叶面无机营养+不同植物生长调节剂的效应研究
摘要
试验研究表明，叶面喷施无机营养和配施不同生长调节剂，对本地糯玉米和莴笋、瓢儿白三种作物生长发育中水分、酶活性、氨基酸、粗蛋白质、还原糖、淀粉、V_c、叶绿素含量等有较大的影响。
1．对内在成分代谢方向和速率的影响：玉米配施B9、DA-6，叶片过氧化物酶活性与处理2比较，后期增幅达23.80％～39.24％，第二(25／6)、第三(1／7)次测定相对变幅达48.96％～66.40％。嫩玉米籽粒还原糖比CK增加10.15％～47.91％，氨基酸增加60.80％～92.96％。两种蔬菜田盆试验内在成分也均有较大变化。内在代谢成分绝对含量的增减，说明影响了代谢方向，而不同测定时期间差值的变幅，则可视为影响了代谢速率所致。
2．对品质的影响：糯玉米以食嫩籽粒为主，提高氨基酸和还原糖含量无疑提高了产品质量。如嫩籽粒配施生长调节剂的处理与CK比较，氨基酸含量提高58.54％～95.73％，还原糖含量提高10.15％～95.82％(除PCPA降低26.57％)。两种蔬菜作物与基础溶液比较，NO_3-N含量，盆栽莴笋茎下降3.82％～9.41％，田间茎下降24.15％～66.74％；盆栽瓢儿白中期下降16.09％～22.80％，田间DA-6中期增0.41％，其它降0.63％～28.18％。盆栽试验氨基酸含量，莴笋叶GA和BR后期(8/12)提高186.00％和100.00％，茎提高6.38％和34.57％；瓢儿白DA-6和BR前期提高34.94％和31.47％，GA降幅为21.43％～24.12％。盆栽试验还原糖含量，莴笋叶调节剂处理中、前期提高9.97％～39.74％，后期降15.02％～21.25％，茎中变幅为-17.12％～1.92％；瓢儿白各处理前期降低12.01％～34.87％，中、后期增加33.76％～85.56％。盆栽试验V_c含量，莴笋叶调节剂处理中、前期降低18.64％～49.53％，后期叶和茎分别增加0.49％～44.20％和8.51％～21.05％。瓢儿白各处理降低9.25％～30.48％。表明，试验处理对供试作物主要品质因素存在着较大影响，也可以看出，只要组合使用得当，则能改善品质，不致产生不良效果。
3．对作物N、P、K含量和土壤有效N、P、K的影响：1／7时，基础溶液、CCC、DA-6、PCPA4个处理与CK比较，玉米叶片N含量提高5.23％～16.05％，P含量提高3.90％～10.60％，K含量降低0.98％～9.61％；土壤碱解N降低3.43％～11.87％，有效P除基础溶液下降13.06％外，提高3.12％～10.28％，有效K除DA-6下降53.09％外，提高11.39％～14.74％。说明，叶面肥施用，除要影响植株叶片N、P、K成分外，同时通过影响作物生长，进而影响到土壤N、P、K的有效性。由此我们认为，叶面肥应是合理施肥、提高肥料利用率的有效途径之一。
The results from our experiments revealed that foliar spraying with inorganic nutrition and different plant growth regulators (PGRs) have significant effect, on three local plants-glutinous maize, lettuce and Chinese cabbage, on the water, enzyme activity, amion acid, crude protein, reducing sugar, starch, vitamin C, chlorophyll, etc. relatively
1.The effect on the metabolic direction and metabolic rate of the inherent-element: Foliar spray B9 or DA-6 on maize, peroxidase's activity of anaphase foliage increase from 23.80% to 39.24% than treat with base solution in anaphase, relative change scope about peroxidase's activity was from 48.96% to 66.40% between the second (June 25) and the third (July 1) time measurement. The reducing sugar and amino acid in tender seed of maize increased 10.15%~47.91% and 60.80%~92.96% respectively after treat with PGRs. The inherent-element of the two vegetables also changed much in field and pot experiment. The absolute content of plant inherent-element changed much when 'treated with PGRs, it means that the metabolic direction have been affected. The change scope of difference between different measurement time was regarded as the result of the change of metabolic rate being affected.
