firstly. Then a case in Beijing is studied, which is based on an imaginary but possible FCB (Fuel Cell Bus) project in Beijing, 2008. In the case, 11 feasible plans of hydrogen energy systems about fuel cell vehicles are evaluated from all the aspects of energy, environment and economy with LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). Finally, the safety of this kind of hydrogen energy system is assessed and some advice for assessment of hydrogen energy system in China are given.
Followed are the main results of this thesis: ⑴China should make different plans of hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles during different periods and in different areas. The matrix of time and space for development of hydrogen energy system in China will instruct this work comprehensively, scientifically and objectively; ⑵For Beijing case and from all the aspects of energy, environment and economy, the best plan of hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is: Hydrogen is produced by natural gas steam reforming in the central factory, then transported to the refueling stations in the hydrogen tube trailer by the trucks, and filled to the FCB using hydrogen gas.
In the thesis, the whole system for assessment of hydrogen energy system about fuel cell vehicles is founded, including both macroscopical strategy and microcosmic case for the first time, which will promote assessment of hydrogen energy system in China and provide useful references for the government to develop fuel cell vehicles.
引文
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[20] F.Consoli, D.Allen, I.Boustead, etc. Guidelines for life cycle assessment: a code of practice. Pensacola: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 1993
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[26] www.beijing.gov.cn
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[30] 李瑛，王林山. 燃料电池. 北京：冶金工业出版社，2000
[31] 黄倬. 质子交换膜燃料电池的研究开发与应用. 北京：冶金工业出版社，2000
[32] Activity and capacity of hydrogen storage alloy Mg2NiH4 produced by hydriding combustion systhesis. J. of Alloys and Compounds 2001, vol.316: 118~123
[33] 郑小莲，牛存镇. 金属氢化物贮氢材料及实验方法. 云南化工，1999，04: 30~40
[34] 徐明. 压缩空气站设计手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1993
[35] 刘顺妮，林宗寿，张小伟. 硅酸盐水泥的生命周期评价方法初探. 中国环境科学，1998， 18(4): 328~332
[36] 傅家骥，仝允桓. 工业技术经济学. 北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[37] 张志贤. 管道施工实用手册. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[38] 严丹，林亲深. 实用管道安装工程手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1997
[39] 刘光临. 流体输送. 北京：水利电力出版社，1993
[40] 郑洽馀，鲁钟琪. 流体力学. 北京：机械工业出版社，1980
[41] 戴慎志. 城市基础设施工程规划手册. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[42] Pamela L.Spath., Margaret K.Mann. Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production via Natural Gas Steam Reforming. NREL/TP-570-27637, 2001
[43] Joan M.Ogden etc. A comparison of hydrogen,methanol and gasoline as fuels for fuel cell vehicles: implications for vehicles design and infrastructure development. Journal of Power sources 79(1999): 143~168
[44] http://www.china5e.com
[45] 严家騄，徐晓福. 水和水蒸汽热力性质图表. 北京：高等教育出版社，1995
[46] 电机工程手册编委会. 机械工程手册第11卷. 北京：机械工业出版社，1982
[47] 胡名操. 环境保护实用数据手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1990
[48] 中国一拖集团有限公司. 实用工厂动力工程师手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1998
[49] 机械工业部. 机械产品目录1996第2册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1996
[50] 煤气设计手册编写组. 煤气设计手册中册. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1987
[51] 王岩. 焦炉煤气变压吸附制氢工艺的应用. 鞍钢技术，2002，02: 42~52
[52] 冯俊凯，沈幼庭. 锅炉原理及计算. 北京：科学出版社，1992
[53] 中国交通营运里程图编委会. 中国交通营运里程图. 北京：人民交通出版社，1998
[54] 国家统计局工业交通统计司. 中国工业交通能源50年统计资料汇编（1949~1999）. 北京：中国统计出版社，2000
[55] 中华人民共和国国家计划委员会，中国交通运输协会. 中国交通年鉴2000. 北京：中国交通年鉴社，2000
[56] Lee F.Brown. A comparative study of fuels for on-board hydrogen production for fuel-cell-powered automobiles. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26(2001): 381~397
[57] 化工百科全书编辑部. 化工百科全书第8卷. 北京：化学工业出版社，1998
[58] 刘克强. 3万t/a天然气低压合成甲醇. 化肥工业，Vol.25，1: 26~29
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[60] Center of Environmental Science (CML). Life Cycle Assessment: an Operational Guide to ISO Standards. Netherlands: Leiden University, 2000
[61] Ford Moter company. Direct hydrogen fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell system for transportation applications. Hydrogen vehicle safety report. Contract No. DE-AC02- 94CE50389. May 1997
[2] Veziroglu T. N. Quarter Century of Hydrogen Movement 1974~2000. Hydrogen energy progress XIII: proceedings of the 13th world hydrogen energy conference, Beijing, China, June 12-15, 2000. 3~19
[3] DOE. DOE Energy Resources R&D Portfolio FY 1999~2001. February, 2000
[4] Gronich S. Hydrogen Program Goals and Outcomes. Proceedings of the 2000 DOE Hydrogen Program Review. Presentation.
