高速公路通行负担分析理论与方法
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摘要
高速公路经过多年的发展取得巨大成绩，高速公路网络基本形成并发挥出较强的经济效益，但是随着建设成本的提升，收费高速公路规模的快速扩张，建设资金缺乏的矛盾突出、高速公路发展政策法规调整滞后等导致高速公路发展中遇到各种问题，如有些高速公路收费无法偿还贷款利息导致偿债压力巨大，有些高速公路由于收费不规范导致暴利情况的出现，尤其高速公路通行负担问题也日益突出，受到社会的普遍关注。高速公路使用者甚至社会公众普遍认为高速公路的收费大幅度提高出行的负担水平，降低甚至减免高速公路收费的呼声不断升温，这类问题一再将高速公路管理部门推向舆论的风尖浪口，但是现有理论与实践无法回答社会媒体对高速公路管理部门提出的各种质疑。如何客观、科学、合理的衡量高速公路通行负担水平并构建相应的理论与方法，对解决我国高速公路发展遇到的问题不仅具有重要的理论意义，也有巨大的现实意义。
为构建高速公路通行负担分析理论与方法，实现有限资源的高效配置，论文基于经济学的均衡理论、级差效益理论、可持续发展理论，运输经济学的运输供给理论、运输需求理论，以及价值流理论与博弈论等理论，采用系统研究与对比研究相结合、机理分析与定量研究相结合的研究方法，在对高速公路通行负担内涵界定的前提下，以高速公路运营产业链关键利益主体（高速公路运营主体、使用者主体、国民经济主体）及其之间的经济联系为依托，以相关利益主体在不同收费标准下成本与收益变化的对比为基础，以在高速公路收费约束条件下保证最小的成本最大程度上满足运输需求进而实现高速公路最大限度促进国民经济发展为主线，从通行负担产生机理、表现形式、变化特征、分析基础、具体衡量、合理性判断等方面对高速公路通行负担问题开展系统研究，得出基于运营主体、使用者主体、国民经济主体的高速公路通行负担水平均较高，对研究结果的分析表明高速公路通行负担较重主要源于我国高速公路发展相关政策，尤其是高速公路投融资政策，而通行负担水平与这些政策相适应。
The highway has made great achievement in china after years of development. Highwaynetwork has been formed, and its’ strong network economic effect also played. Howevermany development problems appear with upgrading of construction cost, rapid expansion offreeway scale, lack of funds for construction, lag of development policies of freeway.Problems are mainly on some toll highways can not repay interest on the loan which resultingin huge debt pressure, some toll highway emerge of lucrative due to the charging specification,especially contradiction for burden of toll highway becomes more apparent, which isconcerned widely by community. Highway users and public in general that consider tollhighway significantly increase the burden level of travel, more and more people appeal ongovernment reduce, even relief the toll standard of highway. Such problems repeatedlybecome public opinion hotspot, and the highway management department of government isthe core. But the existing theory and practice experience can not be used to answer thevarieties of questions on the problem from social media. How to measure the travel burdenlevel of highway objectively, scientifically, reasonably, on the basis of this, construct analysistheory and method of travel burden, which not only have important theoretical significance,also have great practical significance to solve the problems encountered.
In order to build analysis theory and method of highway travel burden, and achieve theefficient allocation of limited resources, the paper conduct systematic research on the issue ofhighway toll burden. In the paper, equilibrium theory, differential effective theory, sustainabledevelopment theory of economics, and transportation supply theory, transportation demandtheory of transport economics, value stream theory and game theory are all basic theories forthe research. The combination between system research and comparative study, and thecombination between mechanism analysis and quantitative research are the main researchmethod. To define the travel burden connotation is premise condition. The key stakeholders ofhighway operator industry chain, such as operator, user, and the main body of nationaleconomy, which is condition of the research relying on. The comparative analysis of thechange of costs and benefits in different charge levels is the basis condition of research.Ensure that minimum cost can meet transportation demand in maximum extent so as to highway promote maximize development of national economy is the main line. On the basisof this, the paper researches the travel burden mechanism, manifestations, characteristics,basis of analysis, measurement model, reasonable judgment and so on. The result of theresearch is that highway travel burden level is high, it is established for highway operators,users and main body of national economy. It is pointed that the high travel burden level ofhighway due to highway development polices, especially highway investment and financingpolicies in china. The travel burden level of highway is adaptation with development policiesof highway.