2.The effect on the quality: We primarily feed the tender seed of the glutinous maize, so increasing the content of amino acid and reducing sugar in it is increasing the quality of the product. When sprayed PGRs in leaf, the amino acid and reducing sugar in tender seed increased 10.15%~95.82 and 58.54%~95.73% respectively compared with CK, only the reducing sugar in PCPA treatment decreased 26.57%. The content of NO3-N decreased 3.82%~9.41% and 24.15%~66.74% in pot-planted lettuce and in field-planted lettuce respectively when compared with base solution, the content of NO3-N decreased 16.09%~22.80% in metaphase of pot-planted Chinese cabbage, increased 0.41% in filed-planted treated with DA-6, and decreased 0.63%~28.18% in other treatment. When treated pot-planted lettuce with GA and BR, the amino acid content increased 186.00% and 100.00% in leaf and increased 6.38% and 34.57% in stem in anaphase. Pot-planted Chinese cabbage s content of the amino acid increased 34.94% and 31.47% in prophase when treated w
ith DA-6 and BR, while treated with GA, the extent of decrease was
21.43%~24.12%. Pot-planted lettuce's the content of reducing sugar in the leaf increased 9.97%~39.74% in prophase and metaphase and decreased 15.02%~21.25% in anaphase and its change extent in the stem was -17.12%~1.92%. Pot-planted Chinese cabbage's the content of the reducing sugar decreased 12.01%~34.87 in prophase but increased 33.76%~85.56% in metaphase and prophase. Pot-planted lettuce's the content of vitamin C decreased 18.64%~49.53% in prophase and metaphase but increased 0.49%~44.20% and 8.15%~21.05% respectively in leaf and in anaphase stem. Pot-planted Chinese cabbages the content of vitamin C decreased 9.25%~30.48% in various treatment. From the data in the experiment, we considered that foliar inorganic nutrition and PGRs can highly affect the plant's quality, while compounding it correctly can we meliorate the quality of the plant but not bring bad effect.
3.The effect on the plant of the content of N, P, K and soil's available N, P, K: On July 1, we use base solution, CCC, DA-6, PCPA compared with CK found that the content of N, P, K in the maize leaf increased 5.23%~16.05%, 3.90%~10.60% and 0.98%~9.61% respectively. In soil, alkaline hydrolytic N decreased 3.43%-11.87%; the available P increased 3.12%~10.28% except decreased 13.06% in base solution; available K increased 11.39%~14.74% except decreased 53.06% in DA-6. It indicated that leaf fertilizer can affect the content of N, P, K in maize leaf, and can affect the validity of N, P, K in the soil through affecting the plant growth. So, we thought that using the leaf fertilizer reasonably is one of the good approach to enhance the ratio of using fertilizer.
1．对内在成分代谢方向和速率的影响：玉米配施B9、DA-6，叶片过氧化物酶活性与处理2比较，后期增幅达23.80％～39.24％，第二(25／6)、第三(1／7)次测定相对变幅达48.96％～66.40％。嫩玉米籽粒还原糖比CK增加10.15％～47.91％，氨基酸增加60.80％～92.96％。两种蔬菜田盆试验内在成分也均有较大变化。内在代谢成分绝对含量的增减，说明影响了代谢方向，而不同测定时期间差值的变幅，则可视为影响了代谢速率所致。
2．对品质的影响：糯玉米以食嫩籽粒为主，提高氨基酸和还原糖含量无疑提高了产品质量。如嫩籽粒配施生长调节剂的处理与CK比较，氨基酸含量提高58.54％～95.73％，还原糖含量提高10.15％～95.82％(除PCPA降低26.57％)。两种蔬菜作物与基础溶液比较，NO_3-N含量，盆栽莴笋茎下降3.82％～9.41％，田间茎下降24.15％～66.74％；盆栽瓢儿白中期下降16.09％～22.80％，田间DA-6中期增0.41％，其它降0.63％～28.18％。盆栽试验氨基酸含量，莴笋叶GA和BR后期(8/12)提高186.00％和100.00％，茎提高6.38％和34.57％；瓢儿白DA-6和BR前期提高34.94％和31.47％，GA降幅为21.43％～24.12％。盆栽试验还原糖含量，莴笋叶调节剂处理中、前期提高9.97％～39.74％，后期降15.02％～21.25％，茎中变幅为-17.12％～1.92％；瓢儿白各处理前期降低12.01％～34.87％，中、后期增加33.76％～85.56％。盆栽试验V_c含量，莴笋叶调节剂处理中、前期降低18.64％～49.53％，后期叶和茎分别增加0.49％～44.20％和8.51％～21.05％。瓢儿白各处理降低9.25％～30.48％。表明，试验处理对供试作物主要品质因素存在着较大影响，也可以看出，只要组合使用得当，则能改善品质，不致产生不良效果。
3．对作物N、P、K含量和土壤有效N、P、K的影响：1／7时，基础溶液、CCC、DA-6、PCPA4个处理与CK比较，玉米叶片N含量提高5.23％～16.05％，P含量提高3.90％～10.60％，K含量降低0.98％～9.61％；土壤碱解N降低3.43％～11.87％，有效P除基础溶液下降13.06％外，提高3.12％～10.28％，有效K除DA-6下降53.09％外，提高11.39％～14.74％。说明，叶面肥施用，除要影响植株叶片N、P、K成分外，同时通过影响作物生长，进而影响到土壤N、P、K的有效性。由此我们认为，叶面肥应是合理施肥、提高肥料利用率的有效途径之一。
