垃圾粒径对城市生活垃圾热解影响实验研究
摘要
目前城市生活垃圾焚烧技术已经在我国开始大规模应用了,在该项技术应用中暴露出来许多问题,尤其是产生的焚烧气体中含有二恶因等有毒有害气体对人体健康构成危害。而城市生活垃圾热解技术则可以很好的解决焚烧技术所带来的问题,解决焚烧技术的瓶颈。在与城市生活垃圾热解技术有关的诸多因素中,垃圾粒径因素一直未得到系统研究,研究该因素对于城市生活垃圾热解的过程和效率的影响有重要意义。
本文针对当前城市生活垃圾热解技术相关的影响因素,重点探讨垃圾粒径及与之相关的因素(温度和停留时间等)对城市生活垃圾热解的影响,并通过小试实验和模拟中试实验对以上几个因素进行研究,分析其对城市生活垃圾热解过程及其产物的影响。
为了更好的研究垃圾粒径对热解的影响,实验室自制了小试实验装置,分析了不同粒径下混合垃圾和垃圾单一组分在不同条件下的热解效率以及产气率。从实验结果上来看,粒径越小垃圾热解程度越高,产气越多,残留焦炭和焦油就越少。温度越高热解程度越高,反应越完全,当温度升高到一定值时垃圾粒径对热解的影响就逐渐减弱。随着垃圾粒径的不断减小,主要可燃气体H_2和CO在生成气体中所占的比例逐渐增加。温度一定的情况下,垃圾粒径越小,固相停留时间对垃圾热解产气率的影响就越小,反之,则越大。粒径越小,反应越彻底,C和H元素转化成H_2与CO的比例越高,最终使得残留焦炭中的C、H元素比例的降低同时提高了产气中H_2和CO可二次利用的可燃气体的增加。
为了模拟大规模采用热解方式处理垃圾的过程,实验室自制了中试实验装置来满足实验的需要。装置采用了外热式加温以及连续进料方式,提高了处理效率和处理效果。通过垃圾压缩实验和垃圾热解中试实验我们得出结论,粒径减小,压力增加的情况下,可以增加垃圾的压缩比,同时减少由垃圾颗粒间隙所带入的空气量,使热解反应在隔绝空气的环境下进行,提高产气质量和燃气热值。
Nowadays the method of incineration is in use for the treatment of Municipal solid waste (MSW) in a big scale. During using this method, some problems come out, especially the poisonous gases like dioxin-pollution etc. However, the pyrolysis can solve the problems which are brought by the incineration treatment of MSW. And there are many different relative aspects which can affect the progress of pyrolysis treatment of MSW, like the heat, hesitation time and so on, but the particle size is seldom mentioned or studied by people. Actually, the particle size may have a great affection on in the progress of pyrolysis treatment of MSW.
This article is studying about the relative aspects of pyrolysis treatment of MSW, especially the particle size and relative items (temperature and hesitation time) by doing some experiments in a small-scale fixed bed reactor to analysis the affections to the progress and result of the pyrolysis treatment of MSW.
In compare with the some different kinds of treatment of MSW(sanitary landfill, compost, incineration and pyrolysis ), we know that pyrolysis is a promising method to deal with the MSW problem in the future. We discuss about the reaction mechanism and the relative aspects and we keep eyes on the particle size, temperature and hesitation time which can affect on the progress of pyrolysis treatment of MSW.
In order to study the impact of the particle size to the treatment of MSW, the experiments are operated in a small-scale fixed bed reactor. We analyze the effect and product under different situation of mixed-waste and single waste. From the results, we know that as the particle-size goes down, the product goes higher and the char and tar yield goes down. When the temperature reach to a certain value, the effect of the particle-size to the MSW become weaker.
In order to be similar with the real production, we make the large-scale reactor to study the factors. We make use of the out-heat and continue-feeding to improve the effect and the results.
