西安市医院建筑室内声环境研究
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摘要
随着社会的进步和城市化的加速发展以及建筑技术学科研究内容的不断扩展,人们对精神生活越来越重视,室内声环境的研究正逐步普及,声环境设计也从剧院、音乐厅、体育馆等观演建筑走向教育建筑、住宅建筑以及和人们生命生活息息相关的医院建筑。医院建筑室内尤其是门诊区噪声污染不仅对病人生理心理健康产生极大不良反应,还对医护工作人员的工作质量有较大影响,城市化进程的不断推进和医疗卫生事业的迅速发展必将使噪声污染问题更加突出。为了了解医院建筑室内声环境的构成特性及对患者和医护人员的影响程度,本文从分析医院建筑室内噪声构成特性出发,在进行实地测量基础上,通过调查问卷和模糊数学分析法重点研究医院建筑室内声环境的污染现状。
本文首先通过查阅相关文献资料,在国内外研究现状的基础上,结合现场实地仪器测量,以西安市三家大型三甲医院(儿童医院、交大二院、西京医院)的室内声环境为研究对象,分析研究其室内环境的各种构成因素及其特性。在此基础上制定问卷调查表在医院内发放,让受访者根据个人主观感受,对医院室内声环境进行主观评价,最后将调查结果进行统计整理,并对各种结果进行分析。
对数据的分析,本文采用模糊数学中的综合评价法确定受访者对医院室内声环境的综合评价结果,因为在客观世界中,许多现象都是由多种因素综合影响的结果,用模糊数学的目的是把受访者主观上对医院室内声环境的不同感受评分的百分比,通过计算用一个具体的数值代表其对医院声环境的评价状况。由调查分析和计算,最后得出受访者对医院室内声环境的评价结果。
最后,综合评价研究结果,本文从医院建筑的规划选址、建筑设计、室内装修等方面提出改进医院建筑室内声环境的方法和意见,为良好医疗环境、为我国绿色医院建筑设计可持续发展提供参考。
As the progress of our society, accelerated progress of urbanization and continuous expanding of architectural technology's research content, people are increasingly concerned with spiritual life. By that reason, indoor sound study is becoming popular, and the sound design is also expanding from theatrical building like theatre, music hall, and indoor stadium towards school building, residential housing and the most life-concerning hospital building. The noise pollution in the interior of hospital building, especially the clinical area, negatively impacts not only the physical and mental health of patients, but also work quality of medical personnel. Continuous progress of urbanization and rapid development of healthcare will inevitably make the noise pollution issue more obvious. In order to understand the impact level of noise pollution to patients and medical personnel, this paper, based on the analysis to structure characteristics of hospital building's indoor sound,studied the current noise pollution status of hospital building's indoor sound environment, through on-site measurement, questionnaire survey and analytical method of fuzzy mathematics.
In this paper, the writer firstly consulted related document literatures. Based on these domestic and foreign studies, through on-site measurement to 3 general Grade A ClassⅢhospitals in Xi'an (Xi'an Children's Hospital,2nd Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University&Xijing Hospital), this paper analyzed and studied all the factors and characteristics of the indoor environments. On this basis, the writer made a questionnaire and did a survey in those hospitals, let the respondents evaluate the hospitals' indoor sound environments in accordance with their feelings, and finally did statistics and analysis to the responses.
For data analysis, this paper uses Comprehensive Evaluation Method of fuzzy mathematics to determine the respondents'general evaluation results to those hospitals' indoor acoustic environments. As the fact that many phenomena are caused by various factors in the objective world, so using the method of fuzzy mathematics can compute the percentage of respondents'subjective survey responses into a specific value to represent the sound ondition of those hospitals.
Finally, after integrating the study results, this paper developed some methods and suggestions of planning & site-selection, architecture design and interior decoration of hospital building to improve their indoor sound environments. With this thesis, the writer hopes to contribute to better medical environment and the sustainable development of green hospital building design in our country.
