不同筋力小麦蛋白质品质形成机理及施肥调控的研究
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摘要
2001~2003年连续两年在豫西有代表性的水地和旱地大田生产条件下，以强筋型小麦品种郑州9023和弱筋型小麦品种豫麦50为材料，研究了两种筋型小麦品种籽粒蛋白质品质的形成规律、氮素吸收、积累与分配规律、氮素同化特性、蛋白质代谢特性及施肥对产量与品质的调节效应。其中2001~2002年采用水旱对照处理，水地分别于越冬期、拔节期、药隔期各灌水一次，旱地全生育期均不浇水；2002~2003年因小麦生育期间自然降水较多，全生育期均没灌水。主要试验结果如下：
1.不同施肥处理对不同筋力小麦品种籽粒粗蛋白含量的效应不同。施N可增加强筋型小麦郑州9023的籽粒蛋白质含量，而单施P肥和K肥均产生负效应，P配合N施入增加蛋白质含量的效果明显，甚至超过单施N的效应。K即使配合N施入仍降低籽粒蛋白质含量，这可能是土壤中钾含量较高的原因。单施 N肥和K肥均对豫麦50籽粒蛋白质含量具有正效应，但单施P肥则对其有负效应。施用P、K肥配合施N均可增加其籽粒蛋白质含量。
同一施肥方式对两种筋型小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量调控作用不同。N和NP处理籽粒灌浆成熟过程中郑州9023的蛋白质含量始终高于豫麦50，两处理与CK相比，郑州9023分别增加了4.87%和5.05%，豫麦50分别增加了4.72%和4.26%；CK和P处理花后30d之前豫麦50较高，花后36d郑州9023较高；PK和NPK处理花后30d前郑州9023高于豫麦50，成熟时豫麦50较高；K和NK处理花后30~36d之后豫麦50籽粒蛋白质含量高于郑州9023。可见施肥对强筋型小麦郑州9023的作用大于弱筋型小麦豫麦50，特别是灌浆末期至成熟，施K严重限制了强筋型小麦郑州9023籽粒蛋白质含量的升高，致使其最终蛋白质含量较低。
2.在小麦籽粒灌浆成熟过程中，各营养器官中游离氨基酸总含量均呈下降
趋势，施肥对两品种各器官中游离氨基酸含量均产生一定的调节效应。其中，施N可明显提高营养器官在籽粒灌浆过程中保持较高的游离氨基酸含量。在灌浆后期至成熟期，K配合N施入能增加叶片和穗轴+颖壳中的游离氨基酸含量；P配合N施入可增加茎鞘中游离氨基酸含量。施N及P和N配合能明显增加两品种灌浆至成熟期间籽粒游离氨基酸含量，施K还能增加豫麦50灌浆后期至成熟期籽粒游离氨基酸含量。本试验还表明，不同施肥方式对蛋白质组分产生不同的效应，N、K肥配合使用能明显增加成熟期籽粒醇溶蛋白含量和谷蛋白含量，进而改善其烘烤品质。
3.表征小麦蛋白质质量的谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量两品种在灌浆后期至成熟期有一定差异，其中，强筋型小麦品种郑州9023籽粒GMP含量在此期呈逐渐降低的趋势，而弱筋型小麦品种豫麦50则表现为持续升高，最终郑州9023籽粒GMP含量明显低于豫麦50。N、P、K、NP、NPK处理均可推迟郑州9023生育后期GMP含量降低的时间；除P处理外，豫麦50其余各施肥处理的籽粒GMP含量在后期均持续升高。通过合理肥料配比延缓郑州9023后期GMP含量降低的时间，减小降低幅度是提高其GMP含量的有效措施，
4.郑州9023N、P配施可增加开花前植株的全氮含量，而单施K肥或与N和P配施均降低开花期植株的全氮含量；而对于豫麦50来说，N、P、K单施和配施均可增加齐穗期植株全氮含量，且以施K的效应较好。从齐穗至成熟期，两品种植株营养体各器官氮百分含量均呈逐渐下降的趋势，至成熟期含量最低，且不同营养体器官中的氮含量在不同生育时期存在一定差异，即齐穗~灌浆期均表现为旗叶﹥倒二叶﹥倒三叶﹥茎秆；成熟期表现为倒二叶﹥旗叶﹥茎杆。两品种各处理植株营养体各器官氮的转运量、转运效率及转运氮对籽粒氮的贡献率，均表现为旗叶﹥倒二叶﹥倒三叶﹥茎秆。可见，叶片是贮存和向籽粒中运转氮素的主要营养器官，对籽粒中氮素的积累和蛋白质形成中起重要作用。
5.施肥对小麦籽粒发育期间GS活性具有一定的调控效应。施N和K可减缓籽粒灌浆中期GS活性降低速度，且在成熟前对增加籽粒GS活性仍有一定促进作用；施P即使配合施N对小麦籽粒GS活性仍产生负效应，尤以豫麦50表现更加明显。
6.两品种各器官可溶性蛋白含量比较，以叶片和穗中含量较高，茎和叶鞘中含量较低，其中籽粒灌浆期旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量明显高于倒2~3叶和穗，成熟期叶片和穗部可溶性蛋白含量接近。可见，叶片和穗是籽粒灌浆过程中的主要光合器官，且对籽粒蛋白质贡献较大。品种间比较，灌浆期郑州9023叶片的可溶性蛋白含量均高于豫麦50，而乳熟末期至成熟期各营养器官中可溶性蛋白含量又均低于豫麦50。由此表明，强筋小麦品种郑州9023在灌浆期叶片中可溶性蛋白含量较高，降解速度较为缓慢，这对提高其光合作用具有积极作用；而成熟期该品种叶片中可溶性蛋白含量较低，说明其后期蛋白质降解较充分，从而有利于氮素向籽粒中转移。本研究还发现，施氮可提高营养器官中可溶性蛋白质含量，对延缓后期叶片衰老有一定调节效应。
7.在不同水肥处理下不同品质指标变化程度不同，其中吸水率、面粉蛋白、湿面筋含量、降落值的变异系数较低；弱化度、稳定时间、形成时间的变异系数较高。两品种在降水较多的年份或灌水条件下形成时间和稳定时间均以CK为最高，灌水条件下郑州9023弱化度均高于对照。而在肥料充足的条件下，适当干旱有利于提高面团形成
Two gluten wheat varieties were planted in the field experiments from 2001 to 2003,to study the accumulation mechanism and metabolization characteristics of the grain protein,the principle of N assimilation,accumulation and distribution,and the assimilation characteristics,and the effects of fertilizer on yield and quality.Two levels of irrigation(water and drought) was treated in 2001~2002,watered treatment was irrigated one time at winter-growing,jointing stage and anther connective stage,droughted treatment was not irrigated during the period of life. There were abundant hygrometric,did not irregated during the period of life in 2002~2003,The main results are as follows:
