对外开放对中国制造业行业间工资差距影响的研究
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摘要
近年来,对外开放和收入分配之间的关系已经引起广泛关注,全球化的支持者认为对外开放有益于经济发展,在某种意义上,它增加了“馅饼的尺寸”；而全球化的批评者认为对外开放在某些方面有损经济发展,其中之一便是收入差距的扩大。根据目前的研究现状,从长期来看对外开放优于封闭经济是一个被普遍认同的观点,但是就对外开放的收入分配效应则较少达成共识。对外开放的分配效应对发展中国家来说尤其重要,因为,在发展中国家收入不平等非常典型,同时那里还有大量脆弱和易受影响的人群。如果经济一体化导致收入差距地进一步拉大,贫困人口的进一步增加,那么这种开放利益的实现则是以社会成本的极大增加为代价的。作为当今世界上最大的发展中国家,中国推进改革开放政策30年。30年来,中国实现了国民经济的高速增长,并且快速的融入到世界经济当中。2006年中国已经成为世界第三大贸易国,同时已经成为吸收FDI最多的发展中国家。与此同时,中国的收入差距也在不断拉大,表现为地区间、城乡间、行业间的收入差距的持续拉大。其中,行业间收入差距的扩大逐渐引起各方关注,全国所有行业工资的基尼系数由1993年的0.166上升到1996年的0.185,再到1999年的0.200和2002年的0.218。对外开放本身是一个利益重新分配、资源重新配置的过程,比较优势的发挥、开放政策的实施在整体上推进一国经济福利增长的同时,也会对一国内部不同行业之间的工资分配格局和工资差距产生影响。如果行业间的工资差距不断扩大,超出社会承载力,就会产生引发各种社会问题的隐患。因此,更加全面的理性思考和分析对外开放对我国行业工资差距的影响非常重要。制造业行业是中国对外开放中最活跃的领域,制造业进出口的快速扩张以及成为吸收FDI流入的主要部门也是中国实现工业化和对外开放发展战略的结果,所以制造业行业工资差距的变动可能会更直接、更显著的受对外开放的影响。为此,本文从对外开放的视角出发,利用制造业行业面板数据和省际面板数据,研究其对中国制造业行业工资差距的影响。全文主要内容和基本结论如下：
首先,在相关理论和国内外文献回顾的基础之上,采用对外开放的相关评价指标,对总体开放度、开放的地域差别、制造业的开放情况进行考察；采用标准差、泰尔指数、基尼系数、行业工资极值差和行业工资极值比等工资不平等的指标,对制造业行业工资差距的变动态势进行考察。发现制造业行业工资差距在中国对外开放过程中呈扩大趋势。同时,为了给出一个比较完整的认知框架,本文在简要罗列出影响我国行业间工资差距的主要因素的基础之上,对主要影响因素中的开放因素(包括贸易自由化和FDI)单独提出来加以阐述,探讨对外开放影响制造业工资差距的作用途径。
其次,构建制造业行业工资决定函数,基于制造业行业面板数据,研究贸易自由化对制造业行业相对工资的影响,并分解出口和进口的不同作用,发现出口提高了制造业行业相对工资,而进口则起着降低制造业行业相对工资的作用。同时按要素密集度对制造业行业类型进行区分,发现贸易自由化对不同类型制造业行业相对工资的影响方向和强度存在显著差别,出口贸易对资本密集型和劳动密集型制造业行业的相对工资均有拉上作用,但对资本密集型制造业行业的促进作用更大。进口贸易对劳动密集型制造业的相对工资有下拉作用,而对资本密集型制造业行业的相对工资有上拉作用。这种出口和进口对不同类型制造业行业相对工资的不同影响,可能会扩大制造业的行业工资差距。
第三,基于省际面板数据,对上述贸易自由化可能会扩大制造业行业间工资差距的推断做出实证检验,研究贸易自由化对制造业行业间工资差距的影响,发现贸易会扩大制造业行业间工资差距。当进一步把出口和进口的影响分开讨论时,本文发现进口会显著扩大我国制造业行业间工资差距,而出口对我国制造业行业间工资差距的影响不确定。贸易在扩大全国制造业行业间工资差距的同时,其对东、中、西部三个地区制造业工资差距的影响存在显著差异,这种影响的非均衡性可能在客观上造成了地区之间制造业工资差距的扩大。
第四,基于省际面板数据,研究作为开放另一个衡量指标的外商直接投资对制造业行业间工资差距的影响,发现FDI缩小了我国制造业行业间工资差距(这一发现与陈超、姚利民(2007)对长三角地区的研究结果相同)。FDI的这种作用在东、中、西部的作用强度不同。
第五,基于省际面板数据,研究了FDI缩小制造业行业间工资差距的原因在于提高了制造业低工资行业的相对工资,但是这种作用在东、中、西部是不同的。因此,FDI虽然缩小了制造业行业间的工资差距,但是客观上却扩大了东、中、西部地区之间的制造业工资差距。
第六,针对以上研究内容和结论,本文从对外开放的角度,提出了一些提高制造业行业工资、缩小制造业行业间工资差距和地区工资差距的政策建议及今后的研究展望。
In recent years, the relationship between opening up and income distribution became a hot topic among scholars. Supporters of globalization believe that opening up is beneficial to economic development. In a sense, it increases the size of the pie, but anti-globalization critics have suggested that it is socially malign on several dimensions, among them the question of Income gap. According to current research, in the long run, opening to the outside world better than a closed economy is a generally accepted view. However, as far as the effects of opening up on the income distribution, scholars are less reached a consensus. The effects of opening up on the income distribution are particularly important for developing countries, because income inequality in developing countries is very typical, and there are a large number of fragile and vulnerable populations. If economic integration leads to further widening the income gap and increasing poverty-stricken population, the benefits realization due to opening up is based on the greatly cost of increasing the social cost. As the world's biggest developing country, China is pushing forward reform and opening up policy for 30 years. Since 30 years, China's national economy achieved high growth and rapid integration into the world economy. China has become the world's third largest trading nation and the largest developing countries in FDI absorption in 2006. At the same time, China's income gap has been