基于数据挖掘技术的《局方》内科用药规律及部分方剂功效判定研究
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摘要
目的：总结归纳《局方》内科用药规律,探索从药物属性判定方剂功效倾向性的研究方法。
方法：以《局方》卷一至卷六所收录方剂为研究对象,用Excel建立数据表,利用聚类方法挖掘各卷方剂用药特点,借助关联规则挖掘算法挖掘各卷方剂中的高频药对,并结合文献资料对实验结果进行分析讨论。设计属性距离矩阵研究《局方》部分方剂功效倾向性,建立从药归纳方剂功效的数学模型并进行功效属性的约减。
结果：(1)用药规律：诸风脚气卷以解表药、补虚药、祛风湿药、活血化瘀药、息风止痉药、化痰药、清热药、温里药、开窍药的使用频率较高；核心药物为防风、川乌、川芎、天南星、天麻、朱砂、麝香、羌活、白僵蚕、白附子；高频药对为防风与羌活,天麻与麝香,防风与天麻,防风与川芎,麝香与冰片,防风与人参。伤寒中暑卷以解表药、补虚药、化湿药、化痰药、温里药、行气药、利湿药、清热药的使用频率较高；核心药物为陈皮、麻黄、白术、苍术、厚朴、肉桂、自芷、葛根、桔梗、干姜；高频药对为陈皮与厚朴,陈皮与桔梗,半夏与厚朴,麻黄与肉桂,陈皮与白芷,陈皮与苍术。一切气脾胃积聚卷以温里药、行气药、补虚药、化湿药、活血化瘀药、化痰药、利湿药的使用频率较高；核心药物为干姜、木香、陈皮、肉桂、青皮、人参、白术、丁香、砂仁、莪术；高频药对为人参与白术,木香与丁香,干姜与人参,青皮与陈皮,干姜与肉桂。痰饮咳嗽卷以补虚药、化痰药、温里药、止咳平喘药、行气药、解表药、收敛固涩药的使用频率较高；核心药物为半夏、人参、陈皮、干姜、肉桂、杏仁、五味子、桑白皮、白术、细辛、茯苓、天南星、款冬花；高频药对为半夏与陈皮,干姜与白术,人参与五味子,人参与桑白皮,半夏与白矾,干姜与陈皮,半夏与干姜,半夏与人参。诸虚骨蒸痼冷消渴卷以补虚药、温里药、利湿药、行气药的使用频率较高；核心药物为肉杜、附子、白茯苓、人参、熟地、黄芪、巴戟天、茴香、肉苁蓉、补骨脂、牛膝、朱砂；高频药对为人参与白茯苓,肉桂与附子,人参与黄芪,肉桂与人参,附子与干姜。积热泻痢秘涩卷以补虚药、清热药、收敛固涩药、温里药、行气药、利湿药、泻下药的使用频率较高；核心药物为干姜、罂粟壳、当归、木香、肉豆蔻、大黄、诃子、芒硝、人参、陈皮、黄连、肉桂、朱砂；高频药对为干姜与罂粟壳,干姜与肉豆蔻,罂粟壳与当归,罂粟壳与陈皮,干姜与陈皮,木香与肉豆蔻,干姜与当归。(2)方剂功效判定：利用平均值法、最陡峭下降法、拉格朗日中值法和信息量法对《局方》中10个具有已知功效的内科名方进行功效属性约减,结果显示这四种功效取舍方法得出的结果不存在互相包含的情况,四种功效约减方法具有不同的适用范围。
结论：(1)各卷的用药趋势与各卷主治病证的病因病机密切相关,体现了该类方剂的配伍思路；核心药物以辛温之品居多,印证了后世“《局方》用药偏温燥”之说,但重用温热药物亦受当时的社会环境所影响,具有鲜明的时代特色；各卷核心药物的归经倾向亦基本符合该卷所治疾病的所主脏腑。利用关联规则挖掘技术发现的《局方》内科各卷高频药对,大多是由各卷的高频药物相互组合所产生,高频药对体现了各卷的治疗特色及用药习惯,配伍何种药物是控制单味药物功效发挥方向的影响因素之一。(2)采用基于属性距离矩阵的高维数据归约方法判定《局方》方剂的功效倾向性,具有一定的准确性和可靠性,该方法在古方文献研究这一领域具有较大的运用价值。
Objective:summarize and conclude the medication rule of internal herbs, explore the methods for determining the tendency of effects based on the properties of herbs.
Methods:do research on the collected prescriptions from the first volume to the sixth volume of Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary, create the data tables by using Microsoft Excel software, apply clustering approach to find the characteristics of drug therapy of prescriptions in each volume, discover frequent couplet herbs in prescriptions of each volume by association rule mining approach and analyze the experimental results from the aspect of traditional Chinese medicine based on literatures, propose the attribute distance matrix and use it to predict the tendency of effects in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary, design a mathmetical model to induce the effects of prescriptions from herbs and use it to reduce the useless effects.