1.The effect of different fertilizer application on grain protein content are different.According to the strong gluten Zhengzhou9023,the nitrogen fertilizer application can improve the grain protein content of the strong gluten wheat Zhengzhou9023.But there was negative efficiency only the application of P and K ,however, the combined application of Nand P can improve significantly the grain protein content,even surpassing the only N application.But even though the combined application of N and K decrease the grain protein content,the reason is perhaps that the high potassium in soil. According to the weak gluten wheat Yumai50 there was positive efficiency only the application N and K,but the only P application was negative efficiency,the combined application of N and K or P can improve the grain protein content.
The effect of the same fertilizer application on the grain protein content of different gluten varieties is different.The grain protein content of Zhengzhou9023 is higher than Yumai50 in N and NP treatment at filling stage, the grain protein content increase by 4.87% and 5.05% compared with the control of Zhengzhou9023，and 4.72% and 4.26% compared the control of Yumai50.The grain protein content of Yumai50 is higher than the Zhengzhou9023 before 30 days after anthesis in CK and P treatment,but lower in 36 days after anthesis.The grain protein content of Zhengzhou9023 is higher than the Yumai50 before 30 days after anthesis in PK and NPK treatment,but lower at harvesting. The grain protein content of Yumai50 is higher than the Zhengzhou9023 30~36 days after anthesis in K and NK.So the effect of fertilize in Zhengzhou9023 is higher than in Yumai50,especially from late milking to harvesting stage.K treatment decrease the grain protein content of
Zhengzhou9023,so the grain protein content of Zhengzhou9023 is lower.
2.The total free amino acid content gradually reduced among all the organs of the plants of both cultivars at filling stage.There were some efficiency between the fertilizer application and the free amino acid content of vegetative organs.The application of N can obviously improve the the free amino acid content of vegetative organs at milking stage. The combined application of N and Kcan increase the free amino acid content of leaves and hull+rachis. The combined application of N and P can increase the free amino acid content of culm and sheath.The application of N and the combined application of N and P can increase the free amino acid content of grain at milking stage of both varieties. The application of K the free amino acid content of grain at late milking to harvesting of Yumai50.The result also showed that the effect of different fertilizing methods on the content of protein compontents.Tthe combined application of N and K can increase obviously grain gliadin and glutenin content and processing quality.
3.The GMP content decrease gradually in late grain filling process in Zhengzhou9023,but it increase gradually in Yumai50. The GMP content is higher in Yumai50 than that in Zhengzhou9023 in manuality.
