信息获取、职业流动性与新生代农民工市民化
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摘要
随着我国工业化和城市化进程的加快,新生代农民工已成为城市产业工人的重要组成部分,也将是城市新市民的最重要组成部分。然而他们在城市就业、定居进而融入城市成为市民的过程中却遇到诸多障碍。新生代农民工在城市就业的稳定性较低,职业流动频繁,如果大量的新生代农民工仅仅处于水平职业流动,那么他们的市民化必将步履维艰。职业信息是劳动力市场实现就业的基础性资源,职业信息的获取直接影响了新生代农民工的就业。
本研究采用GIS技术、运用SUR和SEM等方法,构建信息获取模型,阐明新生代农民工信息获取机制,刻画新生代农民工职业流动的时空特征,揭示信息获取、职业流动性对新生代农民工市民化的影响机理。本研究弥补了目前对新生代农民工职业流动过程、信息获取研究的不足,研究成果丰富了农民工市民化理论和新生代农民工职业流动理论,为政府管理部门提高新生代农民工信息获取能力、合理引导其职业流动和提高其就业质量以促进新生代农民工市民化提出政策建议。
研究的主要发现包括以下几个方面：
首先,本研究在信息获取理论的基础上,分析了新生代农民工职业信启、获取的机制,构建职业信息获取模型,并从宏观、微观两个层面揭示了影响新生代农民工职业信息获取的因素。研究结果表明：相比娱乐、新闻类的信息,新生代农民工对关乎自身发展(例如培训、职业等信息)及权益保障方面信息的关注度不高；在职业信息获取途径方面,“非正式渠道”的使用依然是新生代农民工获取职业信息最主要的方式,他们的职业信息获取渠道窄；多数新生代农民工的信息获取方法相比老一代农民工有了较大提高；相比其他类型的信息,新生代农民工对所获得的职业信息评价较低。在影响新生代农民工职业信息获取的微观因素方面,性别、来源地、年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况、技术水平及收入都对其信息获取产生了影响,其中,随着教育程度与技术水平的提高以及在城市务工时间的增长,新生代农民工的信息获取能力提高；城乡分割的户籍制度以及城乡有别的就业制度、缺乏针对新生代农民工的就业信息供给机制、对信息需求和获取方法及职业定位方面的教育短缺、社会诚信差所导致新生代农民工对所获得信息认知程度低是制约新生代农民工信息获取能力的宏观因素。
其次,本研究运用GIS技术以及非参数估计方法,从时间和空间两个维度揭示新生代农民工的职业流动性特征,并构建多种计量模型分别从职业流动频次、职业流动方向及职业流动类型三个方面,分析了信息获取与新生代农民工职业流动性之间的相互影响关系。从空间角度看,本次调查的新生代农民工多数来自于东北地区,他们的职业流动大致经历了从北——南——东南沿海——东北的流动过程；从时间角度看,新生代农民工职业流动呈现周期性的变化,每过12个月,都是新生代农民工换工作的高峰期。从信息获取对职业流动性的影响看,职业信息获取意识高、获取渠道多、获取方法先进的新生代农民工职业流动次数多；运用计算机网络渠道求职、拥有较先进的信息获取方法有利于新生代农民工职业的向上流动；正规渠道的职业信息、先进的信息获取方法以及较强的信息获取意识会分别从职业变动、城市职业都变动方面增加新生代农民工的职业流动性。从职业流动性对信息获取全过程的影响看,除了职业流动次数,职业流动性的其他方面只对信息获取的某一方面产生影响,其中,职业流动频次的增加提高了新生代农民工的职业信息需求及获取方法、拓宽了获取渠道,这说明新生代农民工职业的再次流动有利于其职业信息获取能力的提高。
再次,本研究在对现有市民化测度指标的分析基础上,提出了新生代农民工市民化的涵义,并对样本的市民化程度进行对比分析；通过构建SEM模型实证分析信息获取、职业流动性与新生代农民工市民化之间的影响机理。结果表明,无论是在经济、社会还是心理方面,在中小城市打工的新生代农民工的融入程度均高于大城市,在中小城市打工的新生代农民工市民化程度高于大城市；sEM模型实证的结果印证了本文提出的理论分析框架,即职业流动性正向影响新生代农民工的市民化,新生代农民工的信息获取通过职业流动性间接正向影响其市民化,同时新生代农民工的信息获取与职业流动性之间存在相互正向影响的关系。
最后,本研究根据研究结论提出政府引导和促进新生代农民工市民化的政策思路和措施。在职业流动性方面,我们不能只强调新生代农民工的职业稳定性,而应当合理引导其职业流动,帮助他们实现职业的向上流动,通过提高新生代农民工的职业流动性来推进新生代农民工市民化。在信息获取方面,必须积极转变新生代农民工的职业信息获取意识,重视、培育和积极挖掘新生代农民工对正规渠道的职业信息需求,合理引导正规渠道职业信息的供给,努力提高新生代农民工的信息获取方法、建立适合新生代农民工求职的网络平台、合理引导其通过网络渠道求职,促进其职业的向上流动,促进新生代农民工的市民化进程。另外,针对影响新生代农民工信息获取及职业流动性的因素,我们提出应努力提高新生代农民工的正规教育水平,加强新生代农民工在进城打工前的技术培训,同时,加强新生代农民工在城市打工过程中的职业技能培训。
With industrialization and urbanization quickening in China, new generation of migrant workers have already became the important part of city industrial workers, and they also will become the most important part of new citizens in city. However, they encounter many difficulties in the process of obtaining employment, settling down and urbanization. New generation of migrant workers lack occupational stability and they change their occupations in city frequently. If mass of new generation of migrant workers are only in horizontal mobility, their urbanization will be hard to realize. Occupation information is a basic resource to obtain jobs in the labor market. Information acquisition directly influences the employment of new generation of migrant workers.
This research apply GIS technology, using SUR and SEM method to construct a model of information capacity, clarify the forming mechanism of information acquisition, reveal the influence mechanism of information acquisition capacity and occupational mobility on urbanization of new generation of migrant workers. This program will supply a gap to current research on occupational mobility and employment information acquisition. The expected research findings will enrich the theories of urbanization of migrant workers and occupational mobility of new generation of migrant workers and give policy consultations to government administrators on improving information acquisition capacity, inducting rational occupational mobility, improving occupational quality for promoting the urbanization of new generation of migrant workers.
Therefore, this article mainly includes the following aspects:
Firstly, based on analysis of information acquisition theory, having analyzed the forming mechanism of information acquisition built occupation information acquisition model and revealed the factors that impact information acquisition of the new generation of migrant workers from the macro and micro levels. The results show that:Compared to entertainment and news information, the attention in relation to their own development (such as training, occupation, etc.) and the information of protection of the rights and interests is not high for the new generation of migrant workers; In the aspects of occupation information acquisition, it is still the main method to use "informal channels" for the new generation of migrant workers obtaining employment information and their career acquisition channel is narrow; There has been greatly improved when most of the new generation of migrant workers compare to the old ones in accessing to information; Compared to other types of information, the new generation of migrant workers obtained lower information appraisal. In the micro factors that affect information acquisition of the new Generation of migrant workers, gender, origin, age, educational level, marital status, level of technology and income have an impact on their information acquisition, which along with improving the level of education and skill levels and the growth of time workers in the city, the new generation of migrant workers will enhance information acquisition ability; Split between urban and rural areas of the household registration system as well as urban and rural other employment system, the lack of employment information supply mechanism for the new generation of migrant workers, the lack of education for information demand, acquisition method and professional orientation, poor social integrity lead to their low awareness, which is macroeconomic factors to restrict information acquisition ability of the new generation of migrant workers.
Secondly, the paper apply GIS technology as well as non-parametric estimation method to reveal occupational mobility characteristics of the new generation of migrant workers from two dimensions of time and space and build a variety of econometric models to analyze the interaction between information acquisition and occupational mobility of from occupational mobility frequency, the direction of occupational mobility and occupational mobility type aspect. From space perspective, the majority of the new generation of migrant workers are from the Northeast in this survey, their occupational mobility have gone through from the north-south-southeast coast-northeast; From the time point of view, there presents cyclical changes on occupational mobility of the new generation of farmers workers, which are the peak to change jobs for them every12months. From information acquisition impacting on occupational mobility, there are frequent occupational mobility if the new of generation of migrant workers have high information acquisition awareness, more acquisition channels, advanced method of obtaining; It will benefit for occupation upward mobility of the new generation of migrant workers by using computer network channels to obtain jobs and owing more advanced information acquisition method; The formal occupational information channels, advanced information acquisition method and strong information acquisition awareness will increase occupational mobility of the new generation of migrant workers from the employment change and urban occupations of changes. From information acquisition impacting on occupational mobility, there are frequent occupational mobility if the new of generation of migrant workers have high information acquisition awareness, more acquisition channels, advanced method of obtaining; It will benefit for occupation upward mobility of the new generation of migrant workers by using computer network channels to obtain jobs and owing more advanced information acquisition method; The formal occupational information channels, advanced information acquisition method and strong information acquisition awareness will increase occupational mobility of the new generation of migrant workers from the employment change and urban changes in occupations. From occupational mobility impacting on information acquisition, occupational mobility have an influence on information acquisition of the new generation of migrant workers, but in addition to the frequency of occupational mobility, other aspect of occupational mobility only affect on a particular aspect of the access to information, which occupational mobility increase in frequency to improve the occupation information demands and acquisition method and broaden the acquisition channel to show that flowing again in the new generation of migrant workers will promote their professional information acquisition accumulation.
