月季砧木选育及实生砧根颈生长的调控
|
摘要
本研究通过对四个野蔷薇(Rosa multiflora)(荷花蔷薇和无刺变异No.3，No.4，No.11)间人工杂交，分析比较不同杂交组合的亲和性和杂交后代性状分离规律，从中筛选适合于生产月季实生砧木的亲本组合；同时研究蔷薇根颈的发生和生长规律以及对其长度的调控方法，为更好的利用实生砧木提供依据。研究结果表明：
1．四个野蔷薇杂交后代的性状普遍发生了分离，从中有利于选育优良月季砧木。然而通过控制亲本的授粉组合可以提高实生砧木的质量，其中No.3×No.4、No.4×No.3和No.11×No.3三个组合适合生产月季实生砧木。
2．从外部形态看蔷薇实生苗的根颈由幼苗的下胚轴发育而来；观察幼苗的解剖学结构，发现根颈由子叶节区和下胚轴组成，初生维管系统在根和茎之间的转变发生在胚轴上很短的子叶节区。
3．对一批播种的发芽种子遮荫可有效延长根颈的长度，但根颈伸长的同时也降低了其粗度，从而影响了蔷薇苗后期的生长；因此根颈的长度应控制在能满足嫁接要求范围之内(2.5-3.5cm)。
4．根颈长度的分布主要受种子发芽整齐度，遮荫时间和强度的影响。种子发芽整齐度可通过盐水分级等方法来提高，然后在4.62±1.1μmol／(m~2S~1)的光强下遮荫14d，则最大程度的得到根颈长符合要求的砧木。
The experiment was conducted by crossing four variations of Rosa multiflora (R..multiflora 'inermis No.3', 'inermis No.4', 'inermis No.ll' and R.mutiflora Thunb.f.carnea ) and analyzing their cross-compatibility and character segregations among their offspring in order to select the best cross combinations that are able to produce excellent seedlings of rose rootstock and helpful for further researches in this project. Meanwhile, laws on seedling crown formation and ways of controlling its elongation have been studied so as to make better use of seedling rootstock . The experiment results are presented as follows:
1.Althought character segregations were obvious among hybrids, which showed great potential on further selections. Offspring, which are uniform , strong and suitable to produce seedling rootstock , were produced from the combinations of No.3×No.4,No.4×No.3 and No. 11×No.3.
2.From exteral appearance, the root crown develops from the Hypocotyl, while anatomically, it is consist of the Cotyledon Node Zone and Hypocotyl .The convertion of primary vascular system occurs in the Cotyledon Node Zone between root and stem.
3.While shading is useful for the elongation of root crown, its diameter is likely to reduce, which brings negative effects on the later stage of seedling growth. Therefore it is suggested that the length of root crown should be controlled in the range of 2.5 to 3.5cm in order to meet the need of grafting.
4.The distribution of crown length is mainly affected by the uniformity of seed germination, the amount of shading time and intensity, The idea rootstock with long root crown are most likely to be available under the conditions of 14 days overshadowe at the light intensity of (4.62±1.1) u mol/( m2.S), after seed sorting by salt water and acid treatment by strong HCL and etc.
1．四个野蔷薇杂交后代的性状普遍发生了分离，从中有利于选育优良月季砧木。然而通过控制亲本的授粉组合可以提高实生砧木的质量，其中No.3×No.4、No.4×No.3和No.11×No.3三个组合适合生产月季实生砧木。
2．从外部形态看蔷薇实生苗的根颈由幼苗的下胚轴发育而来；观察幼苗的解剖学结构，发现根颈由子叶节区和下胚轴组成，初生维管系统在根和茎之间的转变发生在胚轴上很短的子叶节区。
3．对一批播种的发芽种子遮荫可有效延长根颈的长度，但根颈伸长的同时也降低了其粗度，从而影响了蔷薇苗后期的生长；因此根颈的长度应控制在能满足嫁接要求范围之内(2.5-3.5cm)。
4．根颈长度的分布主要受种子发芽整齐度，遮荫时间和强度的影响。种子发芽整齐度可通过盐水分级等方法来提高，然后在4.62±1.1μmol／(m~2S~1)的光强下遮荫14d，则最大程度的得到根颈长符合要求的砧木。
The experiment was conducted by crossing four variations of Rosa multiflora (R..multiflora 'inermis No.3', 'inermis No.4', 'inermis No.ll' and R.mutiflora Thunb.f.carnea ) and analyzing their cross-compatibility and character segregations among their offspring in order to select the best cross combinations that are able to produce excellent seedlings of rose rootstock and helpful for further researches in this project. Meanwhile, laws on seedling crown formation and ways of controlling its elongation have been studied so as to make better use of seedling rootstock . The experiment results are presented as follows:
1.Althought character segregations were obvious among hybrids, which showed great potential on further selections. Offspring, which are uniform , strong and suitable to produce seedling rootstock , were produced from the combinations of No.3×No.4,No.4×No.3 and No. 11×No.3.