Results:(1) Medication rule:In Zhu Feng Jiao Qi volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for relieving exterior syndromes, curing deficiency, promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, relieving spasm by calming endogenous wind, removing phlegm, clearing heat, warming interior, and inducing resuscitation; the core herbs include Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Aconiti, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Cinnabaris, Moschus, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Bombyx Batryticatus, and Rhizoma Typhonii; the frequent couplet herbs are Radix Saposhnikoviae and Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Rhizoma Gastrodiae and Moschus, Radix Saposhnikoviae and Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Saposhnikoviae and Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Moschus and Borneolum Syntheticum, Radix Saposhnikoviae and Radix Ginseng. In Shang Han Zhong Shu volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for relieving exterior syndromes, curing deficiency, removing dampness, removing phlegm, warming interior, activating qi, promoting diuresis, and clearing heat; the core herbs include Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Herba Ephedrae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Rhizoma Atractylodis, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Cortex Cinnamomi, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Puerariae, Radix Platycodonis, and Rhizoma Zingiberis; the frequent couplet herbs are Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Radix Platycodonis, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Herba Ephedrae and Cortex Cinnamomi, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Rhizoma Atractylodis. In Yi Qie Qi Pi Wei Ji Ju volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for warming interior, activating qi, curing deficiency, removing dampness, promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, removing phlegm, and promoting diuresis; the core herbs include Rhizoma Zingiberis, Radix Aucklandiae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Cortex Cinnamomi, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride, Radix Ginseng, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Flos Caryophylli, Fructus Amomi Villosi, and Rhizoma Curcumae; the frequent couplet herbs are Radix Ginseng and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Aucklandiae and Flos Caryophylli, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Cortex Cinnamomi. In Tan Yin Ke Sou volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for curing deficiency, removing phlegm, warming interior, relieving cough and relieving asthma, activating qi, relieving exteriot syndromes, and astringing; the core herbs include Rhizoma Pinelliae, Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Cortex Cinnamomi, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Cortex Mori, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Herba Asari, Poria, Rhizoma Arisaematis, and Flos Farfarae; the frequent couplet herbs are Rhizoma Pinelliae and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Ginseng and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Radix Ginseng and Cortex Mori, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Alumen, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Rhizoma Zingiberis, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Radix Ginseng. In Zhu Xu Gu Zheng Gu Leng Xiao Ke volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for curing deficiency, warming interior, promoting diuresis, and activating qi; the core herbs include Cortex Cinnamomi. Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Poria, Radix Ginseng, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Fructus Foeniculi, Herba Cistanches, Fructus Psoraleae, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, and Cinnabaris; the frequent couplet herbs are Radix Ginseng and Poria, Cortex Cinnamomi and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Radix Ginseng and Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Cortex Cinnamomi and Radix Ginseng, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata and Rhizoma Zingiberis. In Ji Re Xie Li Mi Se volume. the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for curing deficiency, clearing heat, astringing, warming interior, activating qi, promoting diuresis, and purgating; the core herbs include Rhizoma Zingiberis, Pericarpium Papaveris, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Aucklandiae, Semen Myristicae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Fructus Chebulae, Natrii Sulfas, Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Cinnamomi, and Cinnabaris; the frequent couplet herbs Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Papaveris, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Semen Myristicae, Pericarpium Papaveris and Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Pericarpium Papaveris and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Radix Aucklandiae and Semen Myristicae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Radix Angelicae Sinensis.(2) Prescription effect determination:applying the average value, steepest descent, Lagrange mean value, and information quantity to reduce the useless effects of formulae based on ten well-known internal prescriptions in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary, the experimental results show that the results obtained by these four approaches are independent with each other and the proposed methods for effect reduction can be applied to distinct situations.
Conclusions:(1) The tendency of herb usage is closely related to etiology and pathogenesis of primarydiseases in each volume, which shows the basic idea of compatibility of prescriptions. The majority of core herbs have the property of pungent and warm, which verifies that herbs used in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary are bias to febrile dryness. But, emphasizing on using febrile dryness herbs is effacted by social environment at that time, which has the distinct characteristics of the times. In addition, the channel tendency of core herbs in each volume confirms to the viscera where disease exists in that volume. The identified frequent couplet internal herbs in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary by using association rule mining approach are generally formed by combining a pair of frequent herbs in each volume. The frequent couplet herbs reflect the characteristic of treatment and compatibility law of prescriptions. Furthermore, assorting which kind of herb is one of the important factors to control the influence of effects.(2) Applying attribute distance matrix to predict the tendency of effects in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary is verified to be accurate and reliable. It is of great practical value in the rearch of antient literatures.