The results from our experiments revealed that foliar spraying with inorganic nutrition and different plant growth regulators (PGRs) have significant effect, on three local plants-glutinous maize, lettuce and Chinese cabbage, on the water, enzyme activity, amion acid, crude protein, reducing sugar, starch, vitamin C, chlorophyll, etc. relatively
1.The effect on the metabolic direction and metabolic rate of the inherent-element: Foliar spray B9 or DA-6 on maize, peroxidase's activity of anaphase foliage increase from 23.80% to 39.24% than treat with base solution in anaphase, relative change scope about peroxidase's activity was from 48.96% to 66.40% between the second (June 25) and the third (July 1) time measurement. The reducing sugar and amino acid in tender seed of maize increased 10.15%~47.91% and 60.80%~92.96% respectively after treat with PGRs. The inherent-element of the two vegetables also changed much in field and pot experiment. The absolute content of plant inherent-element changed much when 'treated with PGRs, it means that the metabolic direction have been affected. The change scope of difference between different measurement time was regarded as the result of the change of metabolic rate being affected.
2.The effect on the quality: We primarily feed the tender seed of the glutinous maize, so increasing the content of amino acid and reducing sugar in it is increasing the quality of the product. When sprayed PGRs in leaf, the amino acid and reducing sugar in tender seed increased 10.15%~95.82 and 58.54%~95.73% respectively compared with CK, only the reducing sugar in PCPA treatment decreased 26.57%. The content of NO3-N decreased 3.82%~9.41% and 24.15%~66.74% in pot-planted lettuce and in field-planted lettuce respectively when compared with base solution, the content of NO3-N decreased 16.09%~22.80% in metaphase of pot-planted Chinese cabbage, increased 0.41% in filed-planted treated with DA-6, and decreased 0.63%~28.18% in other treatment. When treated pot-planted lettuce with GA and BR, the amino acid content increased 186.00% and 100.00% in leaf and increased 6.38% and 34.57% in stem in anaphase. Pot-planted Chinese cabbage s content of the amino acid increased 34.94% and 31.47% in prophase when treated w
ith DA-6 and BR, while treated with GA, the extent of decrease was
21.43%~24.12%. Pot-planted lettuce's the content of reducing sugar in the leaf increased 9.97%~39.74% in prophase and metaphase and decreased 15.02%~21.25% in anaphase and its change extent in the stem was -17.12%~1.92%. Pot-planted Chinese cabbage's the content of the reducing sugar decreased 12.01%~34.87 in prophase but increased 33.76%~85.56% in metaphase and prophase. Pot-planted lettuce's the content of vitamin C decreased 18.64%~49.53% in prophase and metaphase but increased 0.49%~44.20% and 8.15%~21.05% respectively in leaf and in anaphase stem. Pot-planted Chinese cabbages the content of vitamin C decreased 9.25%~30.48% in various treatment. From the data in the experiment, we considered that foliar inorganic nutrition and PGRs can highly affect the plant's quality, while compounding it correctly can we meliorate the quality of the plant but not bring bad effect.
3.The effect on the plant of the content of N, P, K and soil's available N, P, K: On July 1, we use base solution, CCC, DA-6, PCPA compared with CK found that the content of N, P, K in the maize leaf increased 5.23%~16.05%, 3.90%~10.60% and 0.98%~9.61% respectively. In soil, alkaline hydrolytic N decreased 3.43%-11.87%; the available P increased 3.12%~10.28% except decreased 13.06% in base solution; available K increased 11.39%~14.74% except decreased 53.06% in DA-6. It indicated that leaf fertilizer can affect the content of N, P, K in maize leaf, and can affect the validity of N, P, K in the soil through affecting the plant growth. So, we thought that using the leaf fertilizer reasonably is one of the good approach to enhance the ratio of using fertilizer.