2.From exteral appearance, the root crown develops from the Hypocotyl, while anatomically, it is consist of the Cotyledon Node Zone and Hypocotyl .The convertion of primary vascular system occurs in the Cotyledon Node Zone between root and stem.
3.While shading is useful for the elongation of root crown, its diameter is likely to reduce, which brings negative effects on the later stage of seedling growth. Therefore it is suggested that the length of root crown should be controlled in the range of 2.5 to 3.5cm in order to meet the need of grafting.
4.The distribution of crown length is mainly affected by the uniformity of seed germination, the amount of shading time and intensity, The idea rootstock with long root crown are most likely to be available under the conditions of 14 days overshadowe at the light intensity of (4.62±1.1) u mol/( m2.S), after seed sorting by salt water and acid treatment by strong HCL and etc.
引文
1. D.P.de vries;L.A.M.Dubois, Rose breeding past,prescent,prospects.Acta.Hort 2000,424:241～248
2． 余树勋1992．月季．北京，金盾出版社，2000．pp：28～29，46～49
3. Vries-DP-de; Dubois-LAM; De-Vries-Dp. The breeding ofclonal rose rootstocks Acta-Horticulturae. 1992, No. 320, 97～103
4. Han-YounYol;etc Effect of propagation mothod on cut flower yifld quality, of soil cultured rose RDA-Journal-of Agricultural-sciences-Horticulture 1996.38:2,521～517
5. Meiss-W, Roses,a rootstock experiment in Kassel, Deutsche Baumschule. 1983, 35: 1,410.
6. Demidov, -LV productivity of the rose cultivar Michurinka grafted on different rootstocks compared with plants on their own roots. Trudy-Vsesoyuzhogo-Navchno-Issleclovatel skogo-Instituta-Efiromaslichnykh-kultur 1986, 17:51～54
7. Lundstad-A, Plant take plant size and flowering of shrub and climbing roses on their own roots or on two different rootstocks, Meldinger fra Norges landbrukshgeskole, 1983, 62:22,1-27;
8. Bogushyavichyute-A, Growth of five cultivars of own-rooted and grafted climbing and seni-climbing roses in the lithuanian SSR., Trudy Akaemii Nauk Litovskoi SSR,b 1985, ,92:4,31;
9. Meiss , Roses: Frost damage on various rootstocks. Deutsche-Baumschule. 1985, 37: 7, 285
10. Pol-PA-van-de; Glorie-WG; Goudriaan-J; Van-de-Pol-PA , Growth analysis of four types of the rose CV. Motrea.Acta-Horticulturae. 1988, No. 226, vol. Ⅱ, 679-686;
11. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de; Van-de-Pol,-PA , The rose cultivar Madelon on rockwool. The rootstock has a considerable influence on flower yield., Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1991, 46: 13, 62-64
12． 白川孟，1992．育种，育种学最近进步，34：85-89
13. Haenchen-E, Results of three-year comparative studies on the flowering behaviour of outdoor rose cultivars propagated by cuttings and grafting. Archiv-fur-Gartenbau. 1985, 33: 5, 259-273
14. Eck-JW-van; Vries-DP-de; Van-Eck-JW; De-Vries-DP, Impartial assessment of rose (Rosa, 'Sweet Promise') flower colour with the aid ofa Chroma Meter, Plant-Varieties-and-Seeds. 1994, 7: 1, 29-35
