职业女性时间管理、工作—家庭冲突与工作压力的关系
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摘要
近年来,“时间管理”已成为管理学、组织行为学和心理学等研究中的一个新领域。时间管理是为提高时间的利用率和有效性,而对时间进行的合理计划与控制、有效安排与运用的管理过程,它将直接影响一个成熟个体的工作、学习、生活的效率和质量。随着社会竞争加剧,社会生活的节奏逐渐加快,人们的压力也不断增大,其中职业女性尤为明显。在时间与精力有限的情况下,女性要同时扮演好工作和家庭角色往往容易造成角色间的冲突。已有研究表明工作-家庭冲突在工作中会造成生产力下滑、迟到、缺席、离职、士气低落、工作满意降低以及降低组织承诺等现象。本调查在已有研究的基础上,进一步了解时间管理、工作家庭冲突及工作压力之间的关系,帮助女性更好的调整自身的工作和生活现状。
本研究采用问卷法,在郑州、南阳、苏州、北京等地选取369名职业女性作为研究对象,问卷主要是工作-家庭冲突问卷、时间管理问卷以及工作压力问卷,重点研究以下几个方面:职业女性时间管理的人口统计学变量差异;时间管理与工作-家庭冲突的关系分析,工作-家庭冲突与工作压力的关系分析以及时间管理与工作压力的关系分析;同时考察时间管理、工作-家庭冲突与工作压力的关系,考察前两者对后者的影响力和预测效果,本研究的主要结论如下:
(1)不同职业的职业女性在时间管理总分及其目标设置、时间安排、时间自控维度上存在显著差异。不同年龄的职业女性在时间管理总分上没有显著的差异性,但在时间自控维度上,31-40岁年龄段的职业女性同50岁以上的职业女性有显著差异,41-50岁年龄段的职业女性同50岁以上的职业女性有显著差异。
(2)职业女性时间管理的总分与工作-家庭冲突总分呈显著负相关,并对工作-家庭冲突具有负向的预测力;工作-家庭冲突总分与工作压力呈显著正相关,并对工作压力起着重要的正向预测力;时间管理总分与工作压力呈显著负相关,并对工作压力具有负向的预测作用。
(3)在对相关变量回归分析的基础上,依据温忠麟、候杰泰的中介效应的检验程序,得出工作家庭冲突在时间管理和工作压力的作用过程中起着完全中介作用。
In recent years, time management has been a new field of the studies of organization behavior, organizational management and psychology. Time management is a management course of reasonable plan and control and effective arrange and use in order to improve percent of using and validity,it will directly influence the mature individual’s work, study and life. With the aggravating of society competition , the pace of people’s life is much faster, so they feel more stress, especially vocational women. Vocational women try to act as work and family roles,but they have not enough time and energy so as to lead role conflicts. The known results indicate that work-famliy conflict will lead to the descend of productivity, late, absence, depression and so on. On the base of known studies, this thesis quests for the relations between time management, work-family conflict and job stress to help vocational women improve their state of work and life.
Work-family Conflict Scale, Time Management Scale and Job Stress Scale were used to investigate 369 vocational women in Zheng Zhou,Nan Yang, Su Zhou, and Peking. The results show:
(1)Vocational women with different occupation have remarkable difference in time management total score and the dimensionality of goal setting , time arrangement and time monitor. On the other hand, there are not remarkable differences between different age vocational women’s total time management score, but about time monitor, 30’s and 40’s are very different from vocational women aged 50 and above.
(2)Vocational women’s time management total score not only negatively correlate with work-family conflict total score but also has negative forecast for work-family conflict. On the other hand, work-family conflict total score not only positive correlate with job stress but also has positive forecast for job stress. At the same time, time management total score negatively correlated with job stress and has negative forecast for job stress.
(3)On the base of regression analysis of correlated variables, the conclusion is that work -family conflict total score is a complete mediator for the interplay of time management and job stress.