引文
[1] 艾绥龙，韦成才．农家旺烤烟专用叶面肥地烟草生产中的应用．陕西农业科学 1997(5)：10～11
[2] 陈防，鲁剑巍等．硝酸钾在几种蔬菜作物上的施用效果，迈向21世纪的土壤与植物营养科学，中国农业出版社，1997，545～546
[3] 杜青平，袁保红．等．三种新型时叶面喷施剂对油菜菠菜和雪里蕻生长发育的影响，山西大学学报(自然科学版)2001，24(1)：78～81
[4] 范业宽，叶坤合主编．土壤肥料学．武汉大学出版社．2002：80～81
[5] 韩德元编著，植物生长调节剂—原理与应用，北京科学技术出版社，1997
[6] 何电源主编，中国南方土壤肥力与栽培植物施肥，科学出版社，1993，40～72
[7] 胡京枝，徐丽敏等．喷施锌肥对空心菜的生育及含锌量的影响．河南农业科学，2000(6)：29～30
[8] 金绍龄，马永泰，程志斌等．小麦叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾效果研究报告．甘肃农业科技，1992，(1)：19～24
[9] 金绍龄，马永泰，程志斌等．小麦磷营养条件对叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾效果的影响．甘肃农业科技，1992，(2)：26～290
[10] 金绍龄，马永泰，程志斌等．磷酸二氢钾根施和叶喷效果比较．甘肃农业科技，1992，(3)：25～27
[11] 李灿明，李映珍．沙田柚喷施活性菌肥试验．中国南方果树，2000，29(5)：23
[12] 李发祥，庞宁菊等．根际施肥与叶面喷施高乐肥相配合对辣椒生物效应的影响，青海农林科技，1998(1)：1～4
[13] 李庆康，刘洪杰等．NFC叶面肥对花生的增产效果，江苏农业科学，1995(3)：40～42
[14] 李宗霆、周燮著．植物激素及其免疫检测技术，江苏科学技术出版社，1996
[15] 刘肃、李酉开．Mihlich-3通用提取剂的研究，土壤通报，1995：32(2)
[16] 刘玉民，李香兰．有机多元活性腐殖酸液肥肥效试验，陕西农业科学，1997(5)：15～16
[17] 鲁如坤著，土壤——植物营养学原理和施肥，化学工业出版社．1998：331～337
[18] 刘铮等，我国缺乏微量元素的土壤及其区域分布，土壤学报，1982，19(2)：206～223
[19] 陆斌，甘家生等，墨西哥柏壮苗培育技术的初步探讨，云南林业科技，1996(1)：14～18
[20] 骆炳山，油菜素甾醇类在作物上应用的生理基础，云大-120(芸苔素内酯)在农业上的应用，全国农科技术推广服务中心，国家芸苔素内酯类产品研究推广中心编，中国农业出版社，1997，325～327
[21] 马斯纳．高等植物的矿质营养．曹一平等译，北京农业大学出版社 1991：63～65
[22] 毛知耘主编．肥料学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1997：15～68
[23] 彭忠华，何帮金．水稻施用赤霉素与细胞分裂素的效果．耕作与栽培，1998，(2)：33～35
[24] 启山，小波．桔树受冻后的补救良药——叶面肥．实用科技，2001，(5)：23
[25] 山东农学院等编．植物生理学实验指导[M]．济南：山东科技出版社，1980，57～63，109～114，246
[26] 史瑞和主编，土壤农化分析(第二版)[M]，北京：农业出版社，1988：33～89，213～218，232～233，257～259
[27] 孙振元，韩碧文，刘淑兰，等．小麦籽粒充实期氮素的吸收和再分配及6-苄氨基嘌呤的调节作用．植物生理学报，1996，22(3)：258～264
[28] 王来花、冯国华．小麦穗肥施氮磷钾对产量及生理效应的影响．土壤肥料，1999(6)：40
[29] 王树安主编．作物栽培学各论(北方本)[M]中国农业出版社 1994：131～176
[30] 王双明．几种化学物质对小白菜硝酸盐积累及某些营养品质的影响．绵阳农专学报，1992，9(1)：35～40
[31] 王文建．茶树喷施高钾有机复合肥试验初报．福建茶叶，2000(2)：21～22
[32] 王险峰 农药和叶面肥的使用管理 现代化农业，1994(12)：4～6
[33] 王学荣，张祖仁等．凯特杏叶面喷施无机肥的效果，北方果树，2002(1)：13
[34] 王正银主编．作物施肥学[M]．西南师范大学出版社
[35] 王正银，徐卫红，涂丛等．化学物质组合量比对叶菜硝酸盐的控制作用．西南农业大学学报，1999，21(2)：170～173
[36] 王正银，胡尚钦等编．作物营养与品质．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1999
[37] 王尊贤编．基础生物化学实验指导．重庆：西农出版，1993，27～29
[38] 魏丹，根外追肥降低水稻空秕率的研究，迈向21世纪的土壤与植物营养科学，中国农业出版社，1997：543～544
[39] 魏新田，刘炎等．喷施农人牌液肥对菠菜生长的影响．上海蔬菜，2001(2)：35～36
[40] 徐国华 沈其荣．小麦和玉米叶面标记尿素态~(15)N的吸收和运输．土壤学报，2001，38(1)：67～74
[41] 徐国华，沈其荣等．叶面营养对黄瓜生物效应的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1997，3(1)：36～42