widening, as evidenced between regions, between urban and rural areas, the income gap among industries continued to widen, in which the income gap among industries to expand gradually aroused attention from all sides. Wage Gini coefficient in all industries of nationwide has gone up from 0.166 inl993 to 0.185 in 1996, and to 0.200 in 1999 and 0.218 in 2002. Opening up itself is a process of benefits redistribution and resources re-allocation. Exertion of Comparative advantage, the implementation of open-door policy promote the overall welfare of a country's economy welfare, at the same time, it also influences a country's wage distribution pattern and the wage gap among difference sectors. If the wage gap among industries expands beyond the bearing capacity of society, which will lead to various social problems arising from the hidden dangers. Therefore, it is important to comprehensively think and analyze the impacts of opening up on wage gap among industries in our country. The manufacturing industry is the most active areas of China's opening up. Rapid expansion of manufacturing imports and exports, as well as becoming the main sector of attracting FDI inflows, is the results of realizing industrialization and development strategy of opening up. Therefore, the changes of the the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing may be influenced more directly and more significantly by opening up. Therefore, from the perspective of opening up, using the manufacturing sector panel data and inter-provincial panel data, this article studies the impact of opening up on the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing. The following are the contents and basic conclusions:
Firstly, based on the relevant theory and domestic and international literature review, using the relevant evaluation indicators about opening up, this paper investigate the overall degree of opening up, opening up geographical differences and open state of the manufacturing sector. The paper use wage inequality indicators, such as standard deviation, Theil index, Gini coefficient, extreme difference value of industry wage, extreme value ratio of industry wage, to analyze the changes trend of the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. Article found that the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing trend to expanding in the process of opening up. In addition, the paper analyzes the role of channels by which opening up effect on the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing.
Secondly, the paper establishes wage decision function about manufacturing industry based on the manufacturing sector panel data, and analyzes the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing industries wage, then decompose the different roles of exports and imports. We find that export raises relative wage, but import lower relative wage. According to factor intensity to distinguish the types of manufacturing industries, trade liberalization has different effects on different types of industries in terms of impact strength and direction. We find that export raises relative wage of both labor-intensive sectors and capital-intensive sectors, but the impact of the latter than the former. Import raises relative wage of capital-intensive sectors, but lower that of labor-intensive sectors. The different impacts of exports and imports on different types of relative wage in manufacturing industries are likely to widen the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing.