本文针对当前城市生活垃圾热解技术相关的影响因素,重点探讨垃圾粒径及与之相关的因素(温度和停留时间等)对城市生活垃圾热解的影响,并通过小试实验和模拟中试实验对以上几个因素进行研究,分析其对城市生活垃圾热解过程及其产物的影响。
为了更好的研究垃圾粒径对热解的影响,实验室自制了小试实验装置,分析了不同粒径下混合垃圾和垃圾单一组分在不同条件下的热解效率以及产气率。从实验结果上来看,粒径越小垃圾热解程度越高,产气越多,残留焦炭和焦油就越少。温度越高热解程度越高,反应越完全,当温度升高到一定值时垃圾粒径对热解的影响就逐渐减弱。随着垃圾粒径的不断减小,主要可燃气体H_2和CO在生成气体中所占的比例逐渐增加。温度一定的情况下,垃圾粒径越小,固相停留时间对垃圾热解产气率的影响就越小,反之,则越大。粒径越小,反应越彻底,C和H元素转化成H_2与CO的比例越高,最终使得残留焦炭中的C、H元素比例的降低同时提高了产气中H_2和CO可二次利用的可燃气体的增加。
为了模拟大规模采用热解方式处理垃圾的过程,实验室自制了中试实验装置来满足实验的需要。装置采用了外热式加温以及连续进料方式,提高了处理效率和处理效果。通过垃圾压缩实验和垃圾热解中试实验我们得出结论,粒径减小,压力增加的情况下,可以增加垃圾的压缩比,同时减少由垃圾颗粒间隙所带入的空气量,使热解反应在隔绝空气的环境下进行,提高产气质量和燃气热值。
Nowadays the method of incineration is in use for the treatment of Municipal solid waste (MSW) in a big scale. During using this method, some problems come out, especially the poisonous gases like dioxin-pollution etc. However, the pyrolysis can solve the problems which are brought by the incineration treatment of MSW. And there are many different relative aspects which can affect the progress of pyrolysis treatment of MSW, like the heat, hesitation time and so on, but the particle size is seldom mentioned or studied by people. Actually, the particle size may have a great affection on in the progress of pyrolysis treatment of MSW.
This article is studying about the relative aspects of pyrolysis treatment of MSW, especially the particle size and relative items (temperature and hesitation time) by doing some experiments in a small-scale fixed bed reactor to analysis the affections to the progress and result of the pyrolysis treatment of MSW.
In compare with the some different kinds of treatment of MSW(sanitary landfill, compost, incineration and pyrolysis ), we know that pyrolysis is a promising method to deal with the MSW problem in the future. We discuss about the reaction mechanism and the relative aspects and we keep eyes on the particle size, temperature and hesitation time which can affect on the progress of pyrolysis treatment of MSW.
In order to study the impact of the particle size to the treatment of MSW, the experiments are operated in a small-scale fixed bed reactor. We analyze the effect and product under different situation of mixed-waste and single waste. From the results, we know that as the particle-size goes down, the product goes higher and the char and tar yield goes down. When the temperature reach to a certain value, the effect of the particle-size to the MSW become weaker.
In order to be similar with the real production, we make the large-scale reactor to study the factors. We make use of the out-heat and continue-feeding to improve the effect and the results.
引文
[1]吴文伟.城市生活垃圾资源化[M],北京:科学出版社, 2003.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2004 [M] .北京:中国统计出版社, 2005. 438-439.
[3]刘盛萍,蔡敬民,吴克,等.城市生活垃圾处理现状及对策探讨[J].合肥学院学报(自然科学版),2005,15(4):53~57
[4]杜吴鹏,高庆先,张恩琛等.中国城市生活垃圾排放现状及成分分析.环境科学研究,2006,19(5):85-90.
[5]顾润南.城市生活垃圾处理技术综述[J].青海环境,2001,11(4):152~155彭献永,顾念祖.我国城市生活垃圾处理的现状和对策[J].工业锅炉,2006(3):6~11
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[13] WAI HUNG CHEUNG,VINCIK.C. LEE ,GORDON MCKAY.Minimizing Dioxin Emissions from Integrated MSW Thermal Treatment. B ENVIRON SCI & TECHNOL.2007,2(7):32~43
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[22]孙洋,杨天华,刘耀鑫等.气化介质对生物质多孔床料流化床气化产气特性的影响.燃料化学学报2009 37(1):20~30
[23]赵先国,常杰,吕鹏梅等.生物质流化床富氧气化的实验研究[J].燃料化学学报, 2005, 33: 199-203.
