公共空间内部声环境现状分析与评价方法研究
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摘要
有资料调查表明，人们百分之八十以上的时间是呆在室内，因此可以说室内环境与人们的生活息息相关。对人的工作效率、身心健康和生活舒适有直接影响的声、光、热等物理因素构成了建筑内部物理环境。人的生存离不开这些物理因素，但是声、光、热等物理量过高或过低又会对人造成伤害。因此，从人的工作效率、生活舒适、安全的角度对建筑的物理环境做出定量的评价是十分必要而且有益的。
本文针对建筑内部声环境对人的影响进行了分析和评价方面的研究，主要考虑具有HVAC系统的建筑物内部声环境。首先，本文比较系统、全面地分析了HVAC系统存在的噪声源，并对部分空调设备的发声机理进行了简单地说明，同时还阐述了系统噪声在建筑内部的传播。我们认为：建筑(使用HVAC系统)声环境的好坏取决于HVAC系统初期的设计，也就是如何解决好机械噪声、机械振动、风机噪声、管路噪声、气流噪声以及管路交互传递噪声这六方面的问题。同时，设备工程师与建筑师以及各不同工程师之间要做好协调、沟通工作，将问题解决在设计阶段，如果等问题出现之后再采取措施，不仅会增加工程造价，而且治理效果也不会很好。
在全面了解HVAC系统噪声的基础上，我们提出了一种新的噪声评价模式“测试—对比—分析—评价—调整—总结”。该评价方法借鉴了国外在噪声评价方面最新的研究成果，同时也考虑了国内目前的噪声评价状况，该方法不仅仅考虑了噪声声压级一个因素，同时还考虑了语言干扰级，以及噪声频谱的平衡性等问题，给工程人员以及建筑业主提供了建筑声环境方面充足的信息，这是很有意义的。
同时，为了验证该评价模式的可行性，我们对部分教学楼和办公场合的声环境进行了评价，其评价结果和主观调查结果基本一致。这说明所提出的评价模式科学合理，可以用来对声环境进行评价，也可以对出现噪声问题的场合进行诊断，分析原因，提出解决问题的方案。
Some research dates indicate that the time people spend indoors is up to 80% as they spend outdoors. So that indoor environment is closely linked with people' s life. Sound, lighting and thermal compose the building interior physical environment, which have direct impact on people' s work efficiency, body health and physical comfort. People can' t leave those physical factors, but if the physical factors level is too high or low, it may be a potentially detrimental factor on people health. So the considerations from angles of people' s work efficiency, physical comfort and safety in rating and assessment of building interior physical environment are necessary and profitable.
This paper researches the effect of building interior noise on people. HVAC-related noise is often the major source of background noise in many indoor spaces, so the buildings that have heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system interior noise environment are the most important considerations. First, this paper systematically and entirely analyzes the HVAC-related noise sources, and briefly presents the generating mechanisms of noise in some air-conditioning equipments, and illustrates the propagation of system noise in building interior. It is concluded that the primeval design of HV'AC system decide that the building noise environment is good or bad. As to say how to resolve the six sides problems: machine noise, machine vibration, fan noise, duct noise, draft noise and cross-talk noise. At the same time, equipment engineer should effectively coordinate and communicate with architect and other engineer. Resolve the problems as building design is still in the concept stage. Once ductwork is installed, it is a major expense to change to a better duct design and the terminal control effect is not good. A smart engineer-architect-owner team knows where to spend money to prevent expensive noise problems and still save unnecessary costs.
A new procedure for rating noise, measurement-analyzation-evalua-
tion-adjustment-summarization, is developed which is based upon the comprehension of HVAC-system related noise. The refinements made to the original methodology are based upon not only the abroad new research about noise evaluation, but also upon the thought of the domestic base of current noise evaluation. The procedure involves not only considering the noise sound pressure level, but also considering the speech interference level and noise spectrum balance problems, which offer enough information about building noise environment for engineer and owner.
At the same time, In order to validate the new procedure, using it evaluates some classrooms and offices noise. The rating result is consistent with the subjective response, which indicates that it is a comprehensive tool in formulating guidelines in acoustics design, is especially useful in the diagnosis of complaint situation in the field, when it is frequently necessary to determine where and how much the offending sound spectrum must be altered to satisfy the room occupant and analyze problems to put forward solving projects.