本研究采用问卷法,在郑州、南阳、苏州、北京等地选取369名职业女性作为研究对象,问卷主要是工作-家庭冲突问卷、时间管理问卷以及工作压力问卷,重点研究以下几个方面:职业女性时间管理的人口统计学变量差异;时间管理与工作-家庭冲突的关系分析,工作-家庭冲突与工作压力的关系分析以及时间管理与工作压力的关系分析;同时考察时间管理、工作-家庭冲突与工作压力的关系,考察前两者对后者的影响力和预测效果,本研究的主要结论如下:
(1)不同职业的职业女性在时间管理总分及其目标设置、时间安排、时间自控维度上存在显著差异。不同年龄的职业女性在时间管理总分上没有显著的差异性,但在时间自控维度上,31-40岁年龄段的职业女性同50岁以上的职业女性有显著差异,41-50岁年龄段的职业女性同50岁以上的职业女性有显著差异。
(2)职业女性时间管理的总分与工作-家庭冲突总分呈显著负相关,并对工作-家庭冲突具有负向的预测力;工作-家庭冲突总分与工作压力呈显著正相关,并对工作压力起着重要的正向预测力;时间管理总分与工作压力呈显著负相关,并对工作压力具有负向的预测作用。
(3)在对相关变量回归分析的基础上,依据温忠麟、候杰泰的中介效应的检验程序,得出工作家庭冲突在时间管理和工作压力的作用过程中起着完全中介作用。
In recent years, time management has been a new field of the studies of organization behavior, organizational management and psychology. Time management is a management course of reasonable plan and control and effective arrange and use in order to improve percent of using and validity,it will directly influence the mature individual’s work, study and life. With the aggravating of society competition , the pace of people’s life is much faster, so they feel more stress, especially vocational women. Vocational women try to act as work and family roles,but they have not enough time and energy so as to lead role conflicts. The known results indicate that work-famliy conflict will lead to the descend of productivity, late, absence, depression and so on. On the base of known studies, this thesis quests for the relations between time management, work-family conflict and job stress to help vocational women improve their state of work and life.
Work-family Conflict Scale, Time Management Scale and Job Stress Scale were used to investigate 369 vocational women in Zheng Zhou,Nan Yang, Su Zhou, and Peking. The results show:
(1)Vocational women with different occupation have remarkable difference in time management total score and the dimensionality of goal setting , time arrangement and time monitor. On the other hand, there are not remarkable differences between different age vocational women’s total time management score, but about time monitor, 30’s and 40’s are very different from vocational women aged 50 and above.
(2)Vocational women’s time management total score not only negatively correlate with work-family conflict total score but also has negative forecast for work-family conflict. On the other hand, work-family conflict total score not only positive correlate with job stress but also has positive forecast for job stress. At the same time, time management total score negatively correlated with job stress and has negative forecast for job stress.
(3)On the base of regression analysis of correlated variables, the conclusion is that work -family conflict total score is a complete mediator for the interplay of time management and job stress.
引文
[1] 安砚贞,Philip C.Wright, 已婚职业女性工作家庭冲突调查研究,中国人力资源开发,2003,6:56-58
[2] 白海峰,张秀娟,职业女性工作家庭冲突、社会支持和幸福感的关系研究,金融经济,2006,12:187-188
[3] 冯颖,职业女性角色定位、工作家庭冲突与工作生活质量的关系研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2004
[4] 韩磊,姜志能,应对效能、工作压力与教师职业枯竭的关系,心理与行为研究,2007,5(1):47-52
[5] 黄红,压力影响因素及因素相互关系探讨,暨南大学硕士论文,2003
[6] 黄希庭,张志杰,论个人的时间管理倾向,心理科学,2001,24(5):516-636
[7] 黄希庭,张志杰,青少年时间管理倾向量表的编制,心理学报,2001,33(4):338-343
[8] 李晔,工作-家庭冲突的影响因素研究,人类工效学,2003,9(4):14-17
[9] 林松乐,1981-1992 中国职业女性角色冲突观点 ,南方人口,1994,2:58-6
[10] 凌文辁、方俐洛,工作压力探讨,广州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3(1): 76-79
[11] 陆佳芳,时勘,工作冲突的初步研究,应用心理学,2002 , 8 (2):45-50
[12] 孟晓斌,管理者工作压力、自我效能感与工作绩效关系研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2004
[13] 马剑虹,张廷文,角色认知、控制感及工作压力的关系分析,人类工效学,1999,5(4) 15-69
[14] 潘莹欣,王垒,员工工作压力感问卷的初步编制,心理科学,2006,29(2):312-314
[15] 秦启文,张志杰,时间管理倾向与生活质量关系的调查研究,心理学探新,2002,22(4):55-59
[16] 秦启文,张志杰,时间管理倾向与心理健康关系的相关研究,心理科学,2002,25(3):360
[17] 石林,工作压力理论及其在研究中的重要性,心理科学进展,2002,10(4):433-438
[18] 袁圆,员工的时间管理、工作—家庭冲突和主观幸福感的关系研究,华中师范大学硕士论文,2006
[19] 温忠麟,张雷,中介效应检验程序及其应用,心理学报,2004,36(5):614-620
[20] 吴清津,张秀娟,工作压力、压力源与工作态度关系的实证研究,广东外语外贸大学学报,2006,17(1):22-25
[21] 于文宏,李焰,工作压力研究综述,沈阳教育学院学报,2006,8(1):67-70