[24] Corella J,Radlein D,Piskorz J , Orio A ,Aznar P. Biomass Gasfication with Air in Fluidized Bed: Reforniing of the Gas Composition with Commercial Steam Reforming Catalysts,Ind Eng Chem Res ,1998,37:4617– 4624.
[25] Mark D. Hunsicker, Timothy R. Crockett, Bode M. A. Labode. An overview of the municipal waste incineration industry in Asia and the former Soviet Union [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1996, 47:31-42.
[26]李美玉,李爱民,王志等.城市垃圾热解技术探讨[J].劳动安全与健康,2001(3):33-36.
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[28]易仁金.城市生活垃圾催化热解的实验研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学.2007.
[29]李新禹.城市固体垃圾热解设备与特性研究[D] .天津:天津大学环境科学与工程学院, 2006.
[30] Corella J,Radlein D,Piskorz J , Orio A ,Aznar P. Biomass Gasfication with Air in Fluidized Bed: Reforniing of the Gas Composition with Commercial Steam Reforming Catalysts,Ind Eng Chem Res ,1998,37:4617– 4624.
[31] Woldt D, Schubert G, J?ckel HG. Size reduction by means of low-speed rotary shears [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2004, 74: 405-415.
[32] Hason S, Patrick JW, Walker A. The effect of coal particle size on pyrolysis and gasification [J]. Fuel, 2002(81):531-537.
[33] K?k MV, ?zbas E, Karacan O, et al. Effect of particle size on coal pyrolysis [J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1998, 45: 103-110.
[34] Hwang I H, Yokonoa S, Matsuto T. Pretreatment of automobile shredder residue (ASR) for fuel utilization [J]. Chemosphere, 2008, 71: 879-885.
[35]罗思义,肖波,郭献军.压缩式生活垃圾剪切破碎机设计[J].矿山机械, 2008, 36: 86-89.
[36] He M Y, Xiao B, Liu S M, et al. Syngas production from catalytic gasification of waste polyethylene: Influence of temperature on gas yield and composition [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34: 1342-1348.
[37] Lv PM, Xiong ZH, Chang J. An experimental study on biomass air-steam gasification in a fluidized bed [J]. Bioresource technology, 2004, 95: 95-101
[38] Blasi DC. Kinetic and heat transfer control in the slow and flash pyrolysis of solids [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1996, 35: 37-46.\
[39]吕鹏梅,常杰,熊祖鸿等.生物质在流化床中的空气水蒸气气化研究[J].燃料化学学报, 2003,32: 305-310.
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[43] Veronika S, Josef P, Gernot S. Effects of particle size, heating rate and pressure on measurement of pyrolysis kinetics by thermogravimetric analysis [J]. Fuel, 1997, 76: 1277-1282.
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[46] Zhang R, Ren H, Sun D K. Pyrolysis of a high-ash peat in supercritical water [J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2008, 36: 129-133.
[47]贺茂云,胡智泉,肖波等.城市生活垃圾催化气化制取富氢气体的研究[J].环境工程. 2009, 27: 97-101.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2004 [M] .北京:中国统计出版社, 2005. 438-439.
[3]刘盛萍,蔡敬民,吴克,等.城市生活垃圾处理现状及对策探讨[J].合肥学院学报(自然科学版),2005,15(4):53~57
[4]杜吴鹏,高庆先,张恩琛等.中国城市生活垃圾排放现状及成分分析.环境科学研究,2006,19(5):85-90.
[5]顾润南.城市生活垃圾处理技术综述[J].青海环境,2001,11(4):152~155彭献永,顾念祖.我国城市生活垃圾处理的现状和对策[J].工业锅炉,2006(3):6~11
[6]段世江.我国城市生活垃圾问题及管理对策探析[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2006, 26: 83-87.杨先海.城市生活垃圾压缩和分选技术及机械设备研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2004.
[7] Cheng HF, Zhang YG., Meng AH. Municipal Solid Waste Fueled Power Generation in China: A Case Study of Waste-to-Energy in Changchun City [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol, 2007, 41: 7509-7515.
[8]郝萍,朱明东.城市生活垃圾治理方案[J].鸡西大学学报,2007,6(7):1~2.
