哈尔滨无偿献血者亲社会行为与动员机制的契合关系研究
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摘要
自1998年《献血法》颁布之日起,标志着我国献血制度由有偿、义务献血向无偿献血转变。然而,传统血液制度的弊端仍然在一定程度上影响和阻碍无偿献血事业的发展,致使许多城市出现了“血荒”。但与之形成鲜明对比的是,哈尔滨流动血车中却出现了献血量“供过于求”的现象。
本研究希望通过社会学的视角审视和剖析哈尔滨血站良性运行与发展的深层次原因。因此,本文将以哈尔滨市红十字中心血站为研究个案,以亲社会行为理论为支撑,探讨无偿献血者献血行为的决策过程以及血站现存的动员机制,并进一步将二者在不同阶段的契合关系进行梳理和提炼,最终为哈尔滨血站的成功经验做解释性说明。
研究者结合深度访谈和参与观察等方法,对无偿献血者、志愿者以及血站工作人员分别进行了不同层面的实证调查。通过对资料的定性分析,发现无偿献血者的决策过程可以概括为三个阶段,即最初献血的行为动因——献血意图确定——献血意图转化,各个阶段存在不同的影响因素。继而对血站现存的组织管理体系进行了深入分析,将其动员机制归结为金字塔式结构,即以血站的文化动员为根基、以志愿者组织为支撑、以外部资源调动为促进的三个层次。在了解和对比无偿献血者决策过程以及血站动员机制的基础上,将二者的契合关系归结为以下三个方面:首先血站通过双重资源动员达到与献血行为动因的契合,并利用献血文化对献血意图进行动员,最终在血站环境的建设下促进献血行为的决策。
本研究力图通过探究无偿献血者亲社会行为与动员机制的契合关系,为哈尔滨的成功模式提供合理化解释。从理论意义上看,在探讨献血行为的决策过程中,对现存的亲社会行为理论模式进行了扩充和完善。同时,对于血站成功经验的探讨有助于其他城市的借鉴和思考,具有重要的现实意义。
Since 1998, the Blood Law is Implement, symbolizes that the system of contribute blood is changing from paying, voluntary to donate blood without compensation. However, the traditional blood system's disadvantage still to a certain extent affected and the hindrance donating blood without compensation enterprise's development, causes many cities to present“to be short of blood”. Forms the sharp contrast , in the Harbin flowing blood car actually presented the giving blood quantity“the supply in excess of demand”phenomenon.
This paper is precisely embarks based on this question, through the sociological angle of view to find the deep level reasons of Harbin blood center benignity movement and the development. Therefore, this research take the Harbin blood center as the case, take the prosocial behavior theory as the support, discuss blood donors’decision-making process and the blood center’mobilization mechanism, and further analyze their in different period's conjunction relations. finally gives the explanatory explanation for the Harbin blood center's successful experience.
Using the depth interview and observation methods, I interview the blood donors, the volunteer and the staff of blood center. Through the qualitative analysis, find that the blood donor's decision-making process may summarize is three stages, namely blood donor’s first behavior agent—intention to be determined—the intention to be transformed. And each stage each stage existence different influencing factor. In addition, analysis the organization managed system of blood center, discovered that blood center’s mobilization mechanism presented the Pyramid type structure, namely take the cultural mobilization as the foundation, take the volunteer organization as the support, take the exterior resources reassignment as the promotion levels. Through understands and contrast, summary the conjunction relations in three aspects: the first blood center through the dual resources mobilizations to correspond to blood donors’behavior motivation, and using the culture to mobilize the intention of blood donor the, at the last, through the environment's construction to promote blood donor to make decision-making.
This research tries hard that through contrast the blood donors’behavior and mobilization mechanism, provides the rationalization explanation for the Harbin shore's successful pattern. From the theory significance, in the discussion about the behavior decision-making process, this research expansed the existing theory pattern. At the same time, it’s helpful for other urban to learn and use the successful experience.
