中国稀土金属出口定价权问题研究
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摘要
稀土金属是一国发展经济、军事、科技最主要和不可替代的战略资源,其广泛应用于航空航天、电子信息、通讯技术、军事装备等诸多领域,因此素有“工业维生素”之称。随着新兴工业、高新技术与军事力量的发展,国际市场对稀土的需求激增,但稀土作为稀有金属具有不可再生的特点,其供应量有限。因而,为保障国家经济发展与国防安全,稀土成为各国争夺的焦点,亦成为各大国战略储备的对象。作为人口大国的中国,其稀土资源的消耗也随经济的快速增长而急剧攀升。因此,如何维护我国稀土资源安全与利益成为我国未来经济、军事与科技发展的关键。
世界上稀土资源最丰裕的国家就是中国,其供应量占全球供应量的90%,是当之无愧的稀土出口大国。但历史数据表明中国稀土的出口价格与其极重的战略地位不相符,本文将从定价权角度研究其深层原因。在国际交易中,体现贸易各方利益的元素就是定价权,要想在国际贸易活动中居于主动地位,就必须掌握定价权。因此,提高中国稀土金属价格上的定价权显得尤为重要。
本文的研究是立足于稀土金属生产和贸易现状,在大量文字和数据资料的基础上,采用实证分析和理论分析相结合的方式,分析中国稀土金属是否拥有国际定价权。实证研究的结果表明,中国稀土在国际市场上的定价能力虽然有所提高但是仍与中国稀土出口在国际市场上占有的市场地位不相符,中国作为稀土金属出口上的大国却面临着定价上的小国的无奈。最后,本文根据实证结果分析为什么我国在稀土贸易中缺少定价权,并提出了提高稀土金属定价权的对策措施。
Being as essential strategic resources for development of economy, military science and technology, the Rare Earth Metal is of vital importance widely using at aerospace industry, electronic information, communication technology and military hardware etc, therefore being awarded as "industrial vitamins". Global market has a greatly increasing demand for rare earth metal coming along with the development of emerging industry, high and new technology and military; but at the same time, the Rare Earth Metal has very limited supply for the reason of non-renewable quality just like other Rare Metals. Thus, for protection of national economic development and security of national defense, the Rare Earth Metal is attracting attention and also becoming objects of strategic reserve by different countries. For China the Rare Earth Metal consumption is sharply increasing with fast economy development under condition of great population. Therefore, how to protect China's Rare Earth Metal security becoming the key point for development of economy, military science as well as technology.
China is one of resource richest countries for the Rare Earth Metal in the world with global supply occupation of 90%, is well-deserved rare earth export powerhouse. But according to historic data, China's export price does not match with heavy strategic position; this article would trace in-depth reasons from the view point of market power. In international trade, market power is the key point related to benefits of individual parties and institutions, for this reason, the domination of market power would be of vital importance and essential for initiative in international trade activities. As a result, enhance China's rare earth metal prices on the pricing is particularly important.
This article analyzes the possibilities of China's domination for market power in view of Rare Earth Metal's production and current trade condition, and also based on historic records and data materials. The practice demonstrates that even though there are some enhancements for China's market power in international market, it still does not match with its international market occupation, China is a country with great amount of exportation for Rare Earth Metal but less competitive in market pricing. As a result, this article analyzes that the reasons and resolutions of why China is less competitive in market pricing for Rare Earth Metal trade.
世界上稀土资源最丰裕的国家就是中国,其供应量占全球供应量的90%,是当之无愧的稀土出口大国。但历史数据表明中国稀土的出口价格与其极重的战略地位不相符,本文将从定价权角度研究其深层原因。在国际交易中,体现贸易各方利益的元素就是定价权,要想在国际贸易活动中居于主动地位,就必须掌握定价权。因此,提高中国稀土金属价格上的定价权显得尤为重要。
本文的研究是立足于稀土金属生产和贸易现状,在大量文字和数据资料的基础上,采用实证分析和理论分析相结合的方式,分析中国稀土金属是否拥有国际定价权。实证研究的结果表明,中国稀土在国际市场上的定价能力虽然有所提高但是仍与中国稀土出口在国际市场上占有的市场地位不相符,中国作为稀土金属出口上的大国却面临着定价上的小国的无奈。最后,本文根据实证结果分析为什么我国在稀土贸易中缺少定价权,并提出了提高稀土金属定价权的对策措施。
Being as essential strategic resources for development of economy, military science and technology, the Rare Earth Metal is of vital importance widely using at aerospace industry, electronic information, communication technology and military hardware etc, therefore being awarded as "industrial vitamins". Global market has a greatly increasing demand for rare earth metal coming along with the development of emerging industry, high and new technology and military; but at the same time, the Rare Earth Metal has very limited supply for the reason of non-renewable quality just like other Rare Metals. Thus, for protection of national economic development and security of national defense, the Rare Earth Metal is attracting attention and also becoming objects of strategic reserve by different countries. For China the Rare Earth Metal consumption is sharply increasing with fast economy development under condition of great population. Therefore, how to protect China's Rare Earth Metal security becoming the key point for development of economy, military science as well as technology.
