事故下电网频率恢复策略的研究
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摘要
频率作为保证电力系统正常运行的一个参数有着十分重要的地位，也是电力系统安全运行和高质量运行的重要指标之一。在现代系统中，随着交流联网的容量所占总容量的比例越来越大，发生电网“频率崩溃”现象的概率变小，但后果严重影响了低频减载制止频率下降并恢复频率的效果，因此为了及时控制频率快速的下降，保证系统频率稳定和安全运行是至关重要的。
在分析调速器参数对频率轨迹影响的基础上，本文提出一种频率仿真轨迹和实测轨迹接近程度的评价方法，即频率仿真轨迹和实测轨迹接近程度的误差评价数学模型，用于综合评价频率仿真轨迹与实测轨迹接近程度。并以某区域电网的多个事例进行了仿真计算，验证了该评估方法的有效性。
基于上述调整后的频率仿真轨迹，对某电网传统低频减载方案进行仿真分析，并结合电力系统低频减载方案整定的内容和要求，采用改进最大可用容量法对传统方案进行整定，建立频率不超调的切负荷方案并且以该系统为例进行仿真计算，验证该方案的有效性。
最后，在低频减载装置整定计算中，为了提高结果的准确性，避免过切或欠切现象，有机地协调系统中各低频减载装置，本文基于蚁群优化算法，优化低频减载方案，提出了制约低频减载方案优化的关键约束，并综合考虑系统的运行约束和运行方式，建立了低频减载装置的数学优化模型，给出了具体的计算步骤，同样以某区域电网为例进行仿真计算，验证该方法可行性和有效性。该方法对互联电网低频减载装置进行合理优化配置，较有效的提高了设计低频减载方案的准确性。
The frequency is an important operation parameter, as it is an important indicator ofthe quality and safety conditions of the power system. And so, preventing the frequencysharp drop from the fault situations and maintain the stability of the system frequency, is acrucial problem of the power system. UFLS(Under Frequency Load Shedding)is an lastand effective way to be used.
UFLS plan now is often through the simulation technology to be set up. In this paper,an evaluation method based on the degree of closeness between the frequency simulationtrajectory and the measured trajectory, which was the mathematical model of the errorevaluation between the frequency simulation trajectory and the measured trajectory, wasproposed to evaluate the simulation accuracy of the system frequency synthetically. Theeffectiveness of the error model and evaluation method proposed was verified according tothe calculation analysis of the frequency measured trajectory and the simulation trajectoryin the several frequency decreasing events of northeast china power grid.
The simulation analysis of the traditional UFLS scheme was made based on the aboveadjusted frequency simulation trajectory, The load shedding scheme whose frequency wasestablished without over-adjustment according to the set contents and requirements ofpower system UFLS scheme, and the effectiveness of this scheme was verified accordingto the simulation calculation of a simple system.
In order to eliminate the over cut or under cut of the load by UFLS, the ant colonyoptimization algorithm and optimization the UFLS scheme is developed. The mathematicaloptimization model of the UFLS device was established after comprehensively consideringthe operational constraints and operation modes of the system. The practical calculationexample was made a simulation calculation to verify feasibility and validity of this method.
在分析调速器参数对频率轨迹影响的基础上，本文提出一种频率仿真轨迹和实测轨迹接近程度的评价方法，即频率仿真轨迹和实测轨迹接近程度的误差评价数学模型，用于综合评价频率仿真轨迹与实测轨迹接近程度。并以某区域电网的多个事例进行了仿真计算，验证了该评估方法的有效性。
基于上述调整后的频率仿真轨迹，对某电网传统低频减载方案进行仿真分析，并结合电力系统低频减载方案整定的内容和要求，采用改进最大可用容量法对传统方案进行整定，建立频率不超调的切负荷方案并且以该系统为例进行仿真计算，验证该方案的有效性。
最后，在低频减载装置整定计算中，为了提高结果的准确性，避免过切或欠切现象，有机地协调系统中各低频减载装置，本文基于蚁群优化算法，优化低频减载方案，提出了制约低频减载方案优化的关键约束，并综合考虑系统的运行约束和运行方式，建立了低频减载装置的数学优化模型，给出了具体的计算步骤，同样以某区域电网为例进行仿真计算，验证该方法可行性和有效性。该方法对互联电网低频减载装置进行合理优化配置，较有效的提高了设计低频减载方案的准确性。
The frequency is an important operation parameter, as it is an important indicator ofthe quality and safety conditions of the power system. And so, preventing the frequencysharp drop from the fault situations and maintain the stability of the system frequency, is acrucial problem of the power system. UFLS(Under Frequency Load Shedding)is an lastand effective way to be used.