方法：以《局方》卷一至卷六所收录方剂为研究对象,用Excel建立数据表,利用聚类方法挖掘各卷方剂用药特点,借助关联规则挖掘算法挖掘各卷方剂中的高频药对,并结合文献资料对实验结果进行分析讨论。设计属性距离矩阵研究《局方》部分方剂功效倾向性,建立从药归纳方剂功效的数学模型并进行功效属性的约减。
结果：(1)用药规律：诸风脚气卷以解表药、补虚药、祛风湿药、活血化瘀药、息风止痉药、化痰药、清热药、温里药、开窍药的使用频率较高；核心药物为防风、川乌、川芎、天南星、天麻、朱砂、麝香、羌活、白僵蚕、白附子；高频药对为防风与羌活,天麻与麝香,防风与天麻,防风与川芎,麝香与冰片,防风与人参。伤寒中暑卷以解表药、补虚药、化湿药、化痰药、温里药、行气药、利湿药、清热药的使用频率较高；核心药物为陈皮、麻黄、白术、苍术、厚朴、肉桂、自芷、葛根、桔梗、干姜；高频药对为陈皮与厚朴,陈皮与桔梗,半夏与厚朴,麻黄与肉桂,陈皮与白芷,陈皮与苍术。一切气脾胃积聚卷以温里药、行气药、补虚药、化湿药、活血化瘀药、化痰药、利湿药的使用频率较高；核心药物为干姜、木香、陈皮、肉桂、青皮、人参、白术、丁香、砂仁、莪术；高频药对为人参与白术,木香与丁香,干姜与人参,青皮与陈皮,干姜与肉桂。痰饮咳嗽卷以补虚药、化痰药、温里药、止咳平喘药、行气药、解表药、收敛固涩药的使用频率较高；核心药物为半夏、人参、陈皮、干姜、肉桂、杏仁、五味子、桑白皮、白术、细辛、茯苓、天南星、款冬花；高频药对为半夏与陈皮,干姜与白术,人参与五味子,人参与桑白皮,半夏与白矾,干姜与陈皮,半夏与干姜,半夏与人参。诸虚骨蒸痼冷消渴卷以补虚药、温里药、利湿药、行气药的使用频率较高；核心药物为肉杜、附子、白茯苓、人参、熟地、黄芪、巴戟天、茴香、肉苁蓉、补骨脂、牛膝、朱砂；高频药对为人参与白茯苓,肉桂与附子,人参与黄芪,肉桂与人参,附子与干姜。积热泻痢秘涩卷以补虚药、清热药、收敛固涩药、温里药、行气药、利湿药、泻下药的使用频率较高；核心药物为干姜、罂粟壳、当归、木香、肉豆蔻、大黄、诃子、芒硝、人参、陈皮、黄连、肉桂、朱砂；高频药对为干姜与罂粟壳,干姜与肉豆蔻,罂粟壳与当归,罂粟壳与陈皮,干姜与陈皮,木香与肉豆蔻,干姜与当归。(2)方剂功效判定：利用平均值法、最陡峭下降法、拉格朗日中值法和信息量法对《局方》中10个具有已知功效的内科名方进行功效属性约减,结果显示这四种功效取舍方法得出的结果不存在互相包含的情况,四种功效约减方法具有不同的适用范围。
结论：(1)各卷的用药趋势与各卷主治病证的病因病机密切相关,体现了该类方剂的配伍思路；核心药物以辛温之品居多,印证了后世“《局方》用药偏温燥”之说,但重用温热药物亦受当时的社会环境所影响,具有鲜明的时代特色；各卷核心药物的归经倾向亦基本符合该卷所治疾病的所主脏腑。利用关联规则挖掘技术发现的《局方》内科各卷高频药对,大多是由各卷的高频药物相互组合所产生,高频药对体现了各卷的治疗特色及用药习惯,配伍何种药物是控制单味药物功效发挥方向的影响因素之一。(2)采用基于属性距离矩阵的高维数据归约方法判定《局方》方剂的功效倾向性,具有一定的准确性和可靠性,该方法在古方文献研究这一领域具有较大的运用价值。
Objective:summarize and conclude the medication rule of internal herbs, explore the methods for determining the tendency of effects based on the properties of herbs.
Methods:do research on the collected prescriptions from the first volume to the sixth volume of Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary, create the data tables by using Microsoft Excel software, apply clustering approach to find the characteristics of drug therapy of prescriptions in each volume, discover frequent couplet herbs in prescriptions of each volume by association rule mining approach and analyze the experimental results from the aspect of traditional Chinese medicine based on literatures, propose the attribute distance matrix and use it to predict the tendency of effects in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary, design a mathmetical model to induce the effects of prescriptions from herbs and use it to reduce the useless effects.