China is one of resource richest countries for the Rare Earth Metal in the world with global supply occupation of 90%, is well-deserved rare earth export powerhouse. But according to historic data, China's export price does not match with heavy strategic position; this article would trace in-depth reasons from the view point of market power. In international trade, market power is the key point related to benefits of individual parties and institutions, for this reason, the domination of market power would be of vital importance and essential for initiative in international trade activities. As a result, enhance China's rare earth metal prices on the pricing is particularly important.
This article analyzes the possibilities of China's domination for market power in view of Rare Earth Metal's production and current trade condition, and also based on historic records and data materials. The practice demonstrates that even though there are some enhancements for China's market power in international market, it still does not match with its international market occupation, China is a country with great amount of exportation for Rare Earth Metal but less competitive in market pricing. As a result, this article analyzes that the reasons and resolutions of why China is less competitive in market pricing for Rare Earth Metal trade.
引文
①摘自http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/2552336.html。
②引自丁博《大宗商品定价权与经济安全》,《西南财经大学》,2008年。
②引自杨金花《中国铁矿石定价权缺失的原因分析及对策探讨》,《江西财经大学》,2009年。
①引自高鸿业《西方经济学》(第三版微观部分),中国人民大学出版社,234页。
①引自高鸿业《西方经济学》(第三版微观部分),中国人民大学出版社,239页。
①引自高鸿业《西方经济学》(第三版微观部分),中国人民大学出版社,32页。
①引自郭磊《中国铁矿石进口定价权问题研究》,《同济大学经济与管理学院》,2007年。
[1]宋洪芳,洪梅.我国稀土产业现状分析及预测[J].稀土信息,2010(]-2).
[2]张忠,李振宏.国家实施稀土资源战略储备的意义及方式建议[J].稀土信息,2010(3).
[3]罗平.稀土新政破解产业发展困局[J].中国经济导报,2010(1).
[4]方建春,宋玉华.资源性商品国际市场上中国的市场势力研究[J].财贸经济,2010(3).
[5]唐夏韵.中国资源性商品贸易媒介转换及影响的实证研究[J].生产力研究,2010(4).
[6]许军.中国稀土对日本出口贸易的市场势力分析[J].西安电子科技大学学报：社会科学版,2010(3).
[7]周婧.争夺稀土定价权问题探讨[J].经济论坛,2009(2).
[8]张吉楠.学位论文中国企业缺失大宗商品国际定价权问题研究[D].吉林大学,2009(4).
[9]辛本健.加快建立稀有金属储备制度[J].中国国土资源报,2009(7).
[10]张锐.稀有金属：中国出口保卫战[J].中国人力资源开发,2009(9).
[11]邓家妹,卢标,邓家恂.解读中国稀土[J].中国金属通报,2009(1).
[12]易鹏.我国稀有金属行业应高度集中经营[J].中国有色金属报,2009(7).
[13]刘刚.中国大宗商品定价权缺失问题探讨——以国际市场铁矿石与稀土定价为例[J].价格理论与实践,2009(1).
[14]冯羽生.谈中国稀土资源定价权[J].中国金属通报,2009(11).
[15]徐斌.争取大宗商品国际定价权的经济学分析[J].中国物价,2007(5).
[16]周世俭.对我国稀有金属战略分析与对策建议[J].中国金属通报,2007(38).
[17]高焰辉.中国稀有金属资源的出口管理与政策校正[J].对外贸易实务,2009(8).
[18]石洁心.学位论文中国铁矿石贸易的国际定价权研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[19]赵武壮.对我国优势稀有金属矿产资源必须进行保护性开发[J].世界有色金属,2007(11).
[20]李向华.浅析我国稀土产能的管理和对策[J].四川稀土,2009(3).