UFLS plan now is often through the simulation technology to be set up. In this paper,an evaluation method based on the degree of closeness between the frequency simulationtrajectory and the measured trajectory, which was the mathematical model of the errorevaluation between the frequency simulation trajectory and the measured trajectory, wasproposed to evaluate the simulation accuracy of the system frequency synthetically. Theeffectiveness of the error model and evaluation method proposed was verified according tothe calculation analysis of the frequency measured trajectory and the simulation trajectoryin the several frequency decreasing events of northeast china power grid.
The simulation analysis of the traditional UFLS scheme was made based on the aboveadjusted frequency simulation trajectory, The load shedding scheme whose frequency wasestablished without over-adjustment according to the set contents and requirements ofpower system UFLS scheme, and the effectiveness of this scheme was verified accordingto the simulation calculation of a simple system.
In order to eliminate the over cut or under cut of the load by UFLS, the ant colonyoptimization algorithm and optimization the UFLS scheme is developed. The mathematicaloptimization model of the UFLS device was established after comprehensively consideringthe operational constraints and operation modes of the system. The practical calculationexample was made a simulation calculation to verify feasibility and validity of this method.
引文
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[45]阂勇.复杂拓展式电力系统中功率频率动态过程的分析及低频减载装置的整定；[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,1990.
[46]李生虎，贾树森，孙莎莎.交直流系统中低频减载与负荷恢复的静态优化算法.电网技术，2007，2(10):23~25.
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[2]魏晖，沈善德，朱守真等.系统自然频率特性系数的实测与计算.电力系统自动化，2001，(6):49-52.
[3]雷宇，林莉等.电力系统的动态频率特性及其对低频减载的影响.供配电，2001，(10):3~4.
[4]王晓茹，阮铮等.稳态频率预测直接法改进.电力系统及其自动化学报，2010，22(4):1~5.
[5]刘梦欣，王杰，陈陈.电力系统的频率控制理论与发展.电工技术学报，2007，(11):135~144.
[6]胡仁祥，常喜强.地区电网弧网运行的高频控制分析.电力建设，2011，(5) 7~10.
[7] Ke Dingfang Liu Hongbo Wang Chenggen Mu Gang (Northeast Chinese Institute of PowerEngineering JiLin 132012,china). 2005.
[8]王康，兰洲等.非线性系统自适应控制及其在电力系统中的应用.电网技术，2007，(11):11~16.
[9]韩英铎.电力系统的中期稳定及非均匀线动态等值的研究.清华大学学报1989，29(4):1~18.
[10]王刚，张伯明.电力系统外网在线动态等值方案.电网技术，2006，(19):29~36.
[11]房大中，杨晓东.基于模块双向叠代的电力系统仿真新算法研究.中国科学E辑，2005，(9):13~18.
[12]贺仁睦.电力系统动态仿真准确度的探究.电网技术,2000,24(12):1~4.
[13]南方电网技术研究中心.南方电网仿真系统建设与应用研究.2005,11.1~2.
[14]贺仁睦.电力系统动态仿真准确度的探究.电网技术，2000，24(12):1~4.
[15] D.N.Kosterev, C.W.Taylor,W.A.Mittelstadt.Model Validtion for the August 10,1996 WSCC systemoutage. IEEE. Trans on Power System, 1999, 14(3): 967~979.
[16] DelfinoB,MassuccoS,MoriniA,et al.Implementation and Comparison of Different Under FrequencyLoad-Shedding Schemes. in Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. 2001. 307~312.
