数字图书馆知识组织语义互联策略及其应用研究
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摘要
目前我国数字图书馆的建设基本上还是围绕资源建设与服务设施两方面来进行,将知识作为工作对象,围绕着知识搜集、描述、组织、检索和使用展开研究,并且关注知识的应用环境和应用群体。因此,知识组织在数字图书馆建设中始终发挥着核心作用。本文借鉴知识工程领域的语义互联理念,以本体构建为切入点,从创新和丰富数字图书馆知识组织系统语义关系的层面,探索数字图书馆知识组织语义互联的策略及可行性方案。在综述数字图书馆知识组织语义互联研究现状和界定数字图书馆知识组织概念的基础上,确定本文的研究重点和研究范围。并在相关理论的支撑下,构建以元数据、本体、桥本体和本体解析为基础元素的语义模型,并将语义模型应用于数字图书馆信息抽取、语义标注、知识库构建、用户模型构建等知识组织环节中,最后本文构建面向医学领域语义互联模拟系统验证策略和模型的指导意义和可行性。
At present, construction of digital library in China basically centers on resource construction and service facilities. With the society of knowledge economy coming, the theoretical paradigm of resource construction in library science and information science went through the process from literature emphasis to information worship to knowledge advocacy, thus inducing a series of changes and developments of basic theories in library science and information science. Literature organization→information organization→knowledge organization are the research keystones and hotspots along with the process. Scholars expanded the scope of the research on the organization from literature organization to information organization, indicating the scope of the information resources continually expanded; also scholars expanded the depth of the research on organization from information organization to knowledge organization, namely from the research on the organization of information carriers to the organization of information contents and knowledge itself. The compliance with the trend of transition from informationization to knowledge includes not only the alteration of concepts and organization paradigm, but also the innovation of connotation and the exploration of depth. In the construction of digital library resources, knowledge is the key object, the research is deployed around knowledge search, description, organization, retrieval and use, and the application environment and users of knowledge are concerned. Thus, knowledge organization always plays a key role in the construction of digital library.
The current technology environment is semantic Web technology and ontology technology. Semantic Web aims to develop“language which represents meanings of information with computer processable forms”, so as to build the computer processable semantic connection among the resources, providing semantic browsing and retrieval. Ontology technology aims to obtain, describe and represent knowledge in related domains, enables mutual understanding of the domain knowledge, determines the recognized terms in this domain, and gives specific definitions of the terms and the relationships between the terms at varied levels. Driven by the semantic Web and the ontology technology, information resources are organized with a brand-new type, organization principles changes as follows:①from user understandable to machine understandable;②from information description to knowledge representation;③from semantic latency to semantic revelation;④from“concept-centered”to“concept-relationship-centered”⑤from information representation to intelligent reasoning. These changes requires that the theories, formats, methods, technologies, systems and process of knowledge organization all change, the organization of resources from syntactic level to semantic level and at last to the pragmatic level is realized, and the mutual understanding and interoperation are formed among the various levels of digital library systems, among the users, resources and services.
Thus, the dissertation used the idea of semantic interconnection in the domain of knowledge engineering, researched the semantic interconnection strategies and the applied models of knowledge organization in digital libraries from the angle of semantics, aiming to innovate and enrich the semantic relationship of the knowledge organization system of digital library at the semantic level, so that the knowledge objects in the organization system are no longer“islets”and the contents of knowledge objects not isolated.
