基于投资者视角的上市公司多元化战略对企业价值的影响研究
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摘要
多元化战略作为企业的一种总体战略和成长战略,对企业发展具有长远性、全局性、根本性的指导作用。企业多元化战略的改变,意味着企业发展方向发生了重大调整,会给企业价值带来巨大影响。对投资者而言,投资的主要目的是获取投资收益,需要对企业未来发展趋势进行分析并对企业价值做出判断,指导企业未来发展方向的多元化战略,恰恰是投资者进行投资决策时不可忽略的重要因素之一。然而,目前我国股票市场上的投资者大多以盈利能力、负债水平等财务因素作为价值评价和投资决策的依据,对战略因素考虑较少。鉴于此,本文基于投资者视角,对上市公司多元化战略与企业价值的关系进行研究,构建多元化战略影响企业价值的理论分析框架并揭示多元化战略影响企业价值的机理,以拓展多元化战略与企业价值的研究思路,有效指导投资者的投资实践。
     基于投资者视角的上市公司多元化战略对企业价值的研究,是与以往企业视角下的研究相对的,投资者与企业在获取信息的范围、对企业价值的界定、涉及的市场范围和市场主体等方面存在的诸多不同,会导致二者对企业价值的评价有所不同,并进一步使得多元化战略影响企业价值的理论分析框架不同。本文首先对多元化战略、企业价值和投资者的内涵进行分析与界定,并提出投资者评价企业价值的前提条件假设。在此基础上,以资源基础理论、内部资本市场理论、代理理论、信息不对称理论、战略管理理论以及投资决策理论为依据,以投资者评价企业价值的信息来源为切入点,基于投资者视角对多元化战略影响企业价值的理论分析框架进行构建,以此作为全文研究的理论基础。
     多元化战略作为企业的一种战略行为,不会直接作用于企业价值,而是通过某些路径对企业价值产生影响。在价值投资理念的指导下,投资者在价值判断的过程中会更加注重企业经营效率的长期性和稳定性,并会借助证券分析师的研究成果指导自身的投资决策,因此,本文将资本配置和证券分析师关注确认为多元化战略影响企业价值的关键路径并对其进行重点研究。以内部资本市场理论、代理理论和信息不对称理论为依据,运用数理模型法和实证分析法,对静态环境下多元化战略如何通过影响资本配置效率和证券分析师关注度以进一步影响企业价值的机理进行分析和检验。研究结果发现,多元化战略的实施会导致企业资本配置效率的下降,也会导致证券分析师对公司关注程度的下降,从而最终导致企业价值下降。
     投资者对多元化战略价值效应的评价,除了要关注静态环境下多元化战略的状态对企业价值的影响,还要重视动态环境下多元化战略变革带来的价值变化。投资者需要准确把握变革时机并及时调整投资策略,以充分实现投资收益。在对多元化战略影响企业价值的关键路径进行静态分析的基础上,以并购理论和资源基础理论为基础,运用比较研究法和事件研究法,对多元化战略变革影响企业价值的路径进行动态分析和检验。研究结果发现,多元化战略变革可通过内部发展和外部并购两种模式实现,且在多元化程度变化相同的情况下,采用外部并购模式进行战略变革的企业,其资本配置效率和证券分析师关注度均比内部发展模式高,并最终使得企业价值比内部发展模式高。
     在实际投资活动中,投资者往往首先要根据股票定价模型对股票进行估价,然后再进行投资决策,因此多元化战略的价值效应只有体现在股票定价模型中,才能更好地指导投资实践。在对多元化战略影响企业价值的路径进行分析的基础上,以股票定价理论和Fama-French三因素模型为基础,将多元化战略纳入股票定价模型中,对传统模型进行修正,并运用数据挖掘法对修正后的模型进行检验。研究结果发现,多元化战略是形成股票定价的重要因素之一,修正后的股票定价模型比传统股票定价模型具有更好的股价解释能力。
     现有关于多元化战略与企业价值的研究大都基于企业自身视角,直接考察静态环境下多元化程度对企业价值的影响,缺乏从投资者视角对多元化战略影响企业价值机理的全面解释与论证,也缺乏对多元化战略影响企业价值的路径分析和动态分析,更无将多元化战略因素纳入到股票定价模型的研究成果。本文基于投资者视角对多元化战略与企业价值的关系进行研究,不仅将多元化战略视为企业的一种战略安排,更强调其资本市场价值效应以及对投资者决策的重要作用。从理论上看,本研究可以为多元化战略与企业价值的进一步研究提供理论依据;有助于丰富和完善多元化战略的理论内涵,丰富企业价值理论,充实和发展投资决策理论;有助于揭示多元化战略对企业价值的影响机理和影响效应。从实践上看,本研究有助于投资者树立价值投资理念,重视公司战略因素并以此为基础对企业价值进行判断,做出科学的投资决策;有助于上市公司完善战略实施过程中的管理决策,合理披露多元化战略实施的相关信息,开展市值管理和提升公司市场价值;有助于资本市场各参与者明确各自的责任与作用,保护投资者利益,促进资本市场的健康稳定发展。
Diversification strategy is one of the overall strategies and growth strategies. Itis a behavior with long-term planning, which can guide the company’s developmentdirection fundamentally. Due to the important position of diversification strategy,the company will have large change if its diversification strategy is adjusted. Forinvestors, their purpose of investment is to obtain earning in the future, which meansthat it is necessary for them to analyze the company’s develoment trend and predictfirm value accurately. Hence, diversification strategy which can impact thecompany’s development direction is an important factor for investors to focus on.Nevertheless, there’re too much speculative behavior but not value investment inChina’s capital market. Though some investors choose fundamental fators, such asprofitability, leverage and so on as the basis of investment, what they consider islimited to financial factors, excluding strategy factor. Because of this, this paperdoes the research about how diversification strategy impacts on firm value from theperspective of investors.
