～7Be和～（137）Cs复合示踪坡耕地土壤侵蚀产沙的空间分布特征
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摘要
土壤侵蚀及其导致的土壤质量退化是世界性的重大环境问题之一。坡耕地作为重要的侵蚀产沙区，揭示其土壤侵蚀规律和泥沙运移方式，对建立土壤侵蚀预报模型、加强土地管理防止土壤退化具有十分重要的意义。本文以黄土丘陵沟壑区杏子河流域的典型瓦背状坡耕地为研究对象，利用~7Be和~(137)Cs在土壤剖面中分布深度和半衰期不同的特点，结合野外调查和室内分析，研究了典型瓦背状坡耕地中长期(约45a)和短期(次降雨)土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征，以期为坡面土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立和坡耕地水土流失的评价提供科学依据。
1．研究了~7Be和~(137)Cs在土壤剖面中的分布特征。
结果表明，~7Be在土壤剖面中的赋存量存在明显的季节性，分布范围主要集中在0～10mm。~7Be在土壤剖面中的含量随土壤深度的增加呈指数递减。~7Be在土壤剖面中的分布特点使之可以应用于示踪表层土壤的再分布规律。~(137)Cs在未扰动土壤剖面中主要分布在0～5cm范围内，同时在1～3cm的范围出现一个~(137)Cs的相对富集层，在3cm以下随土壤深度的增加呈指数递减的趋势；~(137)Cs在农耕地土壤剖面中主要分布在0～20cm范围内，由于耕作活动的不断扰动~(137)Cs的剖面分布相对均匀。
2．分析了~(137)Cs示踪农耕地土壤侵蚀速率模型间的异同，并以土壤侵蚀的经验回归模型为参照对~(137)Cs法计算的土壤侵蚀速率进行验证。
分析表明，尽管Walling模型、张信宝模型、杨浩模型以及周维芝模型在建立的方法上存在一定程度的差异，但是各个模型表征的土壤侵蚀速率与土壤剖面中~(137)Cs损失率的关系基本一致。因此，在利用~(137)Cs技术示踪农耕地土壤侵蚀速率时，这四个模型各自计算的土壤侵蚀速率差异较小。在估算径流小区土壤侵蚀速率中各模型与江忠善经验回归模型的结果相差都在10％左右。
3．尝试了运用Weibull概率分布模型对北半球~(137)Cs沉降过程的拟合。
在建立~(137)Cs土壤侵蚀模型的过程中，对~(137)Cs的沉降过程的处理是正确估算土壤侵蚀速率的基础。通过分析~(137)Cs沉降的时间分布特征，发现~(137)Cs沉降的年际分布与Weibull概率分布相似，可以用Weibull概率分布模型进行拟合。
4．研究了次降雨坡耕地土壤侵蚀的空间发生特征。
研究表明，坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形因素密切相关，具有明显的垂直分布特征和水平分布特征。在水平方向上，由浅沟分水脊经浅沟沟坡到浅沟中心，
7Be和’37Cs复合示踪坡耕地土壤侵蚀产沙的空间分布特征
土壤侵蚀强度逐渐增强;在垂直方向上，从分水岭到沟缘线土壤侵蚀强度呈先加强后
减弱的趋势。其中细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献分别为35%和65%，且
在空间发生特征上具有此消彼长的关系。
5.研究了坡耕地中长期(约45a)土壤侵蚀产沙的空间分布特征。
研究表明，坡耕地年平均侵蚀模数为15850叭灿2.a)，具有明显的空间分异格局。
坡面中部侵蚀相当严重，分水岭与沟缘线附近相对较轻。地形因子中的坡度是形成坡
耕地土壤侵蚀垂直分异格局的主要影响因素。
6.探讨了坡耕地次降雨土壤侵蚀特征与中长期(约45a)土壤侵蚀特征的相互关系。
7Be和’37Cs示踪技术测定的是净土壤侵蚀量，可提供更为真实的侵蚀、产沙及
沉积信息，能用于较详细描述坡面中一短时间尺度土壤再分布的空间分布，和其他方
法相比，这是7Be和’37Cs示踪技术鲜明的特点。研究表明，坡耕地次降雨土壤侵蚀
与长期土壤侵蚀在空间发生特征上具有一定程度的相关性。但是，次降雨侵蚀与长期
侵蚀的严重部位不同，前者发生在10一20m处，后者发生在20一3Om处。二者的不同
可能反映了土地利用状况和耕作活动对土壤侵蚀的影响。
Soil erosion is one of the great environmental problems in the world, especially on Loess Plateau in China. It is important to reveal the law of soil erosion and develop soil erosion forecast model, which has a bearing on preventing the loess of water and soil. The spatial distribution of soil erosion within slope land on Loess Plateau was discussed by using Be tracer, 137Cs tracer and field survey in this paper. The main results of this work are as follows:
1. The depth distribution of 7Be and 137Cs concentration has been studied at the study field and a nearby-undisturbed site.