The dissertation reviewed the related literatures inside and outside China, expatiated on the basic semantic interconnection theories of knowledge organization in digital libraries with the theories of knowledge, ontology, semantics and interconnection. It also defined the concepts, the levels, the research scope, the necessity and the main issues of semantic interconnection at present, and analyzed the influential factors and mechanisms of it from the angle of environment, subject and object. It was found when analyzing influential factors that the key to realize semantic interconnection lies in the effect of single semantic mapping among the various levels of digital library systems. Thus, the dissertation started with the single semantic mapping to construct ontology-based semantic model, centered on semantic model to discuss the information extraction, semantic label, construction of knowledge repository and user model, thus realized the semantic interconnection among the content level, content management and function level, user interaction level of digital libraries. And finally it constructed Medicine-Oriented Semantic Interconnection Simulation System (MOSISS) under the direction of the strategies, verifying the feasibility and maneuverability of the theories. The dissertation mainly:
⑴Proposed the concepts, levels, necessity and the main issues of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, which referred to the organization of information resources in digital libraries on the basis of meta-knowledge (concept) paradigm, the transformation of the complex contents of digital libraries into the uniform semantic space through single semantic mapping, eliminating information islets, the mapping of user demands or dummy roles (service) into single semantic space, the sharing of knowledge and reasoning service on the basis of reconstruction and abstract, and finally the achievement of semantic interconnection and mutual understanding among various levels (content level, content management and function level, user interaction level) of digital libraries. The final goal of semantic interconnection was to screen the different meanings in semantics between users, between users and resources, and between users and systems, thus providing the consistent service for users. It could be divided into the following levels: semantic interconnection among various knowledge repositories of digital libraries; semantic interconnection among user demands in digital libraries; semantic interconnection between knowledge repositories and user demands in digital libraries.
⑵Analyzed the influential factors of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries from the angle of environment, subject and object. The environment factors were divided into the national information environment, the digital library environment and the concrete working environment. The subject factors included knowledge organizers and users. The object factors included interconnection object, semantic model and technology, as well as standard. On that basis the mechanism model of influential factors was constructed: the environment was the guarantee, the subject was the fundamentality, the technology was the support, the interconnection object was the basis, the semantic model was the ligament, and the semantic interconnection was the goal, while the efficiency and quality of knowledge organization were the effect signs. The dissertation researched the strategies and application of semantic interconnection, breaking through the problem with semantic model.
⑶Constructed the semantic model comprising metadata, domain ontology collection, bridge ontology and ontology parsing system. The metadata was used for standard description of resources, domain ontology collection was used to deal with the relationships among concepts in the same domain, bridge ontology was used to deal with the relationships among concepts in different domains, and ontology parsing system dealt with the effect exertion route of ontology in the system. It researched the ontology-based metadata model, and expatiated on the construction method of domain ontology and bridge ontology, and ontology parsing method. By using the semantic model, the single semantic mapping point among various levels of digital library systems was formed, and thus the uniform semantic space formed.
⑷Researched the strategies of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, namely, used the semantic model throughout various processes such as information extraction, semantic label, knowledge repository construction and user model construction. The semantic label could effectively help organizer to extract information from digital information resources, user information resources and user demands, semantically map among knowledge repositories, between user and knowledge repository, help users to obtain more pertinent and correct knowledge, so as to realize the semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, and improve the efficiency and quality of knowledge organization.
⑸Designed and built the Medicine-Oriented Semantic Interconnection Simulation System (MOSISS) with the development technology such as JSP, Servlet, JavaBean, dreamweaver8.0, Jena2.5.3 package、ARQ2.2 package、Java operating environment JDKl.6, development tool Eclipse and Web server software Tomcats5.5. This system verified the related theories and methods proposed in the dissertation, thus relatively completing the research system from theory to method and to application.
The dissertation took the improvement of knowledge organization efficiency and the resolution of semantic interconnection in digital libraries as the logical beginning. On the basis of analyzing the influential factors of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, it comprehensively used the knowledge organization theory, ontology theory, interoperation theory and semantic theory, explored the strategies and application model entirely, deeply and systematically, and constructed the Medicine-Oriented Semantic Interconnection Simulation System (MOSISS). The research achievement would enrich and perfect the theory system and method system of information resource management, facilitate the innovation of theory and method of knowledge organization in digital libraries, improve the efficiency of users in developing and using the knowledge of digital libraries, and better release the value potential of digital library resources.