[9]张益,陶华.垃圾处理处置技术及工程实例[M ].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002: 8~9
[10]宋志伟,吕一波,梁洋,等.国内外城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的发展现状[J].环境卫生工程,2007,15(1):21~24
[11] Artenstein H H,Horvay M. Overview of Municipal Waste Incineration Industry in West Europe (based on the German experience) [J], Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1996, 42(2):15-18.
[12]范留柱.国内外生活垃圾处理技术的研究现状及发展趋势[J].中国资源利用, 2007.7, 26~ 28
[13] WAI HUNG CHEUNG,VINCIK.C. LEE ,GORDON MCKAY.Minimizing Dioxin Emissions from Integrated MSW Thermal Treatment. B ENVIRON SCI & TECHNOL.2007,2(7):32~43
[14] Hunsicker M D,Crocket T R., Labode Bode M A. An Overview of the Municipal Waste Incineration Industry in Asia and the Former Soviet Union [J], Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1997, 36(12): 425-431.
[15] Masayuki Yoshiba.Technical approaches forreducing the environmental risks and high~temperature corrosion roblemofcompo-nentsin wastetreatment plants[J].Materia Japan,2000,39(4):336~370
[16]田忆凯,陈荣,金晓龙等.国外城市垃圾处理的新趋势[J].环保与安全,2000,7(2):26~30
[17]翟青.城市生活垃圾无害化处理对策[J].环境经济杂志,2005年10月,总第22期,13~16
[18]刘京媛.我国城市垃圾处理政策、趋向及市场化分析[J].中国环保产业, 1999, (12):14-15.
[19]成西.城市垃圾处理方法论述[J].工业炉. 1996, (2):50-52.
[20]解强,边炳鑫,赵由才等.城市固体废弃物能源化利用技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2004: 158~160
[21]朱能武.固体废弃物处理与利用[M].北京:京大学出版社, 2006.
[22]孙洋,杨天华,刘耀鑫等.气化介质对生物质多孔床料流化床气化产气特性的影响.燃料化学学报2009 37(1):20~30
[23]赵先国,常杰,吕鹏梅等.生物质流化床富氧气化的实验研究[J].燃料化学学报, 2005, 33: 199-203.
[24] Corella J,Radlein D,Piskorz J , Orio A ,Aznar P. Biomass Gasfication with Air in Fluidized Bed: Reforniing of the Gas Composition with Commercial Steam Reforming Catalysts,Ind Eng Chem Res ,1998,37:4617– 4624.
[25] Mark D. Hunsicker, Timothy R. Crockett, Bode M. A. Labode. An overview of the municipal waste incineration industry in Asia and the former Soviet Union [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1996, 47:31-42.
[26]李美玉,李爱民,王志等.城市垃圾热解技术探讨[J].劳动安全与健康,2001(3):33-36.
[27]王华,何方,马文会等.二恶英零排放化生活垃圾直接气化熔融焚烧技术[J ] .工业加热, 2001 (2) : 6-10.
[28]易仁金.城市生活垃圾催化热解的实验研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学.2007.
[29]李新禹.城市固体垃圾热解设备与特性研究[D] .天津:天津大学环境科学与工程学院, 2006.
[30] Corella J,Radlein D,Piskorz J , Orio A ,Aznar P. Biomass Gasfication with Air in Fluidized Bed: Reforniing of the Gas Composition with Commercial Steam Reforming Catalysts,Ind Eng Chem Res ,1998,37:4617– 4624.
[31] Woldt D, Schubert G, J?ckel HG. Size reduction by means of low-speed rotary shears [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2004, 74: 405-415.
[32] Hason S, Patrick JW, Walker A. The effect of coal particle size on pyrolysis and gasification [J]. Fuel, 2002(81):531-537.
[33] K?k MV, ?zbas E, Karacan O, et al. Effect of particle size on coal pyrolysis [J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1998, 45: 103-110.
[34] Hwang I H, Yokonoa S, Matsuto T. Pretreatment of automobile shredder residue (ASR) for fuel utilization [J]. Chemosphere, 2008, 71: 879-885.
[35]罗思义,肖波,郭献军.压缩式生活垃圾剪切破碎机设计[J].矿山机械, 2008, 36: 86-89.
[36] He M Y, Xiao B, Liu S M, et al. Syngas production from catalytic gasification of waste polyethylene: Influence of temperature on gas yield and composition [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34: 1342-1348.
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