本文针对建筑内部声环境对人的影响进行了分析和评价方面的研究，主要考虑具有HVAC系统的建筑物内部声环境。首先，本文比较系统、全面地分析了HVAC系统存在的噪声源，并对部分空调设备的发声机理进行了简单地说明，同时还阐述了系统噪声在建筑内部的传播。我们认为：建筑(使用HVAC系统)声环境的好坏取决于HVAC系统初期的设计，也就是如何解决好机械噪声、机械振动、风机噪声、管路噪声、气流噪声以及管路交互传递噪声这六方面的问题。同时，设备工程师与建筑师以及各不同工程师之间要做好协调、沟通工作，将问题解决在设计阶段，如果等问题出现之后再采取措施，不仅会增加工程造价，而且治理效果也不会很好。
在全面了解HVAC系统噪声的基础上，我们提出了一种新的噪声评价模式“测试—对比—分析—评价—调整—总结”。该评价方法借鉴了国外在噪声评价方面最新的研究成果，同时也考虑了国内目前的噪声评价状况，该方法不仅仅考虑了噪声声压级一个因素，同时还考虑了语言干扰级，以及噪声频谱的平衡性等问题，给工程人员以及建筑业主提供了建筑声环境方面充足的信息，这是很有意义的。
同时，为了验证该评价模式的可行性，我们对部分教学楼和办公场合的声环境进行了评价，其评价结果和主观调查结果基本一致。这说明所提出的评价模式科学合理，可以用来对声环境进行评价，也可以对出现噪声问题的场合进行诊断，分析原因，提出解决问题的方案。
Some research dates indicate that the time people spend indoors is up to 80% as they spend outdoors. So that indoor environment is closely linked with people' s life. Sound, lighting and thermal compose the building interior physical environment, which have direct impact on people' s work efficiency, body health and physical comfort. People can' t leave those physical factors, but if the physical factors level is too high or low, it may be a potentially detrimental factor on people health. So the considerations from angles of people' s work efficiency, physical comfort and safety in rating and assessment of building interior physical environment are necessary and profitable.
This paper researches the effect of building interior noise on people. HVAC-related noise is often the major source of background noise in many indoor spaces, so the buildings that have heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system interior noise environment are the most important considerations. First, this paper systematically and entirely analyzes the HVAC-related noise sources, and briefly presents the generating mechanisms of noise in some air-conditioning equipments, and illustrates the propagation of system noise in building interior. It is concluded that the primeval design of HV'AC system decide that the building noise environment is good or bad. As to say how to resolve the six sides problems: machine noise, machine vibration, fan noise, duct noise, draft noise and cross-talk noise. At the same time, equipment engineer should effectively coordinate and communicate with architect and other engineer. Resolve the problems as building design is still in the concept stage. Once ductwork is installed, it is a major expense to change to a better duct design and the terminal control effect is not good. A smart engineer-architect-owner team knows where to spend money to prevent expensive noise problems and still save unnecessary costs.
A new procedure for rating noise, measurement-analyzation-evalua-
tion-adjustment-summarization, is developed which is based upon the comprehension of HVAC-system related noise. The refinements made to the original methodology are based upon not only the abroad new research about noise evaluation, but also upon the thought of the domestic base of current noise evaluation. The procedure involves not only considering the noise sound pressure level, but also considering the speech interference level and noise spectrum balance problems, which offer enough information about building noise environment for engineer and owner.
At the same time, In order to validate the new procedure, using it evaluates some classrooms and offices noise. The rating result is consistent with the subjective response, which indicates that it is a comprehensive tool in formulating guidelines in acoustics design, is especially useful in the diagnosis of complaint situation in the field, when it is frequently necessary to determine where and how much the offending sound spectrum must be altered to satisfy the room occupant and analyze problems to put forward solving projects.