Once again, based on the analysis of the existing urbanization evaluation index to put forward the urbanization meaning of migrant workers and analyze the degree of the urbanization samples comparatively; Through building SEM model to analyze empirically the influence mechanism between information acquisition,occupational mobility and urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers. The results show whether economic, social or heart, their degree of social integration and urbanization working in small and medium-sized cities superior to the major cities. The SEM model empirical results verify the theoretical framework presented in this paper that the occupational mobility impact on urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers and information acquisition affect on urbanization indirectly by occupation mobility, while there are positive relationship between information acquisition and occupational mobility of migrant workers.
Finally, according to the conclusion of the study, we put up with policy ideas and measures of government guidance to promote the urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers. In the occupational mobility aspect, we should be a reasonable guide to help them achieve their employment upward mobility instead of emphasizing the employment stability and promote urbanization by enhancing occupational mobility of the new generation of migrant workers. In the information acquisition aspect, we must change the occupation acquisition awareness of the new generation of migrant workers positively and pay attention, nurture and explore their employment information needs of formal channels actively, we should guide the occupational information supply of formal channels logically, make effort to improve the information acquisition method, establish a network platform fitting for seeking jobs and guide its employment reasonably through the network channels to promote occupational upward mobility and process of urbanization. In addition, for the impact factors of the new generation of migrant workers information acquisition and occupational mobility, we propose that efforts should be made to improve the level of formal education of the new generation of migrant workers, strengthen their technical training while strengthening their vocational skills training in process of working in the city.
本研究采用GIS技术、运用SUR和SEM等方法,构建信息获取模型,阐明新生代农民工信息获取机制,刻画新生代农民工职业流动的时空特征,揭示信息获取、职业流动性对新生代农民工市民化的影响机理。本研究弥补了目前对新生代农民工职业流动过程、信息获取研究的不足,研究成果丰富了农民工市民化理论和新生代农民工职业流动理论,为政府管理部门提高新生代农民工信息获取能力、合理引导其职业流动和提高其就业质量以促进新生代农民工市民化提出政策建议。
研究的主要发现包括以下几个方面：
首先,本研究在信息获取理论的基础上,分析了新生代农民工职业信启、获取的机制,构建职业信息获取模型,并从宏观、微观两个层面揭示了影响新生代农民工职业信息获取的因素。研究结果表明：相比娱乐、新闻类的信息,新生代农民工对关乎自身发展(例如培训、职业等信息)及权益保障方面信息的关注度不高；在职业信息获取途径方面,“非正式渠道”的使用依然是新生代农民工获取职业信息最主要的方式,他们的职业信息获取渠道窄；多数新生代农民工的信息获取方法相比老一代农民工有了较大提高；相比其他类型的信息,新生代农民工对所获得的职业信息评价较低。在影响新生代农民工职业信息获取的微观因素方面,性别、来源地、年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况、技术水平及收入都对其信息获取产生了影响,其中,随着教育程度与技术水平的提高以及在城市务工时间的增长,新生代农民工的信息获取能力提高；城乡分割的户籍制度以及城乡有别的就业制度、缺乏针对新生代农民工的就业信息供给机制、对信息需求和获取方法及职业定位方面的教育短缺、社会诚信差所导致新生代农民工对所获得信息认知程度低是制约新生代农民工信息获取能力的宏观因素。
