贸易保护背景下的农产品反倾销及其应对研究
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摘要
反倾销是多边贸易规则允许的贸易救济手段,然而在贸易实践中,反倾销却更多地被作为一种贸易保护的工具来使用。长期游离于多边贸易规则之外的世界农产品贸易在被纳入世界贸易规则框架之后目前正在并将继续经历着关税水平不断下调、出口补贴逐渐取消等边境规则的改革,尽管从历史的角度看农产品反倾销案件只占全球反倾销总量的不到5%,但上述贸易规则的改变、农业地位的特殊性、反倾销手段的独特性以及国际反倾销规则和反倾销活动的未来发展态势都意味着农产品反倾销依然可能成为未来各国(经济体)实施农产品贸易保护的重要手段。因此,科学、系统地分析农产品反倾销的特点、影响、不同国家(经济体)农产品反倾销活动的具体做法以及国际农产品反倾销的未来发展趋势并在此基础上探索常态情况下系统应对国际农产品反倾销的有效途径显得尤为必要,这也构成了本文研究的主要内容和目的。
     文章的主体研究内容由八部分构成,不同部分通过其研究内容所折射出的内在本质和结构功能构成彼此间或铺垫、或平行或承接的逻辑关系。
     第一部分主要通过论证农业地位的特殊性凸显了各国进行农业保护的内在动机,运用历史分析和逻辑分析相结合的方法分析了反倾销作为未来时期农产品贸易保护手段的理论可能,为文章的后续研究提供了理论上的必要性;
     第二部分通过20世纪80年代特别是世界贸易组织成立以来全球反倾销活动的历史数据分析了世界农产品反倾销活动在数量和结构方面的特征,同时对中国农产品遭受反倾销的国别情况和产品性质做了分析;
     第三部分主要分析了反倾销活动的各种影响。分析遵循先一般后具体的逻辑思路,即在对反倾销一般性影响进行分析的基础上再进一步指出其对农产品影响的差异性,以期在分析上做到客观全面的同时实现对两种影响之间联系和区别的兼顾;
     第四部分从原因、裁定、应对、生产过程与产品品质、群体行为以及效应等六个方面较为详细地分析了农产品反倾销的特殊性,指出农产品反倾销具有发起上的便利性、裁定上的容易性以及应对上的复杂性;
     第五部分通过对国际反倾销规则的改革发展趋势以及各国反倾销实践的态势和可能走向进行分析指出反倾销不仅在短期内不会消亡而且在特定经济背景下还会激增,并且其使用方式也会不断深化和翻新,由此导致农产品反倾销的应对将变得更加复杂棘手,在此基础上分析了规则改革和实践活动趋势对农产品反倾销活动及其应对可能带来的具体影响;
     第六部分在分析典型国家(经济体)反倾销活动的基础上尽可能的梳理出它们在农产品反倾销领域的做法和特点,以此归纳出可资启发之处并为文章对策部分的分析提供针对性;
     第七部分通过分析我国农产品应对国外反倾销过程中的包括应诉态度、组织协调、市场经济地位以及应对机制等主要制约因素烘托出有效应对农产品反倾销必须研究构建科学、长期、动态的反倾销应对体系的极端重要性;
     作为全文归宿的第八部分以生物学中的共生理论为基础结合共生理论在社会问题中的研究和应用提出了构建共生体系应对农产品反倾销的构想和设计。本部分首先根据共生条件以及农产品反倾销应对利益主体的职责功能分析了共生理论在农产品反倾销应对问题上的适用性,接着结合农产品反倾销及其应对过程的具体特征对共生合作应对反倾销的行为模式和组织模式选择进行了分析论证,最后对农产品反倾销应对共生体系共生机制的具体设计进行了分析。
     通过构建共生体系应对国际农产品反倾销,能够有效地克服此前我国反倾销应对过程中出现的各种短期行为、本位主义和效率低下现象,是值得反倾销和其它贸易壁垒和纠纷应对考虑和选取的常态化的应对模式。
Anti-dumping is the trade remedy measures that permitted under the rules of multilateral trade, however, anti-dumping is more considered as a trade protection tool in practice. The world agricultural trade which has dissociated in a long period from the multilateral trade rules, is being followed and will continue to suffer from the reform of reducing tariff level, and phasing out export subsidies. Although, from a historical perspective, the quantity of agricultural anti-dumping case is less than 5% of the total anti-dumping cases, but the changes in trade rules,(as mentioned above), the special status of agriculture , the specificity of anti-dumping measures as well as the development of international anti-dumping rules and anti-dumping activities ,all of which mean that the anti-dumping of agricultural products are still likely to be an important way of agricultural trade protection for all countries (economies). Thus, it is important to conduct the research on characteristics and impact on agricultural anti-dumping, as well as the specific measures in anti-dumping taken by different countries, and the future of the international agricultural anti-dumping in a scientific, systematic way. Based upon this situation, exploring an international agricultural anti-dumping in an effective way is particularly essential, which are also the main content and the purpose of this paper.