[42] 徐国华，沈其荣，郑文娟等．小麦和玉米中后期大量元素叶面施用的生物效应．土壤学报，1999，36(4)：454～461
[43] 徐卫红，王正银，叶学见．无公害蔬菜施肥研究进展——蔬菜中硝酸盐的研究．中国科协第四届青年学术年会论文集．重庆：西南师范大学出版社，2001：383～390
[44] 严园光，王福均主编．农业仪器分析法[M]．北京：农业出版社，1982，370～545
[45] 杨佩珍，秦或．施尔灵喷施液肥在蔬菜上的应用效果．上海蔬菜，2000(3)：51～52
[46] 杨琼鸾．应用叶面肥挽救二氧化硫污染水稻试验初报．广西农学报，1997，4：5～8
[47] 尹金华，罗诗等．荔枝叶面喷施猪血水对秋梢的影响，福建果树，2001(3)：38～39
[48] 张安存，周风明等．水稻后期应用不同叶面肥效果初报．安徽农业科学，2001，29(2)：207～208
[49] 张劲松，商振清等．干旱条件下小麦叶面喷施6-BA和KT对小麦子粒品质和产量的影响．河北农业大学学报，2001，24(4)：28～31
[50] 张菊平，蒋燕等．温室黄瓜喷施腐殖酸液肥肥效试验，河南农业科学，2000(4)：16～17
[51] 张民权、杨如陵等．抗旱剂XJ的抗旱增产能力的研究，干旱地区研究，1995，12(2)：66～71
[52] 张翔，朱洪勋，卢海灵．平衡施肥对西瓜产量和品质的影响．迈向21世纪的土壤与植物营养科学，中国农业出版社，1997，549～551
[53] 曾骧，李光星等．苹果树晚秋施用~(15)N尿素的运转和分配．园艺学报，1986，13(4)：225～231
[54] 左东峰．盐渍土冬小麦叶面喷施硼、锌、铁肥优化配比及增产效应研究．北京农业大学学报，1992，18(3)：293～297
[55] 赵元明，吕淑平等．棉花叶面喷施高浓度氮肥效应初报．耕作与栽培，2001(4)：37，51
[56] A. LAUCHLI[美]，R. L. BIELESKI[新西兰]著．张礼忠，毛知耘译，植物的无机营养，农业出版社，1992
[57] Alexander, A Schroeder M. 叶面施肥的现代化声势．国外农学土壤肥料，1988(4)：21～24
[58] Barel D. and C.A.Black, 1979:Foliar application of P:N, Yield responses of corn and corn and soybeans sprayed with various condensed phosphates and P-Ncompounds in greenhouse and field experiments. Agron. J.74:21～24.
[59] Boote K.J.,R. N. Gallaher, W. R. Robertson, K. Hinson, and L.C.Hammond, 1978: Effect of foliar fertilization on photosynthesis, leaf nutrition, and yield of soybeans. Agron, J, 70:787～791.
[60] Bowman D C and Paul J L, Volatilization and rapid depletion of urea spray-applied to Kenturky bluegrass turf, J.Plant Nutr. 1990,13(10):1335～1344.
[61] Bowman D C, Paul J L. The foliar adsorption of urea. J. Plant Nutr., 1990,13:105～113
[62] Boynton D.1954:Nutrition by foliar application. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.5:31～54.
[63] eurmann P M,: Late season foliar fertilization with macronutrients is there a therotical basis for increased yields 1982, 5:209.
[64] Finney, K. F. et al. 1957. Effect of foliar spraying on pawnee wheat with urea solution on yield, protein content and protein quality. Agron. J. 49, 341～347
[65] Garcia L., Ramon, and J.J.Hanway, 1976:Foliar fertilization of soybeans during seedfilling, Agron. J. 68:653～657.
[66] Glswami B K and Srivastava G C, Effect of foliar application of urea on leaf senescence and photosynthesis in sunflower. Photosynthetic 1988,22(1):99～104.
[67] Gooding M J et al, Foliar urea fertilization of cereals: a review. Fertilizer Research, 1992, 32:209～222.