The theoretical value of the dissertation lies in that the main research direction is semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries with relatively broad scope, certain deep research content and certain originality of research work, the research achievements could not only provide new strategies for knowledge organization in digital libraries, but also provide theoretical foundation for the mutual understanding between user demands and knowledge repositories. The application value lies in that the expected research achievement is scientific and maneuverable, and it proposed the overall strategies and application model to direct the practical activities of knowledge organization in digital libraries.
At present, construction of digital library in China basically centers on resource construction and service facilities. With the society of knowledge economy coming, the theoretical paradigm of resource construction in library science and information science went through the process from literature emphasis to information worship to knowledge advocacy, thus inducing a series of changes and developments of basic theories in library science and information science. Literature organization→information organization→knowledge organization are the research keystones and hotspots along with the process. Scholars expanded the scope of the research on the organization from literature organization to information organization, indicating the scope of the information resources continually expanded; also scholars expanded the depth of the research on organization from information organization to knowledge organization, namely from the research on the organization of information carriers to the organization of information contents and knowledge itself. The compliance with the trend of transition from informationization to knowledge includes not only the alteration of concepts and organization paradigm, but also the innovation of connotation and the exploration of depth. In the construction of digital library resources, knowledge is the key object, the research is deployed around knowledge search, description, organization, retrieval and use, and the application environment and users of knowledge are concerned. Thus, knowledge organization always plays a key role in the construction of digital library.
The current technology environment is semantic Web technology and ontology technology. Semantic Web aims to develop“language which represents meanings of information with computer processable forms”, so as to build the computer processable semantic connection among the resources, providing semantic browsing and retrieval. Ontology technology aims to obtain, describe and represent knowledge in related domains, enables mutual understanding of the domain knowledge, determines the recognized terms in this domain, and gives specific definitions of the terms and the relationships between the terms at varied levels. Driven by the semantic Web and the ontology technology, information resources are organized with a brand-new type, organization principles changes as follows:①from user understandable to machine understandable;②from information description to knowledge representation;③from semantic latency to semantic revelation;④from“concept-centered”to“concept-relationship-centered”⑤from information representation to intelligent reasoning. These changes requires that the theories, formats, methods, technologies, systems and process of knowledge organization all change, the organization of resources from syntactic level to semantic level and at last to the pragmatic level is realized, and the mutual understanding and interoperation are formed among the various levels of digital library systems, among the users, resources and services.
Thus, the dissertation used the idea of semantic interconnection in the domain of knowledge engineering, researched the semantic interconnection strategies and the applied models of knowledge organization in digital libraries from the angle of semantics, aiming to innovate and enrich the semantic relationship of the knowledge organization system of digital library at the semantic level, so that the knowledge objects in the organization system are no longer“islets”and the contents of knowledge objects not isolated.
The dissertation reviewed the related literatures inside and outside China, expatiated on the basic semantic interconnection theories of knowledge organization in digital libraries with the theories of knowledge, ontology, semantics and interconnection. It also defined the concepts, the levels, the research scope, the necessity and the main issues of semantic interconnection at present, and analyzed the influential factors and mechanisms of it from the angle of environment, subject and object. It was found when analyzing influential factors that the key to realize semantic interconnection lies in the effect of single semantic mapping among the various levels of digital library systems. Thus, the dissertation started with the single semantic mapping to construct ontology-based semantic model, centered on semantic model to discuss the information extraction, semantic label, construction of knowledge repository and user model, thus realized the semantic interconnection among the content level, content management and function level, user interaction level of digital libraries. And finally it constructed Medicine-Oriented Semantic Interconnection Simulation System (MOSISS) under the direction of the strategies, verifying the feasibility and maneuverability of the theories. The dissertation mainly:
⑴Proposed the concepts, levels, necessity and the main issues of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, which referred to the organization of information resources in digital libraries on the basis of meta-knowledge (concept) paradigm, the transformation of the complex contents of digital libraries into the uniform semantic space through single semantic mapping, eliminating information islets, the mapping of user demands or dummy roles (service) into single semantic space, the sharing of knowledge and reasoning service on the basis of reconstruction and abstract, and finally the achievement of semantic interconnection and mutual understanding among various levels (content level, content management and function level, user interaction level) of digital libraries. The final goal of semantic interconnection was to screen the different meanings in semantics between users, between users and resources, and between users and systems, thus providing the consistent service for users. It could be divided into the following levels: semantic interconnection among various knowledge repositories of digital libraries; semantic interconnection among user demands in digital libraries; semantic interconnection between knowledge repositories and user demands in digital libraries.