为构建高速公路通行负担分析理论与方法，实现有限资源的高效配置，论文基于经济学的均衡理论、级差效益理论、可持续发展理论，运输经济学的运输供给理论、运输需求理论，以及价值流理论与博弈论等理论，采用系统研究与对比研究相结合、机理分析与定量研究相结合的研究方法，在对高速公路通行负担内涵界定的前提下，以高速公路运营产业链关键利益主体（高速公路运营主体、使用者主体、国民经济主体）及其之间的经济联系为依托，以相关利益主体在不同收费标准下成本与收益变化的对比为基础，以在高速公路收费约束条件下保证最小的成本最大程度上满足运输需求进而实现高速公路最大限度促进国民经济发展为主线，从通行负担产生机理、表现形式、变化特征、分析基础、具体衡量、合理性判断等方面对高速公路通行负担问题开展系统研究，得出基于运营主体、使用者主体、国民经济主体的高速公路通行负担水平均较高，对研究结果的分析表明高速公路通行负担较重主要源于我国高速公路发展相关政策，尤其是高速公路投融资政策，而通行负担水平与这些政策相适应。
The highway has made great achievement in china after years of development. Highwaynetwork has been formed, and its’ strong network economic effect also played. Howevermany development problems appear with upgrading of construction cost, rapid expansion offreeway scale, lack of funds for construction, lag of development policies of freeway.Problems are mainly on some toll highways can not repay interest on the loan which resultingin huge debt pressure, some toll highway emerge of lucrative due to the charging specification,especially contradiction for burden of toll highway becomes more apparent, which isconcerned widely by community. Highway users and public in general that consider tollhighway significantly increase the burden level of travel, more and more people appeal ongovernment reduce, even relief the toll standard of highway. Such problems repeatedlybecome public opinion hotspot, and the highway management department of government isthe core. But the existing theory and practice experience can not be used to answer thevarieties of questions on the problem from social media. How to measure the travel burdenlevel of highway objectively, scientifically, reasonably, on the basis of this, construct analysistheory and method of travel burden, which not only have important theoretical significance,also have great practical significance to solve the problems encountered.
In order to build analysis theory and method of highway travel burden, and achieve theefficient allocation of limited resources, the paper conduct systematic research on the issue ofhighway toll burden. In the paper, equilibrium theory, differential effective theory, sustainabledevelopment theory of economics, and transportation supply theory, transportation demandtheory of transport economics, value stream theory and game theory are all basic theories forthe research. The combination between system research and comparative study, and thecombination between mechanism analysis and quantitative research are the main researchmethod. To define the travel burden connotation is premise condition. The key stakeholders ofhighway operator industry chain, such as operator, user, and the main body of nationaleconomy, which is condition of the research relying on. The comparative analysis of thechange of costs and benefits in different charge levels is the basis condition of research.Ensure that minimum cost can meet transportation demand in maximum extent so as to highway promote maximize development of national economy is the main line. On the basisof this, the paper researches the travel burden mechanism, manifestations, characteristics,basis of analysis, measurement model, reasonable judgment and so on. The result of theresearch is that highway travel burden level is high, it is established for highway operators,users and main body of national economy. It is pointed that the high travel burden level ofhighway due to highway development polices, especially highway investment and financingpolicies in china. The travel burden level of highway is adaptation with development policiesof highway.
引文
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24孙国庆：开拓创新，全面开创交通运输发展新局面[N].中国交通报，2011-3-23(1,2).
25韩璐.三部委要求进一步完善投融资政策，促进普通公路持续健康发展——普通公路投融资：以公共财政为基础，坚持政府主导[N].中国交通报，2011-5-24(1).
26需要决定投入，管养贵在探新——陕西省交通运输厅厅长冯西宁谈公路管理养护[N].中国交通报，2011-5-30(特1).
28樊桦.我国交通运输网络发展趋势分析[J].综合运输，2012,8:7-13.
29高速公路里程数据主要是根据各省交通厅网站上公布的数据汇总而来。
30李连成.“十二五”思路：交通运输业应该承担的社会责任[J].综合运输，2010,11:31-34.
31文冰，吴忠贵.我国高速公路交通拥堵问题之规划反思[J].综合运输，2012,8:16-19.
32交通运输部“十二五”规划重大课题研究项目《“十二五”时期公路、水路交通发展投融资政策研究》
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