[68] Goswami B K, Srivastava G C. Effect of foliar application of urea on leaf and senescence photosynthesis in sunflower. Photosynthetic, 1988, 22(1):99～104
[69] Grata U C, 1990: Efficiency of foliar as soil application micronutrient anions for crop utilization. Transactions 14th international Congress of Soil Sci. Tokoyo, Japan, August. 14:238～242.
[70] Hanway J J. Foliar application of fertilizers on grain crops. In Neumann P M. ed. Plant Growth and Leaf-applied Chemicals CRC Press Inc. USA 1988. 101～109
[71] Hsu H H et al. Absorption and distribution of foliar applied iron by plants. J Plant Nutu, 1982, 5:969～974
[72] Jyung W H, 1995: Foliar absorption of mineral nutrients with special references to the use of radioscopy and the "leaf washing technique", M T Thesis, Michigan State University East lansing, 45.
[73] Neumann P M. Late season foliar fertilization with macronutrients-is there a therotical basis for increased yields?. J. Plant Nutr., 1982, 5:209～213
[74] O.P.英格尔斯塔德[美]编，张国兴译 化肥技术与使用(第三版) 北京 化学工业出版社 1992：371～373
[75] Poole, W D., G. W. Randall, and G. E. Ham. 1983: Foliar fertilization of soybeans: H. Effect of biuret and application time of day. Agron. J. 75:201～203.
[76] Seshadri K, 1990: Role of foliar fertilization on plant nutrition in Crops as enhances of nutrient use (Bsligar VC et al. eds.),Academic Press Inc, USA.
[77] Syverud T. D., L. M. Walsh, E. S. Oppoinger, and K. A. Kelling. 1980: Foliar fertilization of soybeans. Commun. Soil sci. Plant Anal. 11:637～651.
[78] Vasilas B. L., J. O. Legg, and D. C. Wolf. 1980: Foliar fertilization of soybeans:Absorption and translocation of ~(15)N-labeled urea. Agron. J. 72:271～275.
[79] Withee L V et al. Foliar and soil application of iron compounds to control iron chlorosis of grain sorghum. Agron J, 1959,51:474～476
[80] Wittwer S. H., and M. J. Bukovac. 1969. The uptake of nutrients through leaf surfaces Handb. Pfianzenernalhr. Dueng. 1:235～261
[2] 陈防，鲁剑巍等．硝酸钾在几种蔬菜作物上的施用效果，迈向21世纪的土壤与植物营养科学，中国农业出版社，1997，545～546
[3] 杜青平，袁保红．等．三种新型时叶面喷施剂对油菜菠菜和雪里蕻生长发育的影响，山西大学学报(自然科学版)2001，24(1)：78～81
[4] 范业宽，叶坤合主编．土壤肥料学．武汉大学出版社．2002：80～81
[5] 韩德元编著，植物生长调节剂—原理与应用，北京科学技术出版社，1997
[6] 何电源主编，中国南方土壤肥力与栽培植物施肥，科学出版社，1993，40～72
[7] 胡京枝，徐丽敏等．喷施锌肥对空心菜的生育及含锌量的影响．河南农业科学，2000(6)：29～30
[8] 金绍龄，马永泰，程志斌等．小麦叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾效果研究报告．甘肃农业科技，1992，(1)：19～24
[9] 金绍龄，马永泰，程志斌等．小麦磷营养条件对叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾效果的影响．甘肃农业科技，1992，(2)：26～290
[10] 金绍龄，马永泰，程志斌等．磷酸二氢钾根施和叶喷效果比较．甘肃农业科技，1992，(3)：25～27
[11] 李灿明，李映珍．沙田柚喷施活性菌肥试验．中国南方果树，2000，29(5)：23
[12] 李发祥，庞宁菊等．根际施肥与叶面喷施高乐肥相配合对辣椒生物效应的影响，青海农林科技，1998(1)：1～4
[13] 李庆康，刘洪杰等．NFC叶面肥对花生的增产效果，江苏农业科学，1995(3)：40～42
[14] 李宗霆、周燮著．植物激素及其免疫检测技术，江苏科学技术出版社，1996