本研究希望通过社会学的视角审视和剖析哈尔滨血站良性运行与发展的深层次原因。因此,本文将以哈尔滨市红十字中心血站为研究个案,以亲社会行为理论为支撑,探讨无偿献血者献血行为的决策过程以及血站现存的动员机制,并进一步将二者在不同阶段的契合关系进行梳理和提炼,最终为哈尔滨血站的成功经验做解释性说明。
研究者结合深度访谈和参与观察等方法,对无偿献血者、志愿者以及血站工作人员分别进行了不同层面的实证调查。通过对资料的定性分析,发现无偿献血者的决策过程可以概括为三个阶段,即最初献血的行为动因——献血意图确定——献血意图转化,各个阶段存在不同的影响因素。继而对血站现存的组织管理体系进行了深入分析,将其动员机制归结为金字塔式结构,即以血站的文化动员为根基、以志愿者组织为支撑、以外部资源调动为促进的三个层次。在了解和对比无偿献血者决策过程以及血站动员机制的基础上,将二者的契合关系归结为以下三个方面:首先血站通过双重资源动员达到与献血行为动因的契合,并利用献血文化对献血意图进行动员,最终在血站环境的建设下促进献血行为的决策。
本研究力图通过探究无偿献血者亲社会行为与动员机制的契合关系,为哈尔滨的成功模式提供合理化解释。从理论意义上看,在探讨献血行为的决策过程中,对现存的亲社会行为理论模式进行了扩充和完善。同时,对于血站成功经验的探讨有助于其他城市的借鉴和思考,具有重要的现实意义。
Since 1998, the Blood Law is Implement, symbolizes that the system of contribute blood is changing from paying, voluntary to donate blood without compensation. However, the traditional blood system's disadvantage still to a certain extent affected and the hindrance donating blood without compensation enterprise's development, causes many cities to present“to be short of blood”. Forms the sharp contrast , in the Harbin flowing blood car actually presented the giving blood quantity“the supply in excess of demand”phenomenon.
This paper is precisely embarks based on this question, through the sociological angle of view to find the deep level reasons of Harbin blood center benignity movement and the development. Therefore, this research take the Harbin blood center as the case, take the prosocial behavior theory as the support, discuss blood donors’decision-making process and the blood center’mobilization mechanism, and further analyze their in different period's conjunction relations. finally gives the explanatory explanation for the Harbin blood center's successful experience.
Using the depth interview and observation methods, I interview the blood donors, the volunteer and the staff of blood center. Through the qualitative analysis, find that the blood donor's decision-making process may summarize is three stages, namely blood donor’s first behavior agent—intention to be determined—the intention to be transformed. And each stage each stage existence different influencing factor. In addition, analysis the organization managed system of blood center, discovered that blood center’s mobilization mechanism presented the Pyramid type structure, namely take the cultural mobilization as the foundation, take the volunteer organization as the support, take the exterior resources reassignment as the promotion levels. Through understands and contrast, summary the conjunction relations in three aspects: the first blood center through the dual resources mobilizations to correspond to blood donors’behavior motivation, and using the culture to mobilize the intention of blood donor the, at the last, through the environment's construction to promote blood donor to make decision-making.
This research tries hard that through contrast the blood donors’behavior and mobilization mechanism, provides the rationalization explanation for the Harbin shore's successful pattern. From the theory significance, in the discussion about the behavior decision-making process, this research expansed the existing theory pattern. At the same time, it’s helpful for other urban to learn and use the successful experience.