本文首先通过查阅相关文献资料,在国内外研究现状的基础上,结合现场实地仪器测量,以西安市三家大型三甲医院(儿童医院、交大二院、西京医院)的室内声环境为研究对象,分析研究其室内环境的各种构成因素及其特性。在此基础上制定问卷调查表在医院内发放,让受访者根据个人主观感受,对医院室内声环境进行主观评价,最后将调查结果进行统计整理,并对各种结果进行分析。
对数据的分析,本文采用模糊数学中的综合评价法确定受访者对医院室内声环境的综合评价结果,因为在客观世界中,许多现象都是由多种因素综合影响的结果,用模糊数学的目的是把受访者主观上对医院室内声环境的不同感受评分的百分比,通过计算用一个具体的数值代表其对医院声环境的评价状况。由调查分析和计算,最后得出受访者对医院室内声环境的评价结果。
最后,综合评价研究结果,本文从医院建筑的规划选址、建筑设计、室内装修等方面提出改进医院建筑室内声环境的方法和意见,为良好医疗环境、为我国绿色医院建筑设计可持续发展提供参考。
As the progress of our society, accelerated progress of urbanization and continuous expanding of architectural technology's research content, people are increasingly concerned with spiritual life. By that reason, indoor sound study is becoming popular, and the sound design is also expanding from theatrical building like theatre, music hall, and indoor stadium towards school building, residential housing and the most life-concerning hospital building. The noise pollution in the interior of hospital building, especially the clinical area, negatively impacts not only the physical and mental health of patients, but also work quality of medical personnel. Continuous progress of urbanization and rapid development of healthcare will inevitably make the noise pollution issue more obvious. In order to understand the impact level of noise pollution to patients and medical personnel, this paper, based on the analysis to structure characteristics of hospital building's indoor sound,studied the current noise pollution status of hospital building's indoor sound environment, through on-site measurement, questionnaire survey and analytical method of fuzzy mathematics.
In this paper, the writer firstly consulted related document literatures. Based on these domestic and foreign studies, through on-site measurement to 3 general Grade A ClassⅢhospitals in Xi'an (Xi'an Children's Hospital,2nd Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University&Xijing Hospital), this paper analyzed and studied all the factors and characteristics of the indoor environments. On this basis, the writer made a questionnaire and did a survey in those hospitals, let the respondents evaluate the hospitals' indoor sound environments in accordance with their feelings, and finally did statistics and analysis to the responses.
For data analysis, this paper uses Comprehensive Evaluation Method of fuzzy mathematics to determine the respondents'general evaluation results to those hospitals' indoor acoustic environments. As the fact that many phenomena are caused by various factors in the objective world, so using the method of fuzzy mathematics can compute the percentage of respondents'subjective survey responses into a specific value to represent the sound ondition of those hospitals.
Finally, after integrating the study results, this paper developed some methods and suggestions of planning & site-selection, architecture design and interior decoration of hospital building to improve their indoor sound environments. With this thesis, the writer hopes to contribute to better medical environment and the sustainable development of green hospital building design in our country.
引文
[1]L.H.肖丁尼斯基著,李崇理译.声音.人.建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1985：189-192
[2]罗运湖.现代医院建筑设计(第二版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2010：1-117
[3]罗运湖.医院建筑的扩建和改造[J].建筑技术及设计,2008(1)：66-68
[4]刘玉龙.发达国家医疗建筑的发展对中国的启示[J].世界建筑,2009(4)：22-23
[5]许常吉.医院建筑发展的新趋势[J].城市建筑,2009(7)：46-47
[6]陈国亮,郏亚丰.医院建筑创作简析[J].城市建筑,2009(7)：29-30
[7]董黎,吴梅.医疗建筑[M].武汉：武汉工业大学出版社,1999：52-86
[8]严和骚.医学心理学概论[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1984：67-92
[9]甄志亚,傅维康.中国医学史[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：87-101
[10]贺镇东.医学模式转变及其对医院设计的影响[J].世界建筑,1988：62-63
[11]刘绮,潘伟滨主编.环境质量评价(第二版)[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2008：123-128
[14]朱颖心,彦启森.建筑环境学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006：231-253
[15]吴硕贤,葛坚,夏清,张三明.室内环境与设备[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003：9-27
[16]常怀生.建筑环境心理学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1981：106-124