Thirdly, based on inter-provincial panel data, we make empirical testing that trade liberalization is likely to widen the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. This paper studies the effect of trade liberalization on the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing. It finds that foreign trade enlarges the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing. When we separate the impact of exports and imports separately, we find import could significantly enlarge the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. However, the effect of exports is uncertain. Foreign trade enlarges the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing, but there is a significant difference among the impacts of trade on the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing in the eastern, central and western regions. The effect of non-equilibrium may be objectively created a regional wage gap.
Fourthly, based on inter-provincial panel data, the paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment which is another measure as opening up on the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. We find that FDI has positive effect on reducing the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. This role of FDI in the eastern, central and western regions has different intensity.
Fifthly, based on inter-provincial panel data, the paper concludes that the cause of reducing the wage gap is due to enhance relative wages of low-wage in the manufacturing sector, but this role in the eastern, central and western regions are different. Therefore, FDI narrows the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing, but it has expanded the eastern, central and western regional wage gap.
Lastly, from the perspective of opening up, some advices about improving the manufacturing industry wage and narrowing the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing and regional wage gap are given based on the above analysis. In addition, future research prospects are put forward.
首先,在相关理论和国内外文献回顾的基础之上,采用对外开放的相关评价指标,对总体开放度、开放的地域差别、制造业的开放情况进行考察；采用标准差、泰尔指数、基尼系数、行业工资极值差和行业工资极值比等工资不平等的指标,对制造业行业工资差距的变动态势进行考察。发现制造业行业工资差距在中国对外开放过程中呈扩大趋势。同时,为了给出一个比较完整的认知框架,本文在简要罗列出影响我国行业间工资差距的主要因素的基础之上,对主要影响因素中的开放因素(包括贸易自由化和FDI)单独提出来加以阐述,探讨对外开放影响制造业工资差距的作用途径。
其次,构建制造业行业工资决定函数,基于制造业行业面板数据,研究贸易自由化对制造业行业相对工资的影响,并分解出口和进口的不同作用,发现出口提高了制造业行业相对工资,而进口则起着降低制造业行业相对工资的作用。同时按要素密集度对制造业行业类型进行区分,发现贸易自由化对不同类型制造业行业相对工资的影响方向和强度存在显著差别,出口贸易对资本密集型和劳动密集型制造业行业的相对工资均有拉上作用,但对资本密集型制造业行业的促进作用更大。进口贸易对劳动密集型制造业的相对工资有下拉作用,而对资本密集型制造业行业的相对工资有上拉作用。这种出口和进口对不同类型制造业行业相对工资的不同影响,可能会扩大制造业的行业工资差距。
第三,基于省际面板数据,对上述贸易自由化可能会扩大制造业行业间工资差距的推断做出实证检验,研究贸易自由化对制造业行业间工资差距的影响,发现贸易会扩大制造业行业间工资差距。当进一步把出口和进口的影响分开讨论时,本文发现进口会显著扩大我国制造业行业间工资差距,而出口对我国制造业行业间工资差距的影响不确定。贸易在扩大全国制造业行业间工资差距的同时,其对东、中、西部三个地区制造业工资差距的影响存在显著差异,这种影响的非均衡性可能在客观上造成了地区之间制造业工资差距的扩大。
第四,基于省际面板数据,研究作为开放另一个衡量指标的外商直接投资对制造业行业间工资差距的影响,发现FDI缩小了我国制造业行业间工资差距(这一发现与陈超、姚利民(2007)对长三角地区的研究结果相同)。FDI的这种作用在东、中、西部的作用强度不同。
第五,基于省际面板数据,研究了FDI缩小制造业行业间工资差距的原因在于提高了制造业低工资行业的相对工资,但是这种作用在东、中、西部是不同的。因此,FDI虽然缩小了制造业行业间的工资差距,但是客观上却扩大了东、中、西部地区之间的制造业工资差距。
第六,针对以上研究内容和结论,本文从对外开放的角度,提出了一些提高制造业行业工资、缩小制造业行业间工资差距和地区工资差距的政策建议及今后的研究展望。
In recent years, the relationship between opening up and income distribution became a hot topic among scholars. Supporters of globalization believe that opening up is beneficial to economic development. In a sense, it increases the size of the pie, but anti-globalization critics have suggested that it is socially malign on several dimensions, among them the question of Income gap. According to current research, in the long run, opening to the outside world better than a closed economy is a generally accepted view. However, as far as the effects of opening up on the income distribution, scholars are less reached a consensus. The effects of opening up on the income distribution are particularly important for developing countries, because income inequality in developing countries is very typical, and there are a large number of fragile and vulnerable populations. If economic integration leads to further widening the income gap and increasing poverty-stricken population, the benefits realization due to opening up is based on the greatly cost of increasing the social cost. As the world's biggest developing country, China is pushing forward reform and opening up policy for 30 years. Since 30 years, China's national economy achieved high growth and rapid integration into the world economy. China has become the world's third largest trading nation and the largest developing countries in FDI absorption in 2006. At the same time, China's income gap has been widening, as evidenced between regions, between urban and rural areas, the income gap among industries continued to widen, in which the income gap among industries to expand gradually aroused attention from all sides. Wage Gini coefficient in all industries of nationwide has gone up from 0.166 inl993 to 0.185 in 1996, and to 0.200 in 1999 and 0.218 in 2002. Opening up itself is a process of benefits redistribution and resources re-allocation. Exertion of Comparative advantage, the implementation