其次,本研究运用GIS技术以及非参数估计方法,从时间和空间两个维度揭示新生代农民工的职业流动性特征,并构建多种计量模型分别从职业流动频次、职业流动方向及职业流动类型三个方面,分析了信息获取与新生代农民工职业流动性之间的相互影响关系。从空间角度看,本次调查的新生代农民工多数来自于东北地区,他们的职业流动大致经历了从北——南——东南沿海——东北的流动过程；从时间角度看,新生代农民工职业流动呈现周期性的变化,每过12个月,都是新生代农民工换工作的高峰期。从信息获取对职业流动性的影响看,职业信息获取意识高、获取渠道多、获取方法先进的新生代农民工职业流动次数多；运用计算机网络渠道求职、拥有较先进的信息获取方法有利于新生代农民工职业的向上流动；正规渠道的职业信息、先进的信息获取方法以及较强的信息获取意识会分别从职业变动、城市职业都变动方面增加新生代农民工的职业流动性。从职业流动性对信息获取全过程的影响看,除了职业流动次数,职业流动性的其他方面只对信息获取的某一方面产生影响,其中,职业流动频次的增加提高了新生代农民工的职业信息需求及获取方法、拓宽了获取渠道,这说明新生代农民工职业的再次流动有利于其职业信息获取能力的提高。
再次,本研究在对现有市民化测度指标的分析基础上,提出了新生代农民工市民化的涵义,并对样本的市民化程度进行对比分析；通过构建SEM模型实证分析信息获取、职业流动性与新生代农民工市民化之间的影响机理。结果表明,无论是在经济、社会还是心理方面,在中小城市打工的新生代农民工的融入程度均高于大城市,在中小城市打工的新生代农民工市民化程度高于大城市；sEM模型实证的结果印证了本文提出的理论分析框架,即职业流动性正向影响新生代农民工的市民化,新生代农民工的信息获取通过职业流动性间接正向影响其市民化,同时新生代农民工的信息获取与职业流动性之间存在相互正向影响的关系。
最后,本研究根据研究结论提出政府引导和促进新生代农民工市民化的政策思路和措施。在职业流动性方面,我们不能只强调新生代农民工的职业稳定性,而应当合理引导其职业流动,帮助他们实现职业的向上流动,通过提高新生代农民工的职业流动性来推进新生代农民工市民化。在信息获取方面,必须积极转变新生代农民工的职业信息获取意识,重视、培育和积极挖掘新生代农民工对正规渠道的职业信息需求,合理引导正规渠道职业信息的供给,努力提高新生代农民工的信息获取方法、建立适合新生代农民工求职的网络平台、合理引导其通过网络渠道求职,促进其职业的向上流动,促进新生代农民工的市民化进程。另外,针对影响新生代农民工信息获取及职业流动性的因素,我们提出应努力提高新生代农民工的正规教育水平,加强新生代农民工在进城打工前的技术培训,同时,加强新生代农民工在城市打工过程中的职业技能培训。
With industrialization and urbanization quickening in China, new generation of migrant workers have already became the important part of city industrial workers, and they also will become the most important part of new citizens in city. However, they encounter many difficulties in the process of obtaining employment, settling down and urbanization. New generation of migrant workers lack occupational stability and they change their occupations in city frequently. If mass of new generation of migrant workers are only in horizontal mobility, their urbanization will be hard to realize. Occupation information is a basic resource to obtain jobs in the labor market. Information acquisition directly influences the employment of new generation of migrant workers.
This research apply GIS technology, using SUR and SEM method to construct a model of information capacity, clarify the forming mechanism of information acquisition, reveal the influence mechanism of information acquisition capacity and occupational mobility on urbanization of new generation of migrant workers. This program will supply a gap to current research on occupational mobility and employment information acquisition. The expected research findings will enrich the theories of urbanization of migrant workers and occupational mobility of new generation of migrant workers and give policy consultations to government administrators on improving information acquisition capacity, inducting rational occupational mobility, improving occupational quality for promoting the urbanization of new generation of migrant workers.