[21]李艺,汪寿阳.大宗商品国际定价权研究[J].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[22]董方军,王军.大宗商品国际定价权缺失的原因及对策[J].中国经贸导刊,2008(4).
[23]白明.中国是不是缺失了国际定价权[J].西部论丛,2008(1).
[24]庚莉萍.实现从稀土资源大国大产业强国的跨越[J].中国金属通报,2007(5).
[25]陈钰.中国稀土产业发展现状及其对策建议[J].湖南有色金属,2007(3).
[26]肖颖.学位论文Eu原子高激发态光谱及其特征的研究[D].天津理工大学,2009.
[27]丁博.学位论文大宗商品定价权与经济安全[D].西南财经大学,2008.
[28]杨金花.学位论文中国铁矿石定价权缺失的原因分析及对策探讨[D].江西财经大学,2009.
[29]郭磊.学位论文中国铁矿石进口定价权问题研究[D].同济大学,2007.
[30]高鸿业.西方经济学微观部分(第三版)[M].中国人民大学出版社.
[31]吴睿鸫.如何赢得稀有金属贸易战[J].中国质量万里行,2009(7).
[32]赵爱玲.稀士出口“划红线”[J].产业与投资,2009(9).
[33]寒言.稀有战略资源惨遭浩劫的背后[J].观察与思考,2008(9).
[34]贾怀东.把好稀土资源国门[J].新远见,2008(1).
[35]邱林.抑制稀有金属盲目出口刻不容缓[J].中华工商时报,2008(4).
[36]Ahn, N.S. & Niemeyer, V. Modeling market power in Korea's emerging power Market [J]. Energy Policy,2007,35(2).
[37]USGS. Minerals Yearbook Rare Earths 2010. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare-earths/.
[38]Borenstein, S, Bushnell, J.and Lewis, M. "Market Power in California's Gasoline Market" [J]. the Center for the Study of Energy Markets, May 2004.
[39]Boyle, G.E. & Winter H. Tests of Market power in Irish Manufacturing Industries [J]. Economic and Social Review,2004(35).
[40]Brissimis, S.N.&Kosma. T.S.Market power and exchange rate pass through[J]. International Review of Economics&Finance,2007,16(2).
[41]Button, K, Costa, A. & Cruz, C. Ability to Recover Full Costs through Price Discrimination in Deregulated Scheduled Air Transport Markets [J]. Transport Reviews,2007, 27(2).
[42]Kim, J. Energy Security of Northeast Asia:Current State, Energy Demand/Supply Projection and Investment Needs [J]. Working Paper,2004.
[43]McAfee. R.P, Mialon, H.M. & Mialon, S.H. Does large Price discrimination Imply great market power[J]. Economics Letters,2006.92(3).
[44]Slade, M.E. Market Power and Joint Dominance in U.K. Brewing, The Journal of Industrial Economics [J]. Volume LII March 2004.
[45]Egging, R.G. & Gabriel, S.A. Examining market power in the European natural gas market[J]. Energy Policy,2006,34(17).
②引自丁博《大宗商品定价权与经济安全》,《西南财经大学》,2008年。
②引自杨金花《中国铁矿石定价权缺失的原因分析及对策探讨》,《江西财经大学》,2009年。
①引自高鸿业《西方经济学》(第三版微观部分),中国人民大学出版社,234页。
①引自高鸿业《西方经济学》(第三版微观部分),中国人民大学出版社,239页。
①引自高鸿业《西方经济学》(第三版微观部分),中国人民大学出版社,32页。
①引自郭磊《中国铁矿石进口定价权问题研究》,《同济大学经济与管理学院》,2007年。
[1]宋洪芳,洪梅.我国稀土产业现状分析及预测[J].稀土信息,2010(]-2).
[2]张忠,李振宏.国家实施稀土资源战略储备的意义及方式建议[J].稀土信息,2010(3).
[3]罗平.稀土新政破解产业发展困局[J].中国经济导报,2010(1).
[4]方建春,宋玉华.资源性商品国际市场上中国的市场势力研究[J].财贸经济,2010(3).
[5]唐夏韵.中国资源性商品贸易媒介转换及影响的实证研究[J].生产力研究,2010(4).
[6]许军.中国稀土对日本出口贸易的市场势力分析[J].西安电子科技大学学报：社会科学版,2010(3).
[7]周婧.争夺稀土定价权问题探讨[J].经济论坛,2009(2).