     The main research content of articles includes eight parts, different part has formed a logical relationship of matting, or parallel or continuing. This relationship is reflected from the inherent nature and structure of the functions.
     In the first part, author highlights the intrinsic motivation for agricultural protection by demonstrating the speciality of agriculture status, a combining analysis of of historical analysis and logical analysis method has been used to analyze the theoretical possibility of using anti-dumping in agricultural products as means of trade protection, which provide a theoretical necessity for the follow-up study.
     In the second part, by collecting the historical data of global anti-dumping activities since 20th century, 80 years, especially since the founding of the World Trade Organization, the author analyze the characteristics of world anti-dumping activities both in quantity and structure, meanwhile analysis has been done on China's agricultural products suffering anti-dumping according to country differences and product characters.
     In the third part, author analyzes the various effects of anti-dumping activities. Specifically, the analysis conforms to the logic of general first and concrete latter, namely, based on the analysis of the general impact of anti-dumping, and then pointed out the impact of their differences on agricultural products. Achieving an objective and comprehensive analysis while balancing both connections and differences is the main purpose.
     In the fourth part, the author conducts a detail analysis of the specificity of agricultural products anti-dumping from six aspects as follows: reason, ruling, response, production process and product quality, group behavior and effects .Author also points out that anti-dumping of agricultural products typifies a convenience on initiating, ease on ruling ,and complex on reacting.
     In part five, author analyzes the international anti-dumping rules reform and development trends ,and national anti-dumping practice situation and possible trend, then points out that the anti-dumping will not only disappear in a short term but also will increase sharply in a particular economic situation, also its pattern will continue to deepen and retread. Such changes will result in a more complex and difficult reply on anti-dumping in agricultural products .On this basis, analysis has been made on the influence on anti-dumping which are brought by rules and practices reforms.
     In part six, on the basic analysis of a typical countries (economies) of anti-dumping activities, the author tease out the practices and characteristics in the the area of anti-dumping. Then sum up an constructive suggestion and provide direction for the analysis of strategy part.
     In part seven, by analyzing the attitude, coordination of organization, the market economic status and mechanisms of reacting in the process of China 's anti-dumping responding ,thus foil the importance of construction of a scientific and long-term, dynamic system in anti-dumping response.
     For part eight, as an end-result of this paper, based on the theory of symbiotic, combined with the research and application of symbiotic theory in social problem, the author proposes to build a symbiotic system to cope with anti-dumping of agricultural products .In this section, the author firstly analyzes the symbiotic theory in response to anti-dumping agricultural products on the issue of applicability according to symbiotic conditions, as well as the interests of the principal agricultural products of anti-dumping duties. Combined with anti-dumping agricultural products and the specific characteristics when dealing with anti-dumping, the author analyze the behavior mode and organization mode in coping with anti-dumping behaviors, Finally, an analysis of specifically design of symbiotic mechanisms of the anti-dumping in agricultural products has been made.
     In order to deal with international anti-dumping of agricultural products, we make get a conclusion that we need to build a symbiotic system, which can effectively overcome the current phenomenon of short-termism, parochial and inefficient. It is the normal pattern of response and is worthy of considering when dealing with anti-dumping, and other trade barriers and disputes.
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