引文
[1] 马大猷等．声学手册．北京：科技出版社，1983
[2] 王季卿．中国建筑声学的过去和现在．声学学报，1996，21(1)：1～9
[3] Sou Nomoto, Yuka Yokota, Takuo Mural, et al. The Effects of Temperature, Light, and Sound on Perceived Work Environment. ASHRAE Transaction, 1998, 104 (1A): 711～720
[4] H. Geoff Leventhall, Steven S. Wise. Making Noise Comfortable for People. ASHRAE Transaction, 1998, 104 (1B): 896～900
[5] 吴硕贤，张三明，葛坚．建筑声学设计原理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[6] WilliamW. Lang. Is Noise Policy a Global Issue, or Is a Local Issue? Noise Control Eng, 2001, 49(4): 155～158
[7] 秦佑国，王炳麟．建筑声环境．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[8] 孙广荣．从建筑声学到环境声学．应用声学，2002，21(1)：46～49
[9] 柳孝图．城市物理环境与可持续发展．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[10] Robert J. Linder, Chad B. Dorgan, Charles E. Dorgan. Indoor Air Quality Standards of Performance Applications Guide. ASHRAE Research Project RP-853, 1998, 377～383
[11] 柳孝图．噪声控制研究和应用的进展．声学学报，1996，21(1)：15～19
[12] 任文堂．噪声控制技术和设备的发展现状和展望．应用声学，1999，18(6)：1～5
[13] 电子工业部第十设计研究院．空气调节设计手册．北京：中国建筑出版社，1995
[14] 周广林，陈心昭，陈剑．矿井通风系统噪声产生的机理及噪声控制途径．噪声与振动控制，2002，2：39～42
[15] R. G. Harold. Sound and Vibration Considerations in Rooftop Installations. ASHRAE Transaction, 1991, 97(1): 445～451
[16] 冯瑀正．轻结构隔声原理与应用技术．北京：科学出版社，1987
[17] 国家环境保护局．工业噪声治理技术．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1993
[18] 蒋芝楠，卜冬青，李建华，等．中央空调噪声控制．噪声与振动控制，2002，4：46～48
[19] 张宝军，张弛，徐勇，等．徐州博物馆空调系统噪声检测与分析．噪声与
振动控制，2002，4：43～45
[20] 罗银森，王振林．建筑物附属系统减振降噪的应用研究．振动与冲击，
[21] R. S. Jones. Rooftop HVAC Equipment on Building Roofs. ASHRAE Transaction, 1991, 97 (1): 442～445
[22] 李峰，张景东，张寒冬．一种新型的消声通风除尘装置．噪声与振动控制，2002，1：28～29
[23] 周立万．追加隔声消声措施控制冷却塔噪声．噪声与振动控制，2002，1：20—21
[24] Alfred C. C. Warnock. Transmission of Sound from Air Terminal Devices Through Ceiling Systems. ASHRAE Transaction, 1998, 104(1): 650～657
[25] R. G. Harold. Round Duct can Stop Rumble Noise in Air-handling Installations. ASHRAE Transaction, 1986, 92 (2A) :189～202
[26] 计育根，夏源龙．常用风冷式热泵机组和冷水机组的噪声测量和分析．暖通空调，1999，29(3)：11～15
[27] W. E. Blazier, Sound Quality Considerations in Rating Noise from Heating, Ventilating, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1995, 43 (3): 53～63
[28] N. Broner, Considerations in the Rating and Assessment of Low-frequency Noise. ASHRAE Transaction, 1993, 99 (2): 1025～1030
[29] W. E. Blazier, Control of Low-frequency Noise in HVAC Air-handing Equipment and Systems. ASHRAE Transaction, 1993, 99 (2): 1031～1036
[30] Howard F. Kingsbury, Review and Revision of Room Noise Criteria. Noise Control Eng, 1995, 43 (3): 65～72
[31] L. L. Beranek, Revised Criteria for Noise Control in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1957, 3:19～27