15. Eck-JW-van; Vries-DP-de, Impartial assessment of rose (Rosa, 'Sweet Promise') flower colour with the aid of a Chroma Meter. Plant Varieties and Seeds. 1994,7: 1, 29-35;
16. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de, Long-term flower production of a rose crop. I. The influence of planting system and rootstock clone. Journal of Horticultural Science. 1996, 71: 3, 435-443;
17. Agbaria-H;Heuer-B , Effects of grafting on transpiration, CO2 fixation and growth of rose plants (Rosa X hybrida CVs Ilseta and Mercedes). Journal of Horticultural Science. 1995, 70: 4, 651-656
18. Dieleman-JA; Verstappen-FWA; Kuiper-D, Bud break and cytokinin concentration in bleeding sap of Rosa hybrida as affected by the genotype of the rootstock., Journal-of-Plant-Physiology. 1998, 152: 4-5, 468-472
19. Agbaria-H, Heuer-B, Rootstock imposed alterations in nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in leaves of rose plants. Biologia Plantarum. 1998,41 : 1, 85-91;
20. Agbaria-H; Heuer-B, Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity in rose plants (Rosa Xhybrida CVs. Ilseta and Mercedes): effects of root-shoot interactions. Second international symposium on roses, Antibes,
France, 20-24 February 1995. Acta Horticulturae. 1996, No. 424, 95-98;
21. Agbaria-H, Heuer-B, Shoot-root interaction effects on nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in lrose ((Rosa Xhybrida CVs. Ilseta and Mercedes) graftings; Journal-of-Plant-Physiology. 1998, 149:5,559-563
22． 马燕 充分利用我国的蔷薇资源，创育全新的抗性月季新品种群——试论我国的月季育种方向 北京园林 1990：(1)：8～9
23． 陈俊愉，从中国选育出更多的月季新品种，北京林业大学、中国园艺学编 陈俊愉教授文选，1997，9，PP189～190
24． 赵梁军等 月季 北京 中国农业出版社 2000 P51
25. Miller- DA, Rose invcstigational work in Guernsey. Rootstock and variety trials;growing in rockwool. Acta Horticulturae. 1986, NO. 189, 67-79
26． 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会，《中国植物志》第三十七卷[M] 科学出版社，1985
27． 张福墁 切花月季苗木生产新技术 农村实用工程技术 P5
28． 张朝阳等 扦插砧与实生砧月季的比较试验 西南同艺 2000：28(4)：36
29. Stougaard -B. Analysis of variation in progeny from Rosa multiflora crosses. Tidsskrift-for-Planteavel (Denmark). 1984. v .88(3) p.287-297
30. Gibson. M., 1984, Growing Roses. GroomhelmLtd.London&Canbera,201～204
31. Jackson,G.A.O.and J.B.Blundell,1963,Germination in Rosa. J.Hort.Sci.,38:310～320
32. Lamont-GP, Native rose-2. Propagation. Australian-Plants. 1985, 13: 105, 210-212
33． 徐本美 蔷薇种子的萌发与休眠的研究种子 1993，(1)：5～9
34． ISTA编，国际种子检验规程，颜启传等译，农业出版社，1985，p：223
35. Jackson,GA.O.and J.B.Blundell,1963,Germination in Rosa. J.Hort.Sci.,38:310-320
36． 刘继生等 刺玫蔷薇种子的发芽特性 延边大学农学学报 2001 23(2) 135-144
37. Benetka-V, Effect of warm stratification on seed viability of the rootstock rose 'Pavuv cerveny' (Pollmeriana). Acta-Pruhoniciana. 1998, No. 66, 37-41
38. Cid-MC; Caballero-M; Rerrnann-Philipp-R. Rose rootstock breeding for salinity tolerance Aeta-Horticulturae. 1989, No, 246; 345～351
39. Avramis -T , In vitro propagation of the rose rootstock Rose indica major. Sciences de la Vie. 1982, 294:1,63～68;
40. Grueber-K-L, Rose miniplant propagation, Colorado Greenhouse Growers' Association. 371: 1-2;