引文
1孔令智.社会心理学新编.辽宁人民出版社, 1987:370
2 Roger R. Hock.改变心理学的40项研究——探索心理学研究的历史.白学军等译.中国轻工业出版社, 2004:120-135
3寇彧.青少年亲社会行为的概念表征研究.社会学研究. 2006,(5):169
4 Krebs Hesteren. The Development of Altruism: Toward an Integrative Model. Development Review. 1995,(14):103~158
5 Pinker. How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.1998,(4):11~18
6 Simon. A Mechanism for Social Election and Successful Altruism. Science. 1990, (25):65~68
7 Cialdini, Baumann, Kenrick. Insights from Sadness: A Three-step model of the Development of Altruism as Hedonism. Developmental Eview. 2005: 207~223
8 Lawler. Bringing Emotion into Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology Bulletin. 1999,(25):1049~1058
9侯玉波.社会心理学.中国轻工业出版社, 2005:322~330
10丁芳.儿童的道德判断、移情与亲社会行为的关系研究.山东师范大学学报(社会科学版). 2000, (5):77~80
11寇彧,徐华女.移情对亲社会行为决策的两种功能.心理学探新. 2005,(2):73~77
12 Batson. Immorality Form Empathy-Induced Altrism. When Compassion and Justice Conflict Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995:104~106
13王小英,张宇.幼儿亲社会行为发展的制约因素与对策.幼教论坛. 2000, (6):7~9
14俞国良.社会认知视野中的亲社会行为.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版). 1999,(1):20~25
15唐玲玲.心境对亲社会行为的影响.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版). 2004,(5):44~49
16李丹.影响儿童亲社会行为的因素的研究.心理科学. 2000,(3):285~288
17方建移.现代传谋在儿童亲社会行为形成中的促进作用.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2005,(2):125~127
18郑永廷.论现代社会的社会动员.中山大学学报(社会科学版). 2000,(2):21~26
19吴忠民.社会动员与发展.浙江学刊. 1992,(2):16~19
20顾志勇.非营利组织募捐机制研究.苏州大学学报. 2005,(3):55~61
21陈玉生.新农村建设中的社会动员.甘肃理论学刊. 2006,(3):49~53
22应星.草根动员与农民群体利的表达机制——四个个案的比较研究.社会学研究. 2007,(2):3~5
23刘春梅,王利华.济宁市5800名无偿献血者心态调查和分析.心理学探新. 2005,7(3):1
24包慧.无偿献血人员的个性特征分析.职业与健康. 2005,(3):445~446
25夏苏建.广州地区大学生对无偿献血的认知及行为调查.中国公共卫生. 2002,(9):1123~1124
26 Katerina Pomazal. Hydrophobic interaction chromatographic separation of proteins in human blood fractions hyphenated to atomic spectrometry as detector of essential elements. Journal of Chromatography A, 2002:143~150
27胡家琪,明亮.城镇居民无偿献血意愿的研究——对湖北省A市313名普通居民的调查分析.社会工作. 2006,(9):25~27
28 H. Katayama, J. Matsubayashi. Subconscious recognition of sound pitch in serial presentation of single tone– A magnetoencephalographic study 2007, (10):24
29弗洛伊德.精神分析引论.高觉敷译.商务印书馆, 1984:263
30 Navindra Persaud, Peter McLeod. Wagering demonstrates subconscious processing in a binary exclusion task, 2007,(7):12
31于海.西方社会思想史.复旦大学出版社, 1997:364~365
32周晓红.现代社会心理学.上海人民出版社, 2000:164
33王美芳,庞维国.艾森伯格的亲社会行为理论模式.心理学动态. 2005, (4):37~39
34 Eisenstadi. Institutionalization and Social Change, American Sociological Review, 1990:103
35王思斌.社会工作概论.高等教育出版社, 2001:41~42
36 S. E. Taylor L. A. Peplau D. O. Sears.社会心理学.谢晓非,谢冬梅译.北京大学出版社, 2005:401
37 Paek, H.- J, Houden, D. The third - person perception as social judgment: Anexploration of social distance and uncertainty in perceived effects of political attack ads. Communication Research, 2005,(32):143~170
38 Peter Walla, Katharina Greiner, Self-awareness and the subconscious effect of personal pronouns on word encoding:A magnetoencephalography (MEG) study Neuropsychologia, 2007:796~809