[22] Adams.Gary A、Jex.Steve M, Confirmatory factor analysis of the time management behavior sacle,Psychological Reports,1997,80(1):225
[23] Adams.G.A, & Jex, S.M, Relationships between time management,control,work-family conflict,and strain,Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,(1)72-77
[24] Aryee, Samuel, Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Famliy Conflict Among Married Professional women:Evidence form Singapore,Human Relations,1992,45(8):813
[25] Ahmad, Aminah, Work-Famliy conflict among married professional women in Malaysia,The journal of Social Psychology,136(5):663-665
[26] Bond, M,& Feather, M, Some correlates of strcture and purpose in the use of time, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,55,321-329
[27] Byron,K.A meta-Analytic Review of Work-Famliy Conflict and Its Antecedent,,Journal of Vocational Behavior,2005(67):169-198
[28] Denise M Rotondo,Dawn S. Carlson,Joel F Kincaid,Coping with multiple dimensions of Work-Family conflict,Personner Review,2003,32(3):275
[29] Evers. A..,Frese, M.& Cooper, C.L. Revisions and fur-ther developments of the Occupational Stress Indicator: LIS-REL results from four Dutch studies. Journal of Occpational and Organizational Psychology,2000,73:221-240
[30] Macan. Therese Hoff, Time-managemet training: Effects on time behaviors,attitudes and job performance,1996,130(3):229
[31] Harris,J.A,Saltstone,R.& Fraboni, [M].An Evaluation of the Job Stress Questionnaire with a Sample of Errtreperneurs,Journal of Bussiness and Psychology,1999,13(3)
[32] House RJ,Schuler RS·Role Conflict and AmbiguityScales: Reality or Artifacts[J]. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 1983,68(2):334-337·
[33] House RJ,Rizzo JR·Role Conflict and Ambiguity as Critical Variables in a Model of Organizational Behavior,Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1972,(7):467-505·
[34] Greenhaus, Jeffrey H,Nicholas J Beuteu,,Source of Conflict Between Work and Famliy Roles,Academy of Management Review,1985,10(1):76-78
[35] Gutek B.A,Searle S,&Klepa L,Rational Versus Gender Role Explanations for Work-Family Conflict, Journal of Applied Psychology,76(4):560-567
[36] Mesmer-Magnus,Jessicar,Chocklingam Viswesvaran Convergence between measures of work–to–famliy and Famliy-to-Work confilct:A meta-Analytic Examination,Journal of Vocational Behavior,2005,(67):215-232
[37] Linda E D,Christopher A H.Genderdif ferencein work-family conflict.Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76,60～74
[38] Suzane H. Lease,Occupational role stressors,coping,supout,and hardiness as predictors of strain in academic faulty: an emphasis on new and female facuty ,Research in Higher Education,1999,40(3):285-06
[39] Peterson .Jena ,Time Managemet,Professional Remodeler,2005,9(10):92
[40] Peeters M G,Rutte C G.Time managemet behavior as a moderator for the job demend-control interaction.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2005,10(1): 64-75
[41] Tracy L,Johnson TW·What Do the Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scales Measure,Journal of Applied Psychology, 1981,66(4):464-469
[42] Van Eerde,Wendelien,,Procrastination at work and Time Management Training, Journal of Psychology,2003,137(5):421-434
[43] Vagg,P. R. & Spielberger, C. D. Occupational Stress;Measuring Job Pressure and Organizational Support in theWorkplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,1998, 3(4): 294-305
[2] 白海峰,张秀娟,职业女性工作家庭冲突、社会支持和幸福感的关系研究,金融经济,2006,12:187-188
[3] 冯颖,职业女性角色定位、工作家庭冲突与工作生活质量的关系研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2004
[4] 韩磊,姜志能,应对效能、工作压力与教师职业枯竭的关系,心理与行为研究,2007,5(1):47-52
[5] 黄红,压力影响因素及因素相互关系探讨,暨南大学硕士论文,2003
[6] 黄希庭,张志杰,论个人的时间管理倾向,心理科学,2001,24(5):516-636
[7] 黄希庭,张志杰,青少年时间管理倾向量表的编制,心理学报,2001,33(4):338-343
[8] 李晔,工作-家庭冲突的影响因素研究,人类工效学,2003,9(4):14-17
[9] 林松乐,1981-1992 中国职业女性角色冲突观点 ,南方人口,1994,2:58-6
[10] 凌文辁、方俐洛,工作压力探讨,广州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3(1): 76-79
[11] 陆佳芳,时勘,工作冲突的初步研究,应用心理学,2002 , 8 (2):45-50