41. Patil-MT; Singh-BR, Influence of different rootstocks on growth and flower production of rose. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 19: 2, 291-292;
42. Ohkawa-K, Resistance of rose rootstocks to Meloidogyne Haple Pratylenchus Penetrans and Pratyienchns Vulnus, Hortscience, 1981,16:4,559;
43. Meiss-W, Roses, a rootstock experment in kassel, Deutshe Baumschule, 1983,35:1,410;
44. M-GD, A comparison of rootstocks, Verbondsnieuws voor de Belgische Sierteelt, 1981,25:12,562;
45. M-GD, A comparison of rootstocks, Verbondsnieuws voor de Belgische Sierteelt, 1989,33:7,321-323
46. Lal-SD; Seth- JN, Rosa multiflora a good rootstock for rose budding. Progressive Horticulture. 1984, 16: 1/2, 158;
47. Vries-DP, scion-rootstock relations in hybrid tea cut rose on rose canina 'inermis', Nerthlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 1984,32:1, 3-7;
48. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de; Van-de-Pol-PA , The rose cultivar Madelon on rockwool. The rootstock has a considerable influence on flower yield. Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1991, 46:13, 62-64;
49. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de; Van-de-Pol-PA , Long-term flower production of a rose crop. I. The influence of planting system and rootstock clone. Journal-of-Horticultural-Science. 1996, 71: 3,435-443;
50. Demlnov-LV, Rootstock selection for grafted essential oil rose. Trudy VNII Efiromaslichnykh Kul'tur. 1982, 14,95;
51. Hetman-J; Pudelska-K, Rootstock used for rose bushes grown in foil tunnels in Poland. Acta Horticulturae. 1996, No. 424, 135-136;
52. Mukhopadhyay- A; Bankar-GJ , Comparative performance of a new thornless rose rootstock with few scion cultivars. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 1986,43: 1/2, 144-147
53. Han-YounYol; Sim-YongGu; Song-InKyu; etc, Influence of rootstock diameter on yield and quality of cut flower in rose (Rosa hybrida).Journai-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 1996, 37: 1, 99-105
54. Mukhopadhyay-A; Bankar-GJ , Comparative performance of a new thornless rose rootstock with few scion cultivars. Indian-Journal-of-Horticulture. 1986, 43: 1/2, 144-147
55. Doorn-WG-van; Schurer-K; Witte-Y-de , Role of endogenous bacteria in vascular blockage of cut rose flowers. Journal-of-Plant-Physiology. 1989, 134:3,375-381
56． 农业大词典 北京：中国农业出版社 1998 PP521
57． 张若蕙等 中国主要树木幼苗形态 科学出版社 1993
58． 英汉农业大词典 北京：中国农业出版社 1998 PP：443
59． 束怀瑞 中国农业百科全书(果树卷) 农业出版社 1993 PP：58
60． K·伊稍著 植物解剖学 1953，李正理译，北京：科学出版社；1959。
61． 谷安根等 维管植物演化形态学 长春：吉林科学技术出版社 1993
62． 黄利斌 杉木无性系采穗母株药剂处理促萌试验 江苏林业科技 1998：23(2)：19～21
63． 叶镜中 姜志林 杉木休眠芽生物学特性研究 南京林业大学学报 1989：(1)：50～53．
64． 李拥军等．留种苜蓿单株粒重与相关性状的通径分析．草地学报 1996，4(2)
65． 孙启忠 桂荣等 科尔泌沙地苜蓿根系和根颈特性 草地学报 2001：9(4)：269～276
66．孙启忠 科尔泌沙地沙打旺草地衰退规律与恢复技术研究 草地学报 2000：8(4)：253～260
67．杜富林 草原根蘖植物形成规律及其分类的研究 内蒙古草业 1994 3(4)
68．张玉霞．麻黄根蘖的形成和形态特征的研究．内蒙古草业．1994，4
69．N．M瓦西里耶夫 植物的越冬何永康等译 科学出版社 1958 P43、179
70. Haywood, JD; Pearson, HA; Grelen, HE; Popham, TW. Effects of date and frequencey of bruning on southern bayberry(Myrica cerifera) in central Louisiana Texas Journal of Science, 52(4)pp.SUPPL. 37-42 , 2000.