[5] DOE. Strategic Plan for DOE Hydrogen Program. Washington, January, 1998
[6] DOE. Technology Validation Plan for DOE Hydrogen Program. Washington, November, 1998
[7] DOE. Outreach and Cooperation Plan for DOE Hydrogen Program. Washington, November, 1998
[8] Joan M.Ogden. Developing an infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles: a South California case study. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy 24 (1999): 709~730
[9] M.R.S. Education Outreach. Proceedings of the 2000 DOE Hydrogen Program Review. NREL/CP-570-28890
[10] Mao Zongqiang, Chen Linxin. Preliminary Study on Practical Hydrogen Generation, Storage and Delivery for PEM Fuel Cell in China. Hydrogen energy progress XIII: proceedings of the 13th world hydrogen energy conference, Beijing, China, June 12-15, 2000. 92~104
[11] 刘志华. 氢能系统评价及其案例分析：[硕士学位论文]. 北京：清华大学公共管理学院，2001
[12] 国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴（2000年）. 北京：中国统计出版社，2001
[13] 王淑娟，冯文，倪维斗，等. 燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施前期研究：[研究报告]. 北京：中国科技部，2002
[14] 国家统计局工业交通统计司. 中国能源统计年鉴（1991~1996年）. 北京：中国统计出版社，1998
[15] Ye RQ. Energy and environment issues in China. Hydrogen energy progress XIII: proceedings of the 13th world hydrogen energy conference, Beijing, China, June 12-15, 2000. 75~84
[16] ISO Central Secretariat. Environmental management-life cycle assessment principle and framework (ISO14040). Geneva, June 1997
[17] Life cycle assessment: inventory guideline and principles, Part 1&2. Waste Minimization & Recycling Report, April and May 1993
[18] Gray A.Davis. The use of life cycle assessment in environmental labeling, EPA Project No.x 820663-01-0, Sept.1991
[19] David T.Allen. Using life cycle concepts in strategic environmental planning. Pollution Prevention Review, spring, 1995
[20] F.Consoli, D.Allen, I.Boustead, etc. Guidelines for life cycle assessment: a code of practice. Pensacola: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 1993
[21] Mao ZQ, Zhang ZM, Chen LX, Gu SH. The feasibility of fuel cell bus commercialization in China. Hydrogen energy progress XIII: proceeding of the 13th world hydrogen energy conference. Beijing, China. June 12-15, 2000. 110~115
[22] 化工百科全书编辑部. 化工百科全书第13卷. 北京：化学工业出版社，1998
[23] 国家统计局工业交通统计司. 中国能源统计年鉴（1997~1999年）. 北京：中国统计出版社，1999
[24] 北京市统计局. 北京统计年鉴1999年卷. 北京：中国统计出版社，1999
[25] www.cmdnet.xjtu.edu.cn
[26] www.beijing.gov.cn
[27] 申泮文. 21世纪的动力——氢与氢能. 天津：南开大学出版社，2000
[28] 国家机械工业局. 中国机电产品目录第6册. 北京：机械工业出版社，2000
[29] 徐烈，朱卫东，汤晓英. 低温绝热与贮运技术. 北京：机械工业出版社，1999
[30] 李瑛，王林山. 燃料电池. 北京：冶金工业出版社，2000
[31] 黄倬. 质子交换膜燃料电池的研究开发与应用. 北京：冶金工业出版社，2000
[32] Activity and capacity of hydrogen storage alloy Mg2NiH4 produced by hydriding combustion systhesis. J. of Alloys and Compounds 2001, vol.316: 118~123
[33] 郑小莲，牛存镇. 金属氢化物贮氢材料及实验方法. 云南化工，1999，04: 30~40
[34] 徐明. 压缩空气站设计手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1993
[35] 刘顺妮，林宗寿，张小伟. 硅酸盐水泥的生命周期评价方法初探. 中国环境科学，1998， 18(4): 328~332
[36] 傅家骥，仝允桓. 工业技术经济学. 北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[37] 张志贤. 管道施工实用手册. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[38] 严丹，林亲深. 实用管道安装工程手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1997
[39] 刘光临. 流体输送. 北京：水利电力出版社，1993
[40] 郑洽馀，鲁钟琪. 流体力学. 北京：机械工业出版社，1980
[41] 戴慎志. 城市基础设施工程规划手册. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[42] Pamela L.Spath., Margaret K.Mann. Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production via Natural Gas Steam Reforming. NREL/TP-570-27637, 2001
[43] Joan M.Ogden etc. A comparison of hydrogen,methanol and gasoline as fuels for fuel cell vehicles: implications for vehicles design and infrastructure development. Journal of Power sources 79(1999): 143~168
[44] http://www.china5e.com
[45] 严家騄，徐晓福. 水和水蒸汽热力性质图表. 北京：高等教育出版社，1995
[46] 电机工程手册编委会. 机械工程手册第11卷. 北京：机械工业出版社，1982
[47] 胡名操. 环境保护实用数据手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1990
[48] 中国一拖集团有限公司. 实用工厂动力工程师手册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1998
[49] 机械工业部. 机械产品目录1996第2册. 北京：机械工业出版社，1996
[50] 煤气设计手册编写组. 煤气设计手册中册. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1987
[51] 王岩. 焦炉煤气变压吸附制氢工艺的应用. 鞍钢技术，2002，02: 42~52
[52] 冯俊凯，沈幼庭. 锅炉原理及计算. 北京：科学出版社，1992
[53] 中国交通营运里程图编委会. 中国交通营运里程图. 北京：人民交通出版社，1998
[54] 国家统计局工业交通统计司. 中国工业交通能源50年统计资料汇编（1949~1999）. 北京：中国统计出版社，2000
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