[8]张吉楠.学位论文中国企业缺失大宗商品国际定价权问题研究[D].吉林大学,2009(4).
[9]辛本健.加快建立稀有金属储备制度[J].中国国土资源报,2009(7).
[10]张锐.稀有金属：中国出口保卫战[J].中国人力资源开发,2009(9).
[11]邓家妹,卢标,邓家恂.解读中国稀土[J].中国金属通报,2009(1).
[12]易鹏.我国稀有金属行业应高度集中经营[J].中国有色金属报,2009(7).
[13]刘刚.中国大宗商品定价权缺失问题探讨——以国际市场铁矿石与稀土定价为例[J].价格理论与实践,2009(1).
[14]冯羽生.谈中国稀土资源定价权[J].中国金属通报,2009(11).
[15]徐斌.争取大宗商品国际定价权的经济学分析[J].中国物价,2007(5).
[16]周世俭.对我国稀有金属战略分析与对策建议[J].中国金属通报,2007(38).
[17]高焰辉.中国稀有金属资源的出口管理与政策校正[J].对外贸易实务,2009(8).
[18]石洁心.学位论文中国铁矿石贸易的国际定价权研究[D].浙江大学,2007.
[19]赵武壮.对我国优势稀有金属矿产资源必须进行保护性开发[J].世界有色金属,2007(11).
[20]李向华.浅析我国稀土产能的管理和对策[J].四川稀土,2009(3).
[21]李艺,汪寿阳.大宗商品国际定价权研究[J].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[22]董方军,王军.大宗商品国际定价权缺失的原因及对策[J].中国经贸导刊,2008(4).
[23]白明.中国是不是缺失了国际定价权[J].西部论丛,2008(1).
[24]庚莉萍.实现从稀土资源大国大产业强国的跨越[J].中国金属通报,2007(5).
[25]陈钰.中国稀土产业发展现状及其对策建议[J].湖南有色金属,2007(3).
[26]肖颖.学位论文Eu原子高激发态光谱及其特征的研究[D].天津理工大学,2009.
[27]丁博.学位论文大宗商品定价权与经济安全[D].西南财经大学,2008.
[28]杨金花.学位论文中国铁矿石定价权缺失的原因分析及对策探讨[D].江西财经大学,2009.
[29]郭磊.学位论文中国铁矿石进口定价权问题研究[D].同济大学,2007.
[30]高鸿业.西方经济学微观部分(第三版)[M].中国人民大学出版社.
[31]吴睿鸫.如何赢得稀有金属贸易战[J].中国质量万里行,2009(7).
[32]赵爱玲.稀士出口“划红线”[J].产业与投资,2009(9).
[33]寒言.稀有战略资源惨遭浩劫的背后[J].观察与思考,2008(9).
[34]贾怀东.把好稀土资源国门[J].新远见,2008(1).
[35]邱林.抑制稀有金属盲目出口刻不容缓[J].中华工商时报,2008(4).
[36]Ahn, N.S. & Niemeyer, V. Modeling market power in Korea's emerging power Market [J]. Energy Policy,2007,35(2).
[37]USGS. Minerals Yearbook Rare Earths 2010. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare-earths/.
[38]Borenstein, S, Bushnell, J.and Lewis, M. "Market Power in California's Gasoline Market" [J]. the Center for the Study of Energy Markets, May 2004.
[39]Boyle, G.E. & Winter H. Tests of Market power in Irish Manufacturing Industries [J]. Economic and Social Review,2004(35).
[40]Brissimis, S.N.&Kosma. T.S.Market power and exchange rate pass through[J]. International Review of Economics&Finance,2007,16(2).
[41]Button, K, Costa, A. & Cruz, C. Ability to Recover Full Costs through Price Discrimination in Deregulated Scheduled Air Transport Markets [J]. Transport Reviews,2007, 27(2).
[42]Kim, J. Energy Security of Northeast Asia:Current State, Energy Demand/Supply Projection and Investment Needs [J]. Working Paper,2004.
[43]McAfee. R.P, Mialon, H.M. & Mialon, S.H. Does large Price discrimination Imply great market power[J]. Economics Letters,2006.92(3).
[44]Slade, M.E. Market Power and Joint Dominance in U.K. Brewing, The Journal of Industrial Economics [J]. Volume LII March 2004.
[45]Egging, R.G. & Gabriel, S.A. Examining market power in the European natural gas market[J]. Energy Policy,2006,34(17).