The results show that the majority of 7Be is retained in the top one centimeter of soils, and the concentration of 7Be decreases exponentially with soil depth. For the cultivated study field, the depth distribution of 7Be is very similar to the undisturbed site when it isn't subjected to erosion or deposition. For the undisturbed, there is abroad peak in the 137Cs profile close to the surface and the maximum concentration is found circa 2 cm below the surface. I37Cs Concentration decreases exponentially below the peak, and l37Cs is found circa 30 cm. For the cultivated study field, the 137Cs concentration is relatively uniform within the plough layer.
2. The difference and sameness among the existing l37Cs models have been discussed, and their precision have been validated by comparing with the regressive model of soil erosion.
Existing calibration models, proposed by Walling, Zhang, Yang and Zhou, have been compared and evaluated. The results show that there are differences among these establishment hypotheses and ways, especially considering the temporal pattern of the 137Cs deposition flux. However, the deviation among them can be neglected when they have been used to estimate rates of soil loss. Compared with Jiang's regressive model, the soil rates by 137Cs tracer is lower about 10% than that by Jiang's regressive mode when they has been used to estimate rates of soil loss on runoff plots.
3. It is an attempt to simulate the temporal distribution of the 137Cs in the Northern Hemisphere by Weibull probability distribution model.
The temporal pattern of the 137Cs deposition flux must be considered when developing calibration relationship between the loss or gain of and the rate of erosion or deposition. After studied the temporal pattern of the 137Cs deposition flux, it is fist to discover that the temporal distribution of the 137Cs fallout is very similar to Weibull probability distribution.
The 137Cs fallout can be simulated by Weibull probability distribution, which can be employed to estimate the rate of soil erosion.
4. The spatial distribution of the rainfall soil erosion rates has been investigated on the cultivated slope land.
The results indicate that the spatial pattern of soil erosion is related to the slope land shape. It has clear vertical and horizontal distribution features. The soil erosion has become more and more intensive horizontally from the ridge to the center of the shallow gully. The soil erosion intensifies, and then weakens vertically from the divide to the edge of the gully. On the other hand, the contributions of interrill and rill erosion to the total erosion are 35% and 65% respectively, and their spatial distribution characters are different form each other.
5. The spatial distribution of the medium-term soil erosion rates has been investigated on the cultivated slope land.
The results show that the annual mean erosion rate (ca. 45 years) is 15850 t/km2-yr and its spatial distribution has clear difference. The soil erosion intensifies, and then weakens vertically from the divide to the edge of the gully, apart from the central section of the land because there is a ridge.
6. The correlativity between short -term erosion and medium-term erosion has been discussed on cultivated slope land.
The key advantage of the 137Cs and 7Be approaches is the provision of spatially distributed information on short-and medium-term rates of both erosion and
1．研究了~7Be和~(137)Cs在土壤剖面中的分布特征。
结果表明，~7Be在土壤剖面中的赋存量存在明显的季节性，分布范围主要集中在0～10mm。~7Be在土壤剖面中的含量随土壤深度的增加呈指数递减。~7Be在土壤剖面中的分布特点使之可以应用于示踪表层土壤的再分布规律。~(137)Cs在未扰动土壤剖面中主要分布在0～5cm范围内，同时在1～3cm的范围出现一个~(137)Cs的相对富集层，在3cm以下随土壤深度的增加呈指数递减的趋势；~(137)Cs在农耕地土壤剖面中主要分布在0～20cm范围内，由于耕作活动的不断扰动~(137)Cs的剖面分布相对均匀。
2．分析了~(137)Cs示踪农耕地土壤侵蚀速率模型间的异同，并以土壤侵蚀的经验回归模型为参照对~(137)Cs法计算的土壤侵蚀速率进行验证。
分析表明，尽管Walling模型、张信宝模型、杨浩模型以及周维芝模型在建立的方法上存在一定程度的差异，但是各个模型表征的土壤侵蚀速率与土壤剖面中~(137)Cs损失率的关系基本一致。因此，在利用~(137)Cs技术示踪农耕地土壤侵蚀速率时，这四个模型各自计算的土壤侵蚀速率差异较小。在估算径流小区土壤侵蚀速率中各模型与江忠善经验回归模型的结果相差都在10％左右。
3．尝试了运用Weibull概率分布模型对北半球~(137)Cs沉降过程的拟合。
在建立~(137)Cs土壤侵蚀模型的过程中，对~(137)Cs的沉降过程的处理是正确估算土壤侵蚀速率的基础。通过分析~(137)Cs沉降的时间分布特征，发现~(137)Cs沉降的年际分布与Weibull概率分布相似，可以用Weibull概率分布模型进行拟合。
4．研究了次降雨坡耕地土壤侵蚀的空间发生特征。
研究表明，坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形因素密切相关，具有明显的垂直分布特征和水平分布特征。在水平方向上，由浅沟分水脊经浅沟沟坡到浅沟中心，
7Be和’37Cs复合示踪坡耕地土壤侵蚀产沙的空间分布特征
土壤侵蚀强度逐渐增强;在垂直方向上，从分水岭到沟缘线土壤侵蚀强度呈先加强后
减弱的趋势。其中细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献分别为35%和65%，且
在空间发生特征上具有此消彼长的关系。
5.研究了坡耕地中长期(约45a)土壤侵蚀产沙的空间分布特征。