     The study from perspective of investors is relative to the perspective ofcompanies. The two perspectives have differences on some aspects, which makesthat they have different views to evaluate firm value and the theoretical frameworkabout impact of diversification strategy on firm value is also different. This paperfirstly analyzes the implication of diversification strategy, firm value and investors,and then puts forward theoretical foundation about investors evaluating firm value.Based on resource-based theory, internal capital market theory, agency theory,asymmetric information theory, strategic management theory and inverstmentdecision theory, the paper makes investors’ information source as pointcut, andconstructs the theoretical framework about impact of diversification strategy onfirm value, which is the theoretical basis of the whole paper.
     As a strategic behavior, diversification strategy won’t impact on firm valuedirectly. It will impact on firm value through some paths. Under the guide of valueinvestment, the paper confirms capital allocation and analyst following as the keypaths. It’s because that value investors always pay more attention to the persistenceand consistency of companies’ operational efficiency. And value investors alwaysrefer securities analysts’ research results when they make investment decision.Based on internal capital market theory, agency theory and asymmetric informationtheory, the paper analyzes the influence mechanism of diversification strategy oncapital allocation, analyst following and firm value with the method ofmathematical analysis and normative analysis. The result shows that diversification strategy will make capital allocation efficiency and analyst following decrease, andmake firm value decrease at last.
     Except for static analysis about impact of diversification strategy on firm value,investors will care more about the valuation effect of diversification change. Theyneed to take the good chance to make their benefit maximum. Based on mergertheory and resource-based theory, the paper analyzes the influence mechanism ofdiversification patterns on firm value with the method of comparative analysis andevent study. The result shows that companies can change diversification strategythrough two patterns: development pattern in internal and merger pattern in external.And the capital allocation efficiency, analyst following and firm value in mergerpattern are all higher than development pattern, when the change of diversificationdegree of the two pattern is the same.
     In practice, investors always firstly use stock pricing model to evaluate firmvalue, and then make investment decision. So in order to guide investment practicebetter, it is necessary to bring diversification strategy into stock pricing model.Based on Fama-French three factors model, the paper modifies the traditional stockpricing model and tests it. The result shows that diversification strategy is one of theimportant factors to form stock price, and the modified model can explain more thanthe traditional one.
     Researchers always study the direct relationship between diversificationstrategy and firm value from the perspective of companies, which ignores theimpact of diversification strategy on firm value under some paths from theperspective of investors. And the existing research didn’t have research underdynamic environment and stock pricing model either. This paper bases on theperspective of investors, not only regarding diversification strategy as a strategicarrangement, but also emphasising its valuation effect and its function in theinvestment decision. In theory, the study provides a theoretical basis for the furtherresearch of diversification strategy and firm value. It helps to enrich and improvethe theoretical connotation. It helps to enrich the theory about firm value andinvestment decision. And at the same time, it contributes to reveal the influencemechanism of diversification strategy on firm value. In practice, the study can helpinvestors set up the philosophy of value investment to predict firm value based onstrategy factor. It also can help the listed companies improve their managementdecision, disclose strategic information and increase firm value. Moreover, thestudy can help the participators in capital market to clear their responsibility, protectinvestors’ benefit and promote the market to develop healthily.
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