31杨恩寰,陶银镖,陆杰荣.弗洛伊德:一个神秘的人物.辽宁大学出版社, 1986:235~237
39 Snejina Michailova, Heather I.M. Wilson, Small firm internationalization through experiential learning: The moderating role of socialization tactics Journal of World Business, 2008:243~254
40付晓蓉.公共关系学.西南财经大学出版社, 2004:129
41钱家荣,试论现代传媒对教育的冲击.苏州大学学报. 1999, (2):112~114
42 Ekstrom, S.R. The mind beyond our immediate awareness: Freudian, Jungian, and cognitive models of the unconscious. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 2004,(4): 256~258
43 Piliavin, Jane Allyn and Peter L. Callero, Gibing Blood: The Development of an Altruistic Identity. John Hopkins University Press. 1991:158~161
44王名.非营利组织管理概论.中国人民大学出版社, 2003:56~58
46 Batson C D. Information function of empathic emotion: Learning that we value the other’s welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68(2):206~208
47 Bergin C, Talley S, Prosocial behaviours of young adolescents: a focus group study. Journal of Adolescence, 2003:25~26
48 Vincent Anesi. Incentives and prosocial behavior in democratic societies Journal of Economic Psychology, Corrected Proof Available online Press, 2008, (49):126~129
49 George. C. Homas, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Harcort Brace Jovanovich, 1974: 290~292
50陈力丹,闫伊默.传播学纲要.中国人民大学出版社, 2007:59
51 Amy Summerville, Neal J. Roese. Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus,A cautionary note Journal of Research in Personality, 2008:247~254
52 Pierre Bourdieu. Outline of a Theory of Practice, 1977:156~157
2 Roger R. Hock.改变心理学的40项研究——探索心理学研究的历史.白学军等译.中国轻工业出版社, 2004:120-135
3寇彧.青少年亲社会行为的概念表征研究.社会学研究. 2006,(5):169
4 Krebs Hesteren. The Development of Altruism: Toward an Integrative Model. Development Review. 1995,(14):103~158
5 Pinker. How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.1998,(4):11~18
6 Simon. A Mechanism for Social Election and Successful Altruism. Science. 1990, (25):65~68
7 Cialdini, Baumann, Kenrick. Insights from Sadness: A Three-step model of the Development of Altruism as Hedonism. Developmental Eview. 2005: 207~223
8 Lawler. Bringing Emotion into Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology Bulletin. 1999,(25):1049~1058
9侯玉波.社会心理学.中国轻工业出版社, 2005:322~330
10丁芳.儿童的道德判断、移情与亲社会行为的关系研究.山东师范大学学报(社会科学版). 2000, (5):77~80
11寇彧,徐华女.移情对亲社会行为决策的两种功能.心理学探新. 2005,(2):73~77
12 Batson. Immorality Form Empathy-Induced Altrism. When Compassion and Justice Conflict Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995:104~106
13王小英,张宇.幼儿亲社会行为发展的制约因素与对策.幼教论坛. 2000, (6):7~9
14俞国良.社会认知视野中的亲社会行为.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版). 1999,(1):20~25
15唐玲玲.心境对亲社会行为的影响.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版). 2004,(5):44~49
16李丹.影响儿童亲社会行为的因素的研究.心理科学. 2000,(3):285~288
17方建移.现代传谋在儿童亲社会行为形成中的促进作用.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2005,(2):125~127
18郑永廷.论现代社会的社会动员.中山大学学报(社会科学版). 2000,(2):21~26
19吴忠民.社会动员与发展.浙江学刊. 1992,(2):16~19
20顾志勇.非营利组织募捐机制研究.苏州大学学报. 2005,(3):55~61
21陈玉生.新农村建设中的社会动员.甘肃理论学刊. 2006,(3):49~53