Therefore, this article mainly includes the following aspects:
Firstly, based on analysis of information acquisition theory, having analyzed the forming mechanism of information acquisition built occupation information acquisition model and revealed the factors that impact information acquisition of the new generation of migrant workers from the macro and micro levels. The results show that:Compared to entertainment and news information, the attention in relation to their own development (such as training, occupation, etc.) and the information of protection of the rights and interests is not high for the new generation of migrant workers; In the aspects of occupation information acquisition, it is still the main method to use "informal channels" for the new generation of migrant workers obtaining employment information and their career acquisition channel is narrow; There has been greatly improved when most of the new generation of migrant workers compare to the old ones in accessing to information; Compared to other types of information, the new generation of migrant workers obtained lower information appraisal. In the micro factors that affect information acquisition of the new Generation of migrant workers, gender, origin, age, educational level, marital status, level of technology and income have an impact on their information acquisition, which along with improving the level of education and skill levels and the growth of time workers in the city, the new generation of migrant workers will enhance information acquisition ability; Split between urban and rural areas of the household registration system as well as urban and rural other employment system, the lack of employment information supply mechanism for the new generation of migrant workers, the lack of education for information demand, acquisition method and professional orientation, poor social integrity lead to their low awareness, which is macroeconomic factors to restrict information acquisition ability of the new generation of migrant workers.
Secondly, the paper apply GIS technology as well as non-parametric estimation method to reveal occupational mobility characteristics of the new generation of migrant workers from two dimensions of time and space and build a variety of econometric models to analyze the interaction between information acquisition and occupational mobility of from occupational mobility frequency, the direction of occupational mobility and occupational mobility type aspect. From space perspective, the majority of the new generation of migrant workers are from the Northeast in this survey, their occupational mobility have gone through from the north-south-southeast coast-northeast; From the time point of view, there presents cyclical changes on occupational mobility of the new generation of farmers workers, which are the peak to change jobs for them every12months. From information acquisition impacting on occupational mobility, there are frequent occupational mobility if the new of generation of migrant workers have high information acquisition awareness, more acquisition channels, advanced method of obtaining; It will benefit for occupation upward mobility of the new generation of migrant workers by using computer network channels to obtain jobs and owing more advanced information acquisition method; The formal occupational information channels, advanced information acquisition method and strong information acquisition awareness will increase occupational mobility of the new generation of migrant workers from the employment change and urban occupations of changes. From information acquisition impacting on occupational mobility, there are frequent occupational mobility if the new of generation of migrant workers have high information acquisition awareness, more acquisition channels, advanced method of obtaining; It will benefit for occupation upward mobility of the new generation of migrant workers by using computer network channels to obtain jobs and owing more advanced information acquisition method; The formal occupational information channels, advanced information acquisition method and strong information acquisition awareness will increase occupational mobility of the new generation of migrant workers from the employment change and urban changes in occupations. From occupational mobility impacting on information acquisition, occupational mobility have an influence on information acquisition of the new generation of migrant workers, but in addition to the frequency of occupational mobility, other aspect of occupational mobility only affect on a particular aspect of the access to information, which occupational mobility increase in frequency to improve the occupation information demands and acquisition method and broaden the acquisition channel to show that flowing again in the new generation of migrant workers will promote their professional information acquisition accumulation.
Once again, based on the analysis of the existing urbanization evaluation index to put forward the urbanization meaning of migrant workers and analyze the degree of the urbanization samples comparatively; Through building SEM model to analyze empirically the influence mechanism between information acquisition,occupational mobility and urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers. The results show whether economic, social or heart, their degree of social integration and urbanization working in small and medium-sized cities superior to the major cities. The SEM model empirical results verify the theoretical framework presented in this paper that the occupational mobility impact on urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers and information acquisition affect on urbanization indirectly by occupation mobility, while there are positive relationship between information acquisition and occupational mobility of migrant workers.
Finally, according to the conclusion of the study, we put up with policy ideas and measures of government guidance to promote the urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers. In the occupational mobility aspect, we should be a reasonable guide to help them achieve their employment upward mobility instead of emphasizing the employment stability and promote urbanization by enhancing occupational mobility of the new generation of migrant workers. In the information acquisition aspect, we must change the occupation acquisition awareness of the new generation of migrant workers positively and pay attention, nurture and explore their employment information needs of formal channels actively, we should guide the occupational information supply of formal channels logically, make effort to improve the information acquisition method, establish a network platform fitting for seeking jobs and guide its employment reasonably through the network channels to promote occupational upward mobility and process of urbanization. In addition, for the impact factors of the new generation of migrant workers information acquisition and occupational mobility, we propose that efforts should be made to improve the level of formal education of the new generation of migrant workers, strengthen their technical training while strengthening their vocational skills training in process of working in the city.
引文
3 Carol Collier Kuhlthau. Seeking Meaning:a process approc to library and information services.Norwood:Ablex Publishing corporation.1993, P19
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