[32] W. E. Blazier, Revised Criteria for Application in the Acoustical Design and Rating of HVAC Systems. Noise Control Eng, 1981, 16 (2): 64～73
[33] L. L. Beranek, Application of NCB Noise Criteria Curves. Noise Control Eng, 1989, 33(2): 45～56
[34] W. E. Blazier, RC Mark Ⅱ: A Refined Procedure for Rating the Noise of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1997, 45 (6): 243～250
[35] 郑大瑞，蔡秀兰．机场周围飞机噪声评价方法的研究．声学学报，1991，16(3)：218～229
[36] 陶建辛，丁厚明，杨胜梅．空调声质量评估技术的研究与应用．振动、测试与诊断，2001，21(3)：214～219
[37] 吴硕贤．多车道多车种随机车流量噪声的预报研究．声学学报，1982，7(5)：302～309
[38] 吴硕贤．部分车辆成组的多车道混合车流噪声的计算机模拟．声学学报，1985，10(1)：30～39
[39] 吴硕贤，E．Kittinger．“虚墙”法及其在交通噪声计算中的应用．声学学报，1994，19(4)：309～315
[40] 王季卿，施琦华，钟祥璋．交通噪声对中小学生课堂行为的影响．声学学报，1992，17(4)：248～255
[41] L. L. Beranek, Application of NCB and RC Noise Criteria Curves for Specification and Evaluation of Noise in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1997, 45(5): 209～216
[42] American National Standards Institute, ANSI S3.14-1977: Rating Noise with Respect to Speech Interference. 1977
[43] Paul D. Schomer, L. Ray Wagner. On the Contribution of Noticeability of Environmental Sounds to Noise Annoyance. Noise Control Eng, 1996, 44 (6): 294～305
[44] 贾继彦，李念平，潘尤贵．教室声环境的主观反应及烦恼度阈限值的探讨．环境污染与防治，2002，24(6)：365～367
[45] 李念平，蔡容曼，贾继彦．室外噪声对建筑室内噪声分布的影响分析．环境工程，2002增刊：201～202
[46] 杨伦标，高英仪．模糊数学．广州：华南理工大学出版社，1998
[47] 郑大瑞，難波精一郎，橋本朱夫，等．关于噪声评价用语的研究．声学学报，1993，18(6)：444～454
[48] 潘仲麟，黄有兴，金进生，等．公园环境噪声的主观反应及烦恼度阈值．声学学报，1993，18(6)：463～467
[49] 潘仲麟，张邦俊，胡伟．公园环境噪声及游人主观反应．科技通报，1991，7(6)：310～314
[2] 王季卿．中国建筑声学的过去和现在．声学学报，1996，21(1)：1～9
[3] Sou Nomoto, Yuka Yokota, Takuo Mural, et al. The Effects of Temperature, Light, and Sound on Perceived Work Environment. ASHRAE Transaction, 1998, 104 (1A): 711～720
[4] H. Geoff Leventhall, Steven S. Wise. Making Noise Comfortable for People. ASHRAE Transaction, 1998, 104 (1B): 896～900
[5] 吴硕贤，张三明，葛坚．建筑声学设计原理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000
[6] WilliamW. Lang. Is Noise Policy a Global Issue, or Is a Local Issue? Noise Control Eng, 2001, 49(4): 155～158
[7] 秦佑国，王炳麟．建筑声环境．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[8] 孙广荣．从建筑声学到环境声学．应用声学，2002，21(1)：46～49
[9] 柳孝图．城市物理环境与可持续发展．南京：东南大学出版社，1999
[10] Robert J. Linder, Chad B. Dorgan, Charles E. Dorgan. Indoor Air Quality Standards of Performance Applications Guide. ASHRAE Research Project RP-853, 1998, 377～383
[11] 柳孝图．噪声控制研究和应用的进展．声学学报，1996，21(1)：15～19
[12] 任文堂．噪声控制技术和设备的发展现状和展望．应用声学，1999，18(6)：1～5
[13] 电子工业部第十设计研究院．空气调节设计手册．北京：中国建筑出版社，1995
[14] 周广林，陈心昭，陈剑．矿井通风系统噪声产生的机理及噪声控制途径．噪声与振动控制，2002，2：39～42
[15] R. G. Harold. Sound and Vibration Considerations in Rooftop Installations. ASHRAE Transaction, 1991, 97(1): 445～451
[16] 冯瑀正．轻结构隔声原理与应用技术．北京：科学出版社，1987
[17] 国家环境保护局．工业噪声治理技术．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1993