⑵Analyzed the influential factors of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries from the angle of environment, subject and object. The environment factors were divided into the national information environment, the digital library environment and the concrete working environment. The subject factors included knowledge organizers and users. The object factors included interconnection object, semantic model and technology, as well as standard. On that basis the mechanism model of influential factors was constructed: the environment was the guarantee, the subject was the fundamentality, the technology was the support, the interconnection object was the basis, the semantic model was the ligament, and the semantic interconnection was the goal, while the efficiency and quality of knowledge organization were the effect signs. The dissertation researched the strategies and application of semantic interconnection, breaking through the problem with semantic model.
⑶Constructed the semantic model comprising metadata, domain ontology collection, bridge ontology and ontology parsing system. The metadata was used for standard description of resources, domain ontology collection was used to deal with the relationships among concepts in the same domain, bridge ontology was used to deal with the relationships among concepts in different domains, and ontology parsing system dealt with the effect exertion route of ontology in the system. It researched the ontology-based metadata model, and expatiated on the construction method of domain ontology and bridge ontology, and ontology parsing method. By using the semantic model, the single semantic mapping point among various levels of digital library systems was formed, and thus the uniform semantic space formed.
⑷Researched the strategies of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, namely, used the semantic model throughout various processes such as information extraction, semantic label, knowledge repository construction and user model construction. The semantic label could effectively help organizer to extract information from digital information resources, user information resources and user demands, semantically map among knowledge repositories, between user and knowledge repository, help users to obtain more pertinent and correct knowledge, so as to realize the semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, and improve the efficiency and quality of knowledge organization.
⑸Designed and built the Medicine-Oriented Semantic Interconnection Simulation System (MOSISS) with the development technology such as JSP, Servlet, JavaBean, dreamweaver8.0, Jena2.5.3 package、ARQ2.2 package、Java operating environment JDKl.6, development tool Eclipse and Web server software Tomcats5.5. This system verified the related theories and methods proposed in the dissertation, thus relatively completing the research system from theory to method and to application.
The dissertation took the improvement of knowledge organization efficiency and the resolution of semantic interconnection in digital libraries as the logical beginning. On the basis of analyzing the influential factors of semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries, it comprehensively used the knowledge organization theory, ontology theory, interoperation theory and semantic theory, explored the strategies and application model entirely, deeply and systematically, and constructed the Medicine-Oriented Semantic Interconnection Simulation System (MOSISS). The research achievement would enrich and perfect the theory system and method system of information resource management, facilitate the innovation of theory and method of knowledge organization in digital libraries, improve the efficiency of users in developing and using the knowledge of digital libraries, and better release the value potential of digital library resources.
The theoretical value of the dissertation lies in that the main research direction is semantic interconnection of knowledge organization in digital libraries with relatively broad scope, certain deep research content and certain originality of research work, the research achievements could not only provide new strategies for knowledge organization in digital libraries, but also provide theoretical foundation for the mutual understanding between user demands and knowledge repositories. The application value lies in that the expected research achievement is scientific and maneuverable, and it proposed the overall strategies and application model to direct the practical activities of knowledge organization in digital libraries.
引文
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