[15] 刘肃、李酉开．Mihlich-3通用提取剂的研究，土壤通报，1995：32(2)
[16] 刘玉民，李香兰．有机多元活性腐殖酸液肥肥效试验，陕西农业科学，1997(5)：15～16
[17] 鲁如坤著，土壤——植物营养学原理和施肥，化学工业出版社．1998：331～337
[18] 刘铮等，我国缺乏微量元素的土壤及其区域分布，土壤学报，1982，19(2)：206～223
[19] 陆斌，甘家生等，墨西哥柏壮苗培育技术的初步探讨，云南林业科技，1996(1)：14～18
[20] 骆炳山，油菜素甾醇类在作物上应用的生理基础，云大-120(芸苔素内酯)在农业上的应用，全国农科技术推广服务中心，国家芸苔素内酯类产品研究推广中心编，中国农业出版社，1997，325～327
[21] 马斯纳．高等植物的矿质营养．曹一平等译，北京农业大学出版社 1991：63～65
[22] 毛知耘主编．肥料学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1997：15～68
[23] 彭忠华，何帮金．水稻施用赤霉素与细胞分裂素的效果．耕作与栽培，1998，(2)：33～35
[24] 启山，小波．桔树受冻后的补救良药——叶面肥．实用科技，2001，(5)：23
[25] 山东农学院等编．植物生理学实验指导[M]．济南：山东科技出版社，1980，57～63，109～114，246
[26] 史瑞和主编，土壤农化分析(第二版)[M]，北京：农业出版社，1988：33～89，213～218，232～233，257～259
[27] 孙振元，韩碧文，刘淑兰，等．小麦籽粒充实期氮素的吸收和再分配及6-苄氨基嘌呤的调节作用．植物生理学报，1996，22(3)：258～264
[28] 王来花、冯国华．小麦穗肥施氮磷钾对产量及生理效应的影响．土壤肥料，1999(6)：40
[29] 王树安主编．作物栽培学各论(北方本)[M]中国农业出版社 1994：131～176
[30] 王双明．几种化学物质对小白菜硝酸盐积累及某些营养品质的影响．绵阳农专学报，1992，9(1)：35～40
[31] 王文建．茶树喷施高钾有机复合肥试验初报．福建茶叶，2000(2)：21～22
[32] 王险峰 农药和叶面肥的使用管理 现代化农业，1994(12)：4～6
[33] 王学荣，张祖仁等．凯特杏叶面喷施无机肥的效果，北方果树，2002(1)：13
[34] 王正银主编．作物施肥学[M]．西南师范大学出版社
[35] 王正银，徐卫红，涂丛等．化学物质组合量比对叶菜硝酸盐的控制作用．西南农业大学学报，1999，21(2)：170～173
[36] 王正银，胡尚钦等编．作物营养与品质．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1999
[37] 王尊贤编．基础生物化学实验指导．重庆：西农出版，1993，27～29
[38] 魏丹，根外追肥降低水稻空秕率的研究，迈向21世纪的土壤与植物营养科学，中国农业出版社，1997：543～544
[39] 魏新田，刘炎等．喷施农人牌液肥对菠菜生长的影响．上海蔬菜，2001(2)：35～36
[40] 徐国华 沈其荣．小麦和玉米叶面标记尿素态~(15)N的吸收和运输．土壤学报，2001，38(1)：67～74
[41] 徐国华，沈其荣等．叶面营养对黄瓜生物效应的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1997，3(1)：36～42
[42] 徐国华，沈其荣，郑文娟等．小麦和玉米中后期大量元素叶面施用的生物效应．土壤学报，1999，36(4)：454～461
[43] 徐卫红，王正银，叶学见．无公害蔬菜施肥研究进展——蔬菜中硝酸盐的研究．中国科协第四届青年学术年会论文集．重庆：西南师范大学出版社，2001：383～390
[44] 严园光，王福均主编．农业仪器分析法[M]．北京：农业出版社，1982，370～545
[45] 杨佩珍，秦或．施尔灵喷施液肥在蔬菜上的应用效果．上海蔬菜，2000(3)：51～52
[46] 杨琼鸾．应用叶面肥挽救二氧化硫污染水稻试验初报．广西农学报，1997，4：5～8
[47] 尹金华，罗诗等．荔枝叶面喷施猪血水对秋梢的影响，福建果树，2001(3)：38～39
[48] 张安存，周风明等．水稻后期应用不同叶面肥效果初报．安徽农业科学，2001，29(2)：207～208
[49] 张劲松，商振清等．干旱条件下小麦叶面喷施6-BA和KT对小麦子粒品质和产量的影响．河北农业大学学报，2001，24(4)：28～31
[50] 张菊平，蒋燕等．温室黄瓜喷施腐殖酸液肥肥效试验，河南农业科学，2000(4)：16～17
[51] 张民权、杨如陵等．抗旱剂XJ的抗旱增产能力的研究，干旱地区研究，1995，12(2)：66～71
[52] 张翔，朱洪勋，卢海灵．平衡施肥对西瓜产量和品质的影响．迈向21世纪的土壤与植物营养科学，中国农业出版社，1997，549～551
[53] 曾骧，李光星等．苹果树晚秋施用~(15)N尿素的运转和分配．园艺学报，1986，13(4)：225～231
[54] 左东峰．盐渍土冬小麦叶面喷施硼、锌、铁肥优化配比及增产效应研究．北京农业大学学报，1992，18(3)：293～297
[55] 赵元明，吕淑平等．棉花叶面喷施高浓度氮肥效应初报．耕作与栽培，2001(4)：37，51
[56] A. LAUCHLI[美]，R. L. BIELESKI[新西兰]著．张礼忠，毛知耘译，植物的无机营养，农业出版社，1992
[57] Alexander, A Schroeder M. 叶面施肥的现代化声势．国外农学土壤肥料，1988(4)：21～24
[58] Barel D. and C.A.Black, 1979:Foliar application of P:N, Yield responses of corn and corn and soybeans sprayed with various condensed phosphates and P-Ncompounds in greenhouse and field experiments. Agron. J.74:21～24.