71. Johnson LD, Margrez-Ortiz J.J. Barners DK. And Lamb J.F.S. Inheritance of root traits in alfufa[J]:Crop Sci 1996:36:1482-1487
72. Marquez-Ortiz J.J. Johnson L.D. Basigalup D.H. Barrnes D.K. Crown morphology relationships among alfalfa plant introduction and cultivars [J] Crop Sci 1996, 36:766～770
73. Avice J C. Oarry A. Lemaire G.Volenece JJ. Boucond J. Root protein and vegetative storage protein and key orgainic nutrients for alfalfa shoot regrowth [J] crop sci. 1997.37:1187-1193
74. Salterk, Melton B. Wilson M, Carlier L. Selection in alfalfa for forage yield with three moisture levels in drought boxes[J] Crop Sci: 1984, 24:345～349
75. Hang SF.Gauder D.A.Efects of plant age ang late-season harding on development of resistance to winter crown rot in first year alealfa [J].can J plant sci. 1995.75:421-428
76．朱志红 孙尚奇 高寒草甸矮生嵩草非结构碳水化合物的变化 植物学报 1996：38(1)：895～901
77．白永飞 许志信等 典型草原主要牧草植株贮藏碳水化合物分布部位的研究 中国草地 1996：(1)7～9
78．马英，杉木优树接根埋干法厚壮苗理化特性研究 天津农业科学 3(1)：17～21
79．苏立峰 三种砧木对切花月季“红衣主教”生产特性的影响 中国农业大学硕士学位论文 2001
80．吕娟妃 三种砧木对切花月季“红衣主教”生长发育及其生理学特性的影响 中国农业大学硕士学位论文 2002
81．卫海荣 树木杂种优势与杂交育种 河北林学院学报 2001 19(1)：92～96
82．方中达 植病研究方法 中国农业出版社北京 1998：11-12
83．汪有良 王国良 赵永艳 切花月季无土容器芽接快蘩的定量研究 江苏林业科技 1998：25(1)：17-21
84. kawa-k, Rootstock native to Japan Acta-Horticulturae. 1986,No, 189:61～66
85. Stougaard,-B. Pollination in Rosa multiflora. ,Tidsskrift-for-Planteavel 1983.87:6,633-642
86．陈金桂赤霉素和脱落酸对谷子黄化幼苗中胚轴生长生长的调节，南京农业大学学报1997，20(1)：13．17
87．柏新富 赤霉素对切花月季枝条生长发育的影响，烟台师范学院学报，1999，15(4)：288-290
88. Deng, X.-W. Fresh view on light signal transduction in plants. Cell 76, 1994:423-378
89．许志宏，刘春明．植物发育的分子机理．北京：科学出版社，1997：215～221
90．W alter Larcher植物生态生理学 翟志席等译 中国农业大学出版社 1997 P：256～258
91． 姜景民，虞沫奎等，湿地松种子分级育苗研究，林业科学研究，1996，9(3)：290～295
92. Bewley, J.D.and M.Black,1982,Physiolgy and Biochemistry of seeds in relation to Germination.Vol.2.Spring-Verlay, Berlin,Heidelberg, 60-64
93. Tillberg, E.,1983,levels of endogenous abscisic acid in achenes of Rosa rugosa during dormancy release and germination, physiol. Plant,58;243-248
94． 赵国余 主编 蔬菜种子学 北京农业大学出版社—北京 1989 P：261
95. Barnett J p.seed cultural practices and seedling uniformity .Forestry, 1989, 62,(suppl): 95-105
96． 益钧镒编著．试验统计方法．北京：中国农业出版社，2000：59～62
97． 周云龙 植物生物学，北京，高等教育出版社，1999：288～290
98． 陈玉娟 李新裕 缩节胺对棉花主茎节间抑制作用的研究 新疆农业科学 2001：38(2)：89～90
99． 何钟佩等 植物生长延缓剂DPC对棉花根系活力的生理作用 北京农业大学学报 1988 14(3)：235～241
100． 何钟佩等 棉花幼苗侧根发生的化学诱导研究 北京农业大学学报 1981 17(增刊)：13-18
101．谢志新 缩节胺与乙烯利对大麦幼苗生长的影响 浙江农业大学学报 1996 27(6)
2． 余树勋1992．月季．北京，金盾出版社，2000．pp：28～29，46～49
3. Vries-DP-de; Dubois-LAM; De-Vries-Dp. The breeding ofclonal rose rootstocks Acta-Horticulturae. 1992, No. 320, 97～103
4. Han-YounYol;etc Effect of propagation mothod on cut flower yifld quality, of soil cultured rose RDA-Journal-of Agricultural-sciences-Horticulture 1996.38:2,521～517