[17]熊小伏，周永忠，周家启.计及负荷频率特性的低频减载方案研究.中国电机工程学报，2005，25(15): 48~51.
[18] CHEN Jun-shan,HONG Lan-xiu,ZHENG Zhi-yuan.Investigation and Applic ation of LoadingAhedding. Relay, 2007,35(14):79~82.
[19]杨博，解大，陈陈等.电力系统低频减载的现状和应用.华东电力，2002(9):14~18，72.
[20] YU Hong-yun,GU Jin-wen.Underfrequency Load Shedding Schemes Design for East ChinaElectrical Power System.Zhejiang Electrical Power Press,2005(1):29~31.
[21]常喜强，何恒靖，解大等.计及频率差变化率的低频减载方案的研究.电力系统保护与控制，2010(4).
[22]王慧.新型低频减载方案的研究.湖北电力，2001.
[23] Halevi and D.Kottiek. Optimization of load shedding system. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers,2003,8(2):207~213.
[24] ChengP,Chen S.Under frequency Load Shedding Seheme Design Basedon Cost benefit Analysis.In:Proeeeding of the 6 th International Confereneeon on Advaneesin Power System Control,Operation and Management,APSCOXL. HongKong:2003.
[25] Moya O E.A Spinning Reserve,Load Shedding, and Eeonomie Dispatch Solution by Bender，sDecomposition.IEEE Transon Power Systems,2005.
[26]王君.电力系统低频减载算法的研究；[硕士学位论文].西安:西南交通大学,2009.
[27]陈洁.基于多机模型的低频减载整定算法；[硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2003.
[28]陈义宣.基于组合优化的低频减载方案的整定；[硕士学位论文].西安:西南交通大学,2009.
[29] Shokooh F,Dai J J.Shokooh S,et al.An Intelligent Load Shedding(ILS)System Application in aLarge Industrial Facility. In: Industry Applications Conference, Fourtieth IAS AnnualMeeting.2005.
[30]王漪，王钢.电力系统异步运行时频率动态过程的计算分析.电网技术，2004，18 (3):35~38.
[31] E.G.Cate,D.P.Gelopulos.Time frame notion and time response of Models in transient,mid-termand long-term stability programs.IEEE Tran.On P.S,1984,103(1):143~151.
[32] Anderson P M , Mirheydar M . A low-order system frequency response mode.IEEE Trans onPower Systems,1990,5(3): 720~728.
[33] KOSZEREV D X,TAYLOR C W , MITTELSTADTWA . Model validation for the August 101996 WSCC system outage.IEEE Trans on Power System, 1999, 14(3) : 967~979.
[34]雷宇.现代电力系统中影响动态频率特性的因素分析.重庆大学.2002年4月.
[35]王伟红，黄民翔等.影响电网频率动态过程的因素分析.能源工程，2006，59~13.
[36]贺仁睦，叶静.负荷模型及参数对系统动态过程中频率的影响.电力系统自动化，2010, 24(34):27~30.
[37]贺仁睦.电力系统动态仿真准确度的探究.电网技术,2000,24(12):1~4.
[38]刘洪波，穆钢，徐兴伟.使功–频过程仿真轨迹逼近实测轨迹的模型参数调整.电网技术，2006,30 (18):20~24.
[39]施翔，刘洪波等.电力系统频率动态过程仿真中锅炉动态特性影响研究.电力自动化设备，2007，5(27):69~72.
[40]王刚.基于动态等值法的影响电网频率动态特性因素分析.东北电力大学硕士论文.2006年3月.
[41]肖遥，孟让，柯洛德.电力系统频率误差成因分析.电网技术，2002，26(1):39~42.
[42]张孝，鞠平，陈谦等.考虑频率特性负荷模型研究及应用.河南大学学报:自然科学版，2010，38(3):353~358.
[43]孙岳衡.华北电网动态频率分析.清华大学硕士论文，1998.
[44] P.M.Andson,A.A.Fouad Power system control and stability.The Iowa State University Press Ames,Iowa,U.S.A.2007.
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