of open-door policy promote the overall welfare of a country's economy welfare, at the same time, it also influences a country's wage distribution pattern and the wage gap among difference sectors. If the wage gap among industries expands beyond the bearing capacity of society, which will lead to various social problems arising from the hidden dangers. Therefore, it is important to comprehensively think and analyze the impacts of opening up on wage gap among industries in our country. The manufacturing industry is the most active areas of China's opening up. Rapid expansion of manufacturing imports and exports, as well as becoming the main sector of attracting FDI inflows, is the results of realizing industrialization and development strategy of opening up. Therefore, the changes of the the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing may be influenced more directly and more significantly by opening up. Therefore, from the perspective of opening up, using the manufacturing sector panel data and inter-provincial panel data, this article studies the impact of opening up on the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing. The following are the contents and basic conclusions:
Firstly, based on the relevant theory and domestic and international literature review, using the relevant evaluation indicators about opening up, this paper investigate the overall degree of opening up, opening up geographical differences and open state of the manufacturing sector. The paper use wage inequality indicators, such as standard deviation, Theil index, Gini coefficient, extreme difference value of industry wage, extreme value ratio of industry wage, to analyze the changes trend of the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. Article found that the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing trend to expanding in the process of opening up. In addition, the paper analyzes the role of channels by which opening up effect on the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing.
Secondly, the paper establishes wage decision function about manufacturing industry based on the manufacturing sector panel data, and analyzes the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing industries wage, then decompose the different roles of exports and imports. We find that export raises relative wage, but import lower relative wage. According to factor intensity to distinguish the types of manufacturing industries, trade liberalization has different effects on different types of industries in terms of impact strength and direction. We find that export raises relative wage of both labor-intensive sectors and capital-intensive sectors, but the impact of the latter than the former. Import raises relative wage of capital-intensive sectors, but lower that of labor-intensive sectors. The different impacts of exports and imports on different types of relative wage in manufacturing industries are likely to widen the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing.
Thirdly, based on inter-provincial panel data, we make empirical testing that trade liberalization is likely to widen the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. This paper studies the effect of trade liberalization on the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing. It finds that foreign trade enlarges the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing. When we separate the impact of exports and imports separately, we find import could significantly enlarge the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. However, the effect of exports is uncertain. Foreign trade enlarges the wage gap among inter-industries in Chinese manufacturing, but there is a significant difference among the impacts of trade on the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing in the eastern, central and western regions. The effect of non-equilibrium may be objectively created a regional wage gap.
Fourthly, based on inter-provincial panel data, the paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment which is another measure as opening up on the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. We find that FDI has positive effect on reducing the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing. This role of FDI in the eastern, central and western regions has different intensity.
Fifthly, based on inter-provincial panel data, the paper concludes that the cause of reducing the wage gap is due to enhance relative wages of low-wage in the manufacturing sector, but this role in the eastern, central and western regions are different. Therefore, FDI narrows the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing, but it has expanded the eastern, central and western regional wage gap.
Lastly, from the perspective of opening up, some advices about improving the manufacturing industry wage and narrowing the wage gap among inter-industries in manufacturing and regional wage gap are given based on the above analysis. In addition, future research prospects are put forward.
引文
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