22应星.草根动员与农民群体利的表达机制——四个个案的比较研究.社会学研究. 2007,(2):3~5
23刘春梅,王利华.济宁市5800名无偿献血者心态调查和分析.心理学探新. 2005,7(3):1
24包慧.无偿献血人员的个性特征分析.职业与健康. 2005,(3):445~446
25夏苏建.广州地区大学生对无偿献血的认知及行为调查.中国公共卫生. 2002,(9):1123~1124
26 Katerina Pomazal. Hydrophobic interaction chromatographic separation of proteins in human blood fractions hyphenated to atomic spectrometry as detector of essential elements. Journal of Chromatography A, 2002:143~150
27胡家琪,明亮.城镇居民无偿献血意愿的研究——对湖北省A市313名普通居民的调查分析.社会工作. 2006,(9):25~27
28 H. Katayama, J. Matsubayashi. Subconscious recognition of sound pitch in serial presentation of single tone– A magnetoencephalographic study 2007, (10):24
29弗洛伊德.精神分析引论.高觉敷译.商务印书馆, 1984:263
30 Navindra Persaud, Peter McLeod. Wagering demonstrates subconscious processing in a binary exclusion task, 2007,(7):12
31于海.西方社会思想史.复旦大学出版社, 1997:364~365
32周晓红.现代社会心理学.上海人民出版社, 2000:164
33王美芳,庞维国.艾森伯格的亲社会行为理论模式.心理学动态. 2005, (4):37~39
34 Eisenstadi. Institutionalization and Social Change, American Sociological Review, 1990:103
35王思斌.社会工作概论.高等教育出版社, 2001:41~42
36 S. E. Taylor L. A. Peplau D. O. Sears.社会心理学.谢晓非,谢冬梅译.北京大学出版社, 2005:401
37 Paek, H.- J, Houden, D. The third - person perception as social judgment: Anexploration of social distance and uncertainty in perceived effects of political attack ads. Communication Research, 2005,(32):143~170
38 Peter Walla, Katharina Greiner, Self-awareness and the subconscious effect of personal pronouns on word encoding:A magnetoencephalography (MEG) study Neuropsychologia, 2007:796~809
31杨恩寰,陶银镖,陆杰荣.弗洛伊德:一个神秘的人物.辽宁大学出版社, 1986:235~237
39 Snejina Michailova, Heather I.M. Wilson, Small firm internationalization through experiential learning: The moderating role of socialization tactics Journal of World Business, 2008:243~254
40付晓蓉.公共关系学.西南财经大学出版社, 2004:129
41钱家荣,试论现代传媒对教育的冲击.苏州大学学报. 1999, (2):112~114
42 Ekstrom, S.R. The mind beyond our immediate awareness: Freudian, Jungian, and cognitive models of the unconscious. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 2004,(4): 256~258
43 Piliavin, Jane Allyn and Peter L. Callero, Gibing Blood: The Development of an Altruistic Identity. John Hopkins University Press. 1991:158~161
44王名.非营利组织管理概论.中国人民大学出版社, 2003:56~58
46 Batson C D. Information function of empathic emotion: Learning that we value the other’s welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68(2):206~208
47 Bergin C, Talley S, Prosocial behaviours of young adolescents: a focus group study. Journal of Adolescence, 2003:25~26
48 Vincent Anesi. Incentives and prosocial behavior in democratic societies Journal of Economic Psychology, Corrected Proof Available online Press, 2008, (49):126~129
49 George. C. Homas, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Harcort Brace Jovanovich, 1974: 290~292
50陈力丹,闫伊默.传播学纲要.中国人民大学出版社, 2007:59
51 Amy Summerville, Neal J. Roese. Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus,A cautionary note Journal of Research in Personality, 2008:247~254
52 Pierre Bourdieu. Outline of a Theory of Practice, 1977:156~157