[17]王锦堂译.环境心理学[M].台北：茂荣图书公司出版社,1996
[18]刘加平主编.建筑物理(第三版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000：362-364
[19]柳孝图主编.建筑物理(第二版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000：296-320
[20]洪宗辉,潘仲麟.环境噪声控制工程[M].北京,高等教育出版社,2004：
[21]马大猷.声学研究的进展[J].科技导报,1994(9)：8-11
[22]杜功焕.声学基础[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1982：417-520
[23]GB3096-2008,声环境质量标准[S].北京：环境保护部,国家质量监督检查检疫总局,2008
[24]陕西省卫生统计年鉴[G].西安：陕西省卫生局,2005
[25]西安市卫生统计年鉴[G].西安：西安市卫生局,2005
[26]谭伯兰.医院建筑空间环境与心理[J].建筑学报,1992(4)
[27]张国材.从环境心理学角度探讨门诊大厅设计[J].建筑学报,1988(5)
[28]赵家琪.医疗与建筑[J].(台)建筑师,1992(4)
[29]朱晓雷.建筑环境评价[D].广州：华南理工大学,2006：124-201
[30]贾继彦.公共空间内部声环境现状分析与评价方法研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2003
[31]Richard L.Miller and Earl S Swensson. Hospital and Healthcare Facility Design[J]. W.W.Norton & Company Ltd.,Nen York and London,2002
[32]迟宝兰等.我国医院的发展趋势[J].中国医院管理,1996：1-128
[33]Stephen Verderber and David J. Fine. Heathcare Architecture in an Era of Radical Transformation[J]. Yale Univercity Press, New Haven and London,2000
[34]George T. Harrel. Planning Medical Center Facilities for Education,Research, and Public Service[M]. The Pennsylvania State University Preess,1974
[35]Cor Wagenaar (ed). The Architecture of Hospitals[J]. Nai Publishers,Rotterdam,2006
[36]宋英芳,杨曙光,王芸.医院环境设计初探[Z]http://www.labl27.com/show topic-9002 aspx
[37]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2006
[38]曹炳元.应用模糊数学与系统[M].北京：科学出版社,2005
[39]L.L.多勒.建筑环境声学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005：58-87
[40]孙远涛.建筑施工噪声烦恼度阈限值研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008
[41]王丽敏.运用模糊数学理论对大雁塔北广场音乐喷泉声景观的研究[D].西安：长安大学,2009
[2]罗运湖.现代医院建筑设计(第二版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2010：1-117
[3]罗运湖.医院建筑的扩建和改造[J].建筑技术及设计,2008(1)：66-68
[4]刘玉龙.发达国家医疗建筑的发展对中国的启示[J].世界建筑,2009(4)：22-23
[5]许常吉.医院建筑发展的新趋势[J].城市建筑,2009(7)：46-47
[6]陈国亮,郏亚丰.医院建筑创作简析[J].城市建筑,2009(7)：29-30
[7]董黎,吴梅.医疗建筑[M].武汉：武汉工业大学出版社,1999：52-86
[8]严和骚.医学心理学概论[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1984：67-92
[9]甄志亚,傅维康.中国医学史[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：87-101
[10]贺镇东.医学模式转变及其对医院设计的影响[J].世界建筑,1988：62-63
[11]刘绮,潘伟滨主编.环境质量评价(第二版)[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2008：123-128
[14]朱颖心,彦启森.建筑环境学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006：231-253
[15]吴硕贤,葛坚,夏清,张三明.室内环境与设备[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003：9-27
[16]常怀生.建筑环境心理学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1981：106-124
[17]王锦堂译.环境心理学[M].台北：茂荣图书公司出版社,1996
[18]刘加平主编.建筑物理(第三版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000：362-364
[19]柳孝图主编.建筑物理(第二版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000：296-320
[20]洪宗辉,潘仲麟.环境噪声控制工程[M].北京,高等教育出版社,2004：
[21]马大猷.声学研究的进展[J].科技导报,1994(9)：8-11
[22]杜功焕.声学基础[M].上海：上海科技出版社,1982：417-520
[23]GB3096-2008,声环境质量标准[S].北京：环境保护部,国家质量监督检查检疫总局,2008
[24]陕西省卫生统计年鉴[G].西安：陕西省卫生局,2005
[25]西安市卫生统计年鉴[G].西安：西安市卫生局,2005
[26]谭伯兰.医院建筑空间环境与心理[J].建筑学报,1992(4)
[27]张国材.从环境心理学角度探讨门诊大厅设计[J].建筑学报,1988(5)
[28]赵家琪.医疗与建筑[J].(台)建筑师,1992(4)
[29]朱晓雷.建筑环境评价[D].广州：华南理工大学,2006：124-201
[30]贾继彦.公共空间内部声环境现状分析与评价方法研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2003
[31]Richard L.Miller and Earl S Swensson. Hospital and Healthcare Facility Design[J]. W.W.Norton & Company Ltd.,Nen York and London,2002
[32]迟宝兰等.我国医院的发展趋势[J].中国医院管理,1996：1-128
[33]Stephen Verderber and David J. Fine. Heathcare Architecture in an Era of Radical Transformation[J]. Yale Univercity Press, New Haven and London,2000
[34]George T. Harrel. Planning Medical Center Facilities for Education,Research, and Public Service[M]. The Pennsylvania State University Preess,1974
[35]Cor Wagenaar (ed). The Architecture of Hospitals[J]. Nai Publishers,Rotterdam,2006
[36]宋英芳,杨曙光,王芸.医院环境设计初探[Z]http://www.labl27.com/show topic-9002 aspx
[37]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2006
[38]曹炳元.应用模糊数学与系统[M].北京：科学出版社,2005
[39]L.L.多勒.建筑环境声学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005：58-87
[40]孙远涛.建筑施工噪声烦恼度阈限值研究[D].西安：长安大学,2008
[41]王丽敏.运用模糊数学理论对大雁塔北广场音乐喷泉声景观的研究[D].西安：长安大学,2009