5. Meiss-W, Roses,a rootstock experiment in Kassel, Deutsche Baumschule. 1983, 35: 1,410.
6. Demidov, -LV productivity of the rose cultivar Michurinka grafted on different rootstocks compared with plants on their own roots. Trudy-Vsesoyuzhogo-Navchno-Issleclovatel skogo-Instituta-Efiromaslichnykh-kultur 1986, 17:51～54
7. Lundstad-A, Plant take plant size and flowering of shrub and climbing roses on their own roots or on two different rootstocks, Meldinger fra Norges landbrukshgeskole, 1983, 62:22,1-27;
8. Bogushyavichyute-A, Growth of five cultivars of own-rooted and grafted climbing and seni-climbing roses in the lithuanian SSR., Trudy Akaemii Nauk Litovskoi SSR,b 1985, ,92:4,31;
9. Meiss , Roses: Frost damage on various rootstocks. Deutsche-Baumschule. 1985, 37: 7, 285
10. Pol-PA-van-de; Glorie-WG; Goudriaan-J; Van-de-Pol-PA , Growth analysis of four types of the rose CV. Motrea.Acta-Horticulturae. 1988, No. 226, vol. Ⅱ, 679-686;
11. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de; Van-de-Pol,-PA , The rose cultivar Madelon on rockwool. The rootstock has a considerable influence on flower yield., Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1991, 46: 13, 62-64
12． 白川孟，1992．育种，育种学最近进步，34：85-89
13. Haenchen-E, Results of three-year comparative studies on the flowering behaviour of outdoor rose cultivars propagated by cuttings and grafting. Archiv-fur-Gartenbau. 1985, 33: 5, 259-273
14. Eck-JW-van; Vries-DP-de; Van-Eck-JW; De-Vries-DP, Impartial assessment of rose (Rosa, 'Sweet Promise') flower colour with the aid ofa Chroma Meter, Plant-Varieties-and-Seeds. 1994, 7: 1, 29-35
15. Eck-JW-van; Vries-DP-de, Impartial assessment of rose (Rosa, 'Sweet Promise') flower colour with the aid of a Chroma Meter. Plant Varieties and Seeds. 1994,7: 1, 29-35;
16. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de, Long-term flower production of a rose crop. I. The influence of planting system and rootstock clone. Journal of Horticultural Science. 1996, 71: 3, 435-443;
17. Agbaria-H;Heuer-B , Effects of grafting on transpiration, CO2 fixation and growth of rose plants (Rosa X hybrida CVs Ilseta and Mercedes). Journal of Horticultural Science. 1995, 70: 4, 651-656
18. Dieleman-JA; Verstappen-FWA; Kuiper-D, Bud break and cytokinin concentration in bleeding sap of Rosa hybrida as affected by the genotype of the rootstock., Journal-of-Plant-Physiology. 1998, 152: 4-5, 468-472
19. Agbaria-H, Heuer-B, Rootstock imposed alterations in nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in leaves of rose plants. Biologia Plantarum. 1998,41 : 1, 85-91;
20. Agbaria-H; Heuer-B, Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity in rose plants (Rosa Xhybrida CVs. Ilseta and Mercedes): effects of root-shoot interactions. Second international symposium on roses, Antibes,
France, 20-24 February 1995. Acta Horticulturae. 1996, No. 424, 95-98;