In Zhengzhou9023 N treatment,P treatment,K treatment,NP treatment and NPK treatment put off the time of the GMP contents decreasing. In N treatment, NK treatment and NPK treatment the GMP content is higher than that in CK treatment.The turn of GMP content in all treatment is N﹥K﹥P,NK﹥NPK﹥NK﹥PK. In Yumai50,ex
1.不同施肥处理对不同筋力小麦品种籽粒粗蛋白含量的效应不同。施N可增加强筋型小麦郑州9023的籽粒蛋白质含量，而单施P肥和K肥均产生负效应，P配合N施入增加蛋白质含量的效果明显，甚至超过单施N的效应。K即使配合N施入仍降低籽粒蛋白质含量，这可能是土壤中钾含量较高的原因。单施 N肥和K肥均对豫麦50籽粒蛋白质含量具有正效应，但单施P肥则对其有负效应。施用P、K肥配合施N均可增加其籽粒蛋白质含量。
同一施肥方式对两种筋型小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量调控作用不同。N和NP处理籽粒灌浆成熟过程中郑州9023的蛋白质含量始终高于豫麦50，两处理与CK相比，郑州9023分别增加了4.87%和5.05%，豫麦50分别增加了4.72%和4.26%；CK和P处理花后30d之前豫麦50较高，花后36d郑州9023较高；PK和NPK处理花后30d前郑州9023高于豫麦50，成熟时豫麦50较高；K和NK处理花后30~36d之后豫麦50籽粒蛋白质含量高于郑州9023。可见施肥对强筋型小麦郑州9023的作用大于弱筋型小麦豫麦50，特别是灌浆末期至成熟，施K严重限制了强筋型小麦郑州9023籽粒蛋白质含量的升高，致使其最终蛋白质含量较低。
2.在小麦籽粒灌浆成熟过程中，各营养器官中游离氨基酸总含量均呈下降
趋势，施肥对两品种各器官中游离氨基酸含量均产生一定的调节效应。其中，施N可明显提高营养器官在籽粒灌浆过程中保持较高的游离氨基酸含量。在灌浆后期至成熟期，K配合N施入能增加叶片和穗轴+颖壳中的游离氨基酸含量；P配合N施入可增加茎鞘中游离氨基酸含量。施N及P和N配合能明显增加两品种灌浆至成熟期间籽粒游离氨基酸含量，施K还能增加豫麦50灌浆后期至成熟期籽粒游离氨基酸含量。本试验还表明，不同施肥方式对蛋白质组分产生不同的效应，N、K肥配合使用能明显增加成熟期籽粒醇溶蛋白含量和谷蛋白含量，进而改善其烘烤品质。
3.表征小麦蛋白质质量的谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量两品种在灌浆后期至成熟期有一定差异，其中，强筋型小麦品种郑州9023籽粒GMP含量在此期呈逐渐降低的趋势，而弱筋型小麦品种豫麦50则表现为持续升高，最终郑州9023籽粒GMP含量明显低于豫麦50。N、P、K、NP、NPK处理均可推迟郑州9023生育后期GMP含量降低的时间；除P处理外，豫麦50其余各施肥处理的籽粒GMP含量在后期均持续升高。通过合理肥料配比延缓郑州9023后期GMP含量降低的时间，减小降低幅度是提高其GMP含量的有效措施，
4.郑州9023N、P配施可增加开花前植株的全氮含量，而单施K肥或与N和P配施均降低开花期植株的全氮含量；而对于豫麦50来说，N、P、K单施和配施均可增加齐穗期植株全氮含量，且以施K的效应较好。从齐穗至成熟期，两品种植株营养体各器官氮百分含量均呈逐渐下降的趋势，至成熟期含量最低，且不同营养体器官中的氮含量在不同生育时期存在一定差异，即齐穗~灌浆期均表现为旗叶﹥倒二叶﹥倒三叶﹥茎秆；成熟期表现为倒二叶﹥旗叶﹥茎杆。两品种各处理植株营养体各器官氮的转运量、转运效率及转运氮对籽粒氮的贡献率，均表现为旗叶﹥倒二叶﹥倒三叶﹥茎秆。可见，叶片是贮存和向籽粒中运转氮素的主要营养器官，对籽粒中氮素的积累和蛋白质形成中起重要作用。
5.施肥对小麦籽粒发育期间GS活性具有一定的调控效应。施N和K可减缓籽粒灌浆中期GS活性降低速度，且在成熟前对增加籽粒GS活性仍有一定促进作用；施P即使配合施N对小麦籽粒GS活性仍产生负效应，尤以豫麦50表现更加明显。
6.两品种各器官可溶性蛋白含量比较，以叶片和穗中含量较高，茎和叶鞘中含量较低，其中籽粒灌浆期旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量明显高于倒2~3叶和穗，成熟期叶片和穗部可溶性蛋白含量接近。可见，叶片和穗是籽粒灌浆过程中的主要光合器官，且对籽粒蛋白质贡献较大。品种间比较，灌浆期郑州9023叶片的可溶性蛋白含量均高于豫麦50，而乳熟末期至成熟期各营养器官中可溶性蛋白含量又均低于豫麦50。由此表明，强筋小麦品种郑州9023在灌浆期叶片中可溶性蛋白含量较高，降解速度较为缓慢，这对提高其光合作用具有积极作用；而成熟期该品种叶片中可溶性蛋白含量较低，说明其后期蛋白质降解较充分，从而有利于氮素向籽粒中转移。本研究还发现，施氮可提高营养器官中可溶性蛋白质含量，对延缓后期叶片衰老有一定调节效应。
7.在不同水肥处理下不同品质指标变化程度不同，其中吸水率、面粉蛋白、湿面筋含量、降落值的变异系数较低；弱化度、稳定时间、形成时间的变异系数较高。两品种在降水较多的年份或灌水条件下形成时间和稳定时间均以CK为最高，灌水条件下郑州9023弱化度均高于对照。而在肥料充足的条件下，适当干旱有利于提高面团形成
Two gluten wheat varieties were planted in the field experiments from 2001 to 2003,to study the accumulation mechanism and metabolization characteristics of the grain protein,the principle of N assimilation,accumulation and distribution,and the assimilation characteristics,and the effects of fertilizer on yield and quality.Two levels of irrigation(water and drought) was treated in 2001~2002,watered treatment was irrigated one time at winter-growing,jointing stage and anther connective stage,droughted treatment was not irrigated during the period of life. There were abundant hygrometric,did not irregated during the period of life in 2002~2003,The main results are as follows:
1.The effect of different fertilizer application on grain protein content are different.According to the strong gluten Zhengzhou9023,the nitrogen fertilizer application can improve the grain protein content of the strong gluten wheat Zhengzhou9023.But there was negative efficiency only the application of P and K ,however, the combined application of Nand P can improve significantly the grain protein content,even surpassing the only N application.But even though the combined application of N and K decrease the grain protein content,the reason is perhaps that the high potassium in soil. According to the weak gluten wheat Yumai50 there was positive efficiency only the application N and K,but the only P application was negative efficiency,the combined application of N and K or P can improve the grain protein content.
The effect of the same fertilizer application on the grain protein content of different gluten varieties is different.The grain protein content of Zhengzhou9023 is higher than Yumai50 in N and NP treatment at filling stage, the grain protein content increase by 4.87% and 5.05% compared with the control of Zhengzhou9023，and 4.72% and 4.26% compared the control of Yumai50.The grain protein content of Yumai50 is higher than the Zhengzhou9023 before 30 days after anthesis in CK and P treatment,but lower in 36 days after anthesis.The grain protein content of Zhengzhou9023 is higher than the Yumai50 before 30 days after anthesis in PK and NPK treatment,but lower at harvesting. The grain protein content of Yumai50 is higher than the Zhengzhou9023 30~36 days after anthesis in K and NK.So the effect of fertilize in Zhengzhou9023 is higher than in Yumai50,especially from late milking to harvesting stage.K treatment decrease the grain protein content of
Zhengzhou9023,so the grain protein content of Zhengzhou9023 is lower.
2.The total free amino acid content gradually reduced among all the organs of the plants of both cultivars at filling stage.There were some efficiency between the fertilizer application and the free amino acid content of vegetative organs.The application of N can obviously improve the the free amino acid content of vegetative organs at milking stage. The combined application of N and Kcan increase the free amino acid content of leaves and hull+rachis. The combined application of N and P can increase the free amino acid content of culm and sheath.The application of N and the combined application of N and P can increase the free amino acid content of grain at milking stage of both varieties. The application of K the free amino acid content of grain at late milking to harvesting of Yumai50.The result also showed that the effect of different fertilizing methods on the content of protein compontents.Tthe combined application of N and K can increase obviously grain gliadin and glutenin content and processing quality.
3.The GMP content decrease gradually in late grain filling process in Zhengzhou9023,but it increase gradually in Yumai50. The GMP content is higher in Yumai50 than that in Zhengzhou9023 in manuality.
In Zhengzhou9023 N treatment,P treatment,K treatment,NP treatment and NPK treatment put off the time of the GMP contents decreasing. In N treatment, NK treatment and NPK treatment the GMP content is higher than that in CK treatment.The turn of GMP content in all treatment is N﹥K﹥P,NK﹥NPK﹥NK﹥PK. In Yumai50,ex
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