研究表明，坡耕地年平均侵蚀模数为15850叭灿2.a)，具有明显的空间分异格局。
坡面中部侵蚀相当严重，分水岭与沟缘线附近相对较轻。地形因子中的坡度是形成坡
耕地土壤侵蚀垂直分异格局的主要影响因素。
6.探讨了坡耕地次降雨土壤侵蚀特征与中长期(约45a)土壤侵蚀特征的相互关系。
7Be和’37Cs示踪技术测定的是净土壤侵蚀量，可提供更为真实的侵蚀、产沙及
沉积信息，能用于较详细描述坡面中一短时间尺度土壤再分布的空间分布，和其他方
法相比，这是7Be和’37Cs示踪技术鲜明的特点。研究表明，坡耕地次降雨土壤侵蚀
与长期土壤侵蚀在空间发生特征上具有一定程度的相关性。但是，次降雨侵蚀与长期
侵蚀的严重部位不同，前者发生在10一20m处，后者发生在20一3Om处。二者的不同
可能反映了土地利用状况和耕作活动对土壤侵蚀的影响。
Soil erosion is one of the great environmental problems in the world, especially on Loess Plateau in China. It is important to reveal the law of soil erosion and develop soil erosion forecast model, which has a bearing on preventing the loess of water and soil. The spatial distribution of soil erosion within slope land on Loess Plateau was discussed by using Be tracer, 137Cs tracer and field survey in this paper. The main results of this work are as follows:
1. The depth distribution of 7Be and 137Cs concentration has been studied at the study field and a nearby-undisturbed site.
The results show that the majority of 7Be is retained in the top one centimeter of soils, and the concentration of 7Be decreases exponentially with soil depth. For the cultivated study field, the depth distribution of 7Be is very similar to the undisturbed site when it isn't subjected to erosion or deposition. For the undisturbed, there is abroad peak in the 137Cs profile close to the surface and the maximum concentration is found circa 2 cm below the surface. I37Cs Concentration decreases exponentially below the peak, and l37Cs is found circa 30 cm. For the cultivated study field, the 137Cs concentration is relatively uniform within the plough layer.
2. The difference and sameness among the existing l37Cs models have been discussed, and their precision have been validated by comparing with the regressive model of soil erosion.
Existing calibration models, proposed by Walling, Zhang, Yang and Zhou, have been compared and evaluated. The results show that there are differences among these establishment hypotheses and ways, especially considering the temporal pattern of the 137Cs deposition flux. However, the deviation among them can be neglected when they have been used to estimate rates of soil loss. Compared with Jiang's regressive model, the soil rates by 137Cs tracer is lower about 10% than that by Jiang's regressive mode when they has been used to estimate rates of soil loss on runoff plots.
3. It is an attempt to simulate the temporal distribution of the 137Cs in the Northern Hemisphere by Weibull probability distribution model.
The temporal pattern of the 137Cs deposition flux must be considered when developing calibration relationship between the loss or gain of and the rate of erosion or deposition. After studied the temporal pattern of the 137Cs deposition flux, it is fist to discover that the temporal distribution of the 137Cs fallout is very similar to Weibull probability distribution.
The 137Cs fallout can be simulated by Weibull probability distribution, which can be employed to estimate the rate of soil erosion.
4. The spatial distribution of the rainfall soil erosion rates has been investigated on the cultivated slope land.
The results indicate that the spatial pattern of soil erosion is related to the slope land shape. It has clear vertical and horizontal distribution features. The soil erosion has become more and more intensive horizontally from the ridge to the center of the shallow gully. The soil erosion intensifies, and then weakens vertically from the divide to the edge of the gully. On the other hand, the contributions of interrill and rill erosion to the total erosion are 35% and 65% respectively, and their spatial distribution characters are different form each other.
5. The spatial distribution of the medium-term soil erosion rates has been investigated on the cultivated slope land.
The results show that the annual mean erosion rate (ca. 45 years) is 15850 t/km2-yr and its spatial distribution has clear difference. The soil erosion intensifies, and then weakens vertically from the divide to the edge of the gully, apart from the central section of the land because there is a ridge.
6. The correlativity between short -term erosion and medium-term erosion has been discussed on cultivated slope land.
The key advantage of the 137Cs and 7Be approaches is the provision of spatially distributed information on short-and medium-term rates of both erosion and
引文
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