[18] 蒋芝楠，卜冬青，李建华，等．中央空调噪声控制．噪声与振动控制，2002，4：46～48
[19] 张宝军，张弛，徐勇，等．徐州博物馆空调系统噪声检测与分析．噪声与
振动控制，2002，4：43～45
[20] 罗银森，王振林．建筑物附属系统减振降噪的应用研究．振动与冲击，
[21] R. S. Jones. Rooftop HVAC Equipment on Building Roofs. ASHRAE Transaction, 1991, 97 (1): 442～445
[22] 李峰，张景东，张寒冬．一种新型的消声通风除尘装置．噪声与振动控制，2002，1：28～29
[23] 周立万．追加隔声消声措施控制冷却塔噪声．噪声与振动控制，2002，1：20—21
[24] Alfred C. C. Warnock. Transmission of Sound from Air Terminal Devices Through Ceiling Systems. ASHRAE Transaction, 1998, 104(1): 650～657
[25] R. G. Harold. Round Duct can Stop Rumble Noise in Air-handling Installations. ASHRAE Transaction, 1986, 92 (2A) :189～202
[26] 计育根，夏源龙．常用风冷式热泵机组和冷水机组的噪声测量和分析．暖通空调，1999，29(3)：11～15
[27] W. E. Blazier, Sound Quality Considerations in Rating Noise from Heating, Ventilating, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1995, 43 (3): 53～63
[28] N. Broner, Considerations in the Rating and Assessment of Low-frequency Noise. ASHRAE Transaction, 1993, 99 (2): 1025～1030
[29] W. E. Blazier, Control of Low-frequency Noise in HVAC Air-handing Equipment and Systems. ASHRAE Transaction, 1993, 99 (2): 1031～1036
[30] Howard F. Kingsbury, Review and Revision of Room Noise Criteria. Noise Control Eng, 1995, 43 (3): 65～72
[31] L. L. Beranek, Revised Criteria for Noise Control in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1957, 3:19～27
[32] W. E. Blazier, Revised Criteria for Application in the Acoustical Design and Rating of HVAC Systems. Noise Control Eng, 1981, 16 (2): 64～73
[33] L. L. Beranek, Application of NCB Noise Criteria Curves. Noise Control Eng, 1989, 33(2): 45～56
[34] W. E. Blazier, RC Mark Ⅱ: A Refined Procedure for Rating the Noise of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1997, 45 (6): 243～250
[35] 郑大瑞，蔡秀兰．机场周围飞机噪声评价方法的研究．声学学报，1991，16(3)：218～229
[36] 陶建辛，丁厚明，杨胜梅．空调声质量评估技术的研究与应用．振动、测试与诊断，2001，21(3)：214～219
[37] 吴硕贤．多车道多车种随机车流量噪声的预报研究．声学学报，1982，7(5)：302～309
[38] 吴硕贤．部分车辆成组的多车道混合车流噪声的计算机模拟．声学学报，1985，10(1)：30～39
[39] 吴硕贤，E．Kittinger．“虚墙”法及其在交通噪声计算中的应用．声学学报，1994，19(4)：309～315
[40] 王季卿，施琦华，钟祥璋．交通噪声对中小学生课堂行为的影响．声学学报，1992，17(4)：248～255
[41] L. L. Beranek, Application of NCB and RC Noise Criteria Curves for Specification and Evaluation of Noise in Buildings. Noise Control Eng, 1997, 45(5): 209～216
[42] American National Standards Institute, ANSI S3.14-1977: Rating Noise with Respect to Speech Interference. 1977
[43] Paul D. Schomer, L. Ray Wagner. On the Contribution of Noticeability of Environmental Sounds to Noise Annoyance. Noise Control Eng, 1996, 44 (6): 294～305
[44] 贾继彦，李念平，潘尤贵．教室声环境的主观反应及烦恼度阈限值的探讨．环境污染与防治，2002，24(6)：365～367
[45] 李念平，蔡容曼，贾继彦．室外噪声对建筑室内噪声分布的影响分析．环境工程，2002增刊：201～202
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