Results:(1) Medication rule:In Zhu Feng Jiao Qi volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for relieving exterior syndromes, curing deficiency, promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, relieving spasm by calming endogenous wind, removing phlegm, clearing heat, warming interior, and inducing resuscitation; the core herbs include Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Aconiti, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Arisaematis, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Cinnabaris, Moschus, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Bombyx Batryticatus, and Rhizoma Typhonii; the frequent couplet herbs are Radix Saposhnikoviae and Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Rhizoma Gastrodiae and Moschus, Radix Saposhnikoviae and Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Saposhnikoviae and Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Moschus and Borneolum Syntheticum, Radix Saposhnikoviae and Radix Ginseng. In Shang Han Zhong Shu volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for relieving exterior syndromes, curing deficiency, removing dampness, removing phlegm, warming interior, activating qi, promoting diuresis, and clearing heat; the core herbs include Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Herba Ephedrae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Rhizoma Atractylodis, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Cortex Cinnamomi, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Puerariae, Radix Platycodonis, and Rhizoma Zingiberis; the frequent couplet herbs are Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Radix Platycodonis, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Herba Ephedrae and Cortex Cinnamomi, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Rhizoma Atractylodis. In Yi Qie Qi Pi Wei Ji Ju volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for warming interior, activating qi, curing deficiency, removing dampness, promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, removing phlegm, and promoting diuresis; the core herbs include Rhizoma Zingiberis, Radix Aucklandiae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Cortex Cinnamomi, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride, Radix Ginseng, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Flos Caryophylli, Fructus Amomi Villosi, and Rhizoma Curcumae; the frequent couplet herbs are Radix Ginseng and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Aucklandiae and Flos Caryophylli, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Cortex Cinnamomi. In Tan Yin Ke Sou volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for curing deficiency, removing phlegm, warming interior, relieving cough and relieving asthma, activating qi, relieving exteriot syndromes, and astringing; the core herbs include Rhizoma Pinelliae, Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Cortex Cinnamomi, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Cortex Mori, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Herba Asari, Poria, Rhizoma Arisaematis, and Flos Farfarae; the frequent couplet herbs are Rhizoma Pinelliae and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Ginseng and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Radix Ginseng and Cortex Mori, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Alumen, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Rhizoma Zingiberis, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Radix Ginseng. In Zhu Xu Gu Zheng Gu Leng Xiao Ke volume, the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for curing deficiency, warming interior, promoting diuresis, and activating qi; the core herbs include Cortex Cinnamomi. Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Poria, Radix Ginseng, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Fructus Foeniculi, Herba Cistanches, Fructus Psoraleae, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, and Cinnabaris; the frequent couplet herbs are Radix Ginseng and Poria, Cortex Cinnamomi and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Radix Ginseng and Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Cortex Cinnamomi and Radix Ginseng, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata and Rhizoma Zingiberis. In Ji Re Xie Li Mi Se volume. the frequently used herbs mainly contain herbs for curing deficiency, clearing heat, astringing, warming interior, activating qi, promoting diuresis, and purgating; the core herbs include Rhizoma Zingiberis, Pericarpium Papaveris, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Aucklandiae, Semen Myristicae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Fructus Chebulae, Natrii Sulfas, Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Cinnamomi, and Cinnabaris; the frequent couplet herbs Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Papaveris, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Semen Myristicae, Pericarpium Papaveris and Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Pericarpium Papaveris and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Radix Aucklandiae and Semen Myristicae, Rhizoma Zingiberis and Radix Angelicae Sinensis.(2) Prescription effect determination:applying the average value, steepest descent, Lagrange mean value, and information quantity to reduce the useless effects of formulae based on ten well-known internal prescriptions in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary, the experimental results show that the results obtained by these four approaches are independent with each other and the proposed methods for effect reduction can be applied to distinct situations.
Conclusions:(1) The tendency of herb usage is closely related to etiology and pathogenesis of primarydiseases in each volume, which shows the basic idea of compatibility of prescriptions. The majority of core herbs have the property of pungent and warm, which verifies that herbs used in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary are bias to febrile dryness. But, emphasizing on using febrile dryness herbs is effacted by social environment at that time, which has the distinct characteristics of the times. In addition, the channel tendency of core herbs in each volume confirms to the viscera where disease exists in that volume. The identified frequent couplet internal herbs in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary by using association rule mining approach are generally formed by combining a pair of frequent herbs in each volume. The frequent couplet herbs reflect the characteristic of treatment and compatibility law of prescriptions. Furthermore, assorting which kind of herb is one of the important factors to control the influence of effects.(2) Applying attribute distance matrix to predict the tendency of effects in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary is verified to be accurate and reliable. It is of great practical value in the rearch of antient literatures.
引文
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