[59] Boote K.J.,R. N. Gallaher, W. R. Robertson, K. Hinson, and L.C.Hammond, 1978: Effect of foliar fertilization on photosynthesis, leaf nutrition, and yield of soybeans. Agron, J, 70:787～791.
[60] Bowman D C and Paul J L, Volatilization and rapid depletion of urea spray-applied to Kenturky bluegrass turf, J.Plant Nutr. 1990,13(10):1335～1344.
[61] Bowman D C, Paul J L. The foliar adsorption of urea. J. Plant Nutr., 1990,13:105～113
[62] Boynton D.1954:Nutrition by foliar application. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.5:31～54.
[63] eurmann P M,: Late season foliar fertilization with macronutrients is there a therotical basis for increased yields 1982, 5:209.
[64] Finney, K. F. et al. 1957. Effect of foliar spraying on pawnee wheat with urea solution on yield, protein content and protein quality. Agron. J. 49, 341～347
[65] Garcia L., Ramon, and J.J.Hanway, 1976:Foliar fertilization of soybeans during seedfilling, Agron. J. 68:653～657.
[66] Glswami B K and Srivastava G C, Effect of foliar application of urea on leaf senescence and photosynthesis in sunflower. Photosynthetic 1988,22(1):99～104.
[67] Gooding M J et al, Foliar urea fertilization of cereals: a review. Fertilizer Research, 1992, 32:209～222.
[68] Goswami B K, Srivastava G C. Effect of foliar application of urea on leaf and senescence photosynthesis in sunflower. Photosynthetic, 1988, 22(1):99～104
[69] Grata U C, 1990: Efficiency of foliar as soil application micronutrient anions for crop utilization. Transactions 14th international Congress of Soil Sci. Tokoyo, Japan, August. 14:238～242.
[70] Hanway J J. Foliar application of fertilizers on grain crops. In Neumann P M. ed. Plant Growth and Leaf-applied Chemicals CRC Press Inc. USA 1988. 101～109
[71] Hsu H H et al. Absorption and distribution of foliar applied iron by plants. J Plant Nutu, 1982, 5:969～974
[72] Jyung W H, 1995: Foliar absorption of mineral nutrients with special references to the use of radioscopy and the "leaf washing technique", M T Thesis, Michigan State University East lansing, 45.
[73] Neumann P M. Late season foliar fertilization with macronutrients-is there a therotical basis for increased yields?. J. Plant Nutr., 1982, 5:209～213
[74] O.P.英格尔斯塔德[美]编，张国兴译 化肥技术与使用(第三版) 北京 化学工业出版社 1992：371～373
[75] Poole, W D., G. W. Randall, and G. E. Ham. 1983: Foliar fertilization of soybeans: H. Effect of biuret and application time of day. Agron. J. 75:201～203.
[76] Seshadri K, 1990: Role of foliar fertilization on plant nutrition in Crops as enhances of nutrient use (Bsligar VC et al. eds.),Academic Press Inc, USA.
[77] Syverud T. D., L. M. Walsh, E. S. Oppoinger, and K. A. Kelling. 1980: Foliar fertilization of soybeans. Commun. Soil sci. Plant Anal. 11:637～651.
[78] Vasilas B. L., J. O. Legg, and D. C. Wolf. 1980: Foliar fertilization of soybeans:Absorption and translocation of ~(15)N-labeled urea. Agron. J. 72:271～275.
[79] Withee L V et al. Foliar and soil application of iron compounds to control iron chlorosis of grain sorghum. Agron J, 1959,51:474～476
[80] Wittwer S. H., and M. J. Bukovac. 1969. The uptake of nutrients through leaf surfaces Handb. Pfianzenernalhr. Dueng. 1:235～261