[12] 孟晓斌,管理者工作压力、自我效能感与工作绩效关系研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2004
[13] 马剑虹,张廷文,角色认知、控制感及工作压力的关系分析,人类工效学,1999,5(4) 15-69
[14] 潘莹欣,王垒,员工工作压力感问卷的初步编制,心理科学,2006,29(2):312-314
[15] 秦启文,张志杰,时间管理倾向与生活质量关系的调查研究,心理学探新,2002,22(4):55-59
[16] 秦启文,张志杰,时间管理倾向与心理健康关系的相关研究,心理科学,2002,25(3):360
[17] 石林,工作压力理论及其在研究中的重要性,心理科学进展,2002,10(4):433-438
[18] 袁圆,员工的时间管理、工作—家庭冲突和主观幸福感的关系研究,华中师范大学硕士论文,2006
[19] 温忠麟,张雷,中介效应检验程序及其应用,心理学报,2004,36(5):614-620
[20] 吴清津,张秀娟,工作压力、压力源与工作态度关系的实证研究,广东外语外贸大学学报,2006,17(1):22-25
[21] 于文宏,李焰,工作压力研究综述,沈阳教育学院学报,2006,8(1):67-70
[22] Adams.Gary A、Jex.Steve M, Confirmatory factor analysis of the time management behavior sacle,Psychological Reports,1997,80(1):225
[23] Adams.G.A, & Jex, S.M, Relationships between time management,control,work-family conflict,and strain,Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,(1)72-77
[24] Aryee, Samuel, Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Famliy Conflict Among Married Professional women:Evidence form Singapore,Human Relations,1992,45(8):813
[25] Ahmad, Aminah, Work-Famliy conflict among married professional women in Malaysia,The journal of Social Psychology,136(5):663-665
[26] Bond, M,& Feather, M, Some correlates of strcture and purpose in the use of time, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,55,321-329
[27] Byron,K.A meta-Analytic Review of Work-Famliy Conflict and Its Antecedent,,Journal of Vocational Behavior,2005(67):169-198
[28] Denise M Rotondo,Dawn S. Carlson,Joel F Kincaid,Coping with multiple dimensions of Work-Family conflict,Personner Review,2003,32(3):275
[29] Evers. A..,Frese, M.& Cooper, C.L. Revisions and fur-ther developments of the Occupational Stress Indicator: LIS-REL results from four Dutch studies. Journal of Occpational and Organizational Psychology,2000,73:221-240
[30] Macan. Therese Hoff, Time-managemet training: Effects on time behaviors,attitudes and job performance,1996,130(3):229
[31] Harris,J.A,Saltstone,R.& Fraboni, [M].An Evaluation of the Job Stress Questionnaire with a Sample of Errtreperneurs,Journal of Bussiness and Psychology,1999,13(3)
[32] House RJ,Schuler RS·Role Conflict and AmbiguityScales: Reality or Artifacts[J]. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 1983,68(2):334-337·
[33] House RJ,Rizzo JR·Role Conflict and Ambiguity as Critical Variables in a Model of Organizational Behavior,Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1972,(7):467-505·
[34] Greenhaus, Jeffrey H,Nicholas J Beuteu,,Source of Conflict Between Work and Famliy Roles,Academy of Management Review,1985,10(1):76-78
[35] Gutek B.A,Searle S,&Klepa L,Rational Versus Gender Role Explanations for Work-Family Conflict, Journal of Applied Psychology,76(4):560-567
[36] Mesmer-Magnus,Jessicar,Chocklingam Viswesvaran Convergence between measures of work–to–famliy and Famliy-to-Work confilct:A meta-Analytic Examination,Journal of Vocational Behavior,2005,(67):215-232
[37] Linda E D,Christopher A H.Genderdif ferencein work-family conflict.Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76,60～74
[38] Suzane H. Lease,Occupational role stressors,coping,supout,and hardiness as predictors of strain in academic faulty: an emphasis on new and female facuty ,Research in Higher Education,1999,40(3):285-06
[39] Peterson .Jena ,Time Managemet,Professional Remodeler,2005,9(10):92
[40] Peeters M G,Rutte C G.Time managemet behavior as a moderator for the job demend-control interaction.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2005,10(1): 64-75
[41] Tracy L,Johnson TW·What Do the Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scales Measure,Journal of Applied Psychology, 1981,66(4):464-469
[42] Van Eerde,Wendelien,,Procrastination at work and Time Management Training, Journal of Psychology,2003,137(5):421-434
[43] Vagg,P. R. & Spielberger, C. D. Occupational Stress;Measuring Job Pressure and Organizational Support in theWorkplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,1998, 3(4): 294-305