21. Agbaria-H, Heuer-B, Shoot-root interaction effects on nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in lrose ((Rosa Xhybrida CVs. Ilseta and Mercedes) graftings; Journal-of-Plant-Physiology. 1998, 149:5,559-563
22． 马燕 充分利用我国的蔷薇资源，创育全新的抗性月季新品种群——试论我国的月季育种方向 北京园林 1990：(1)：8～9
23． 陈俊愉，从中国选育出更多的月季新品种，北京林业大学、中国园艺学编 陈俊愉教授文选，1997，9，PP189～190
24． 赵梁军等 月季 北京 中国农业出版社 2000 P51
25. Miller- DA, Rose invcstigational work in Guernsey. Rootstock and variety trials;growing in rockwool. Acta Horticulturae. 1986, NO. 189, 67-79
26． 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会，《中国植物志》第三十七卷[M] 科学出版社，1985
27． 张福墁 切花月季苗木生产新技术 农村实用工程技术 P5
28． 张朝阳等 扦插砧与实生砧月季的比较试验 西南同艺 2000：28(4)：36
29. Stougaard -B. Analysis of variation in progeny from Rosa multiflora crosses. Tidsskrift-for-Planteavel (Denmark). 1984. v .88(3) p.287-297
30. Gibson. M., 1984, Growing Roses. GroomhelmLtd.London&Canbera,201～204
31. Jackson,G.A.O.and J.B.Blundell,1963,Germination in Rosa. J.Hort.Sci.,38:310～320
32. Lamont-GP, Native rose-2. Propagation. Australian-Plants. 1985, 13: 105, 210-212
33． 徐本美 蔷薇种子的萌发与休眠的研究种子 1993，(1)：5～9
34． ISTA编，国际种子检验规程，颜启传等译，农业出版社，1985，p：223
35. Jackson,GA.O.and J.B.Blundell,1963,Germination in Rosa. J.Hort.Sci.,38:310-320
36． 刘继生等 刺玫蔷薇种子的发芽特性 延边大学农学学报 2001 23(2) 135-144
37. Benetka-V, Effect of warm stratification on seed viability of the rootstock rose 'Pavuv cerveny' (Pollmeriana). Acta-Pruhoniciana. 1998, No. 66, 37-41
38. Cid-MC; Caballero-M; Rerrnann-Philipp-R. Rose rootstock breeding for salinity tolerance Aeta-Horticulturae. 1989, No, 246; 345～351
39. Avramis -T , In vitro propagation of the rose rootstock Rose indica major. Sciences de la Vie. 1982, 294:1,63～68;
40. Grueber-K-L, Rose miniplant propagation, Colorado Greenhouse Growers' Association. 371: 1-2;
41. Patil-MT; Singh-BR, Influence of different rootstocks on growth and flower production of rose. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 19: 2, 291-292;
42. Ohkawa-K, Resistance of rose rootstocks to Meloidogyne Haple Pratylenchus Penetrans and Pratyienchns Vulnus, Hortscience, 1981,16:4,559;
43. Meiss-W, Roses, a rootstock experment in kassel, Deutshe Baumschule, 1983,35:1,410;
44. M-GD, A comparison of rootstocks, Verbondsnieuws voor de Belgische Sierteelt, 1981,25:12,562;
45. M-GD, A comparison of rootstocks, Verbondsnieuws voor de Belgische Sierteelt, 1989,33:7,321-323
46. Lal-SD; Seth- JN, Rosa multiflora a good rootstock for rose budding. Progressive Horticulture. 1984, 16: 1/2, 158;
47. Vries-DP, scion-rootstock relations in hybrid tea cut rose on rose canina 'inermis', Nerthlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 1984,32:1, 3-7;
48. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de; Van-de-Pol-PA , The rose cultivar Madelon on rockwool. The rootstock has a considerable influence on flower yield. Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1991, 46:13, 62-64;
49. Kool-MTN; Pol-PA-van-de; Van-de-Pol-PA , Long-term flower production of a rose crop. I. The influence of planting system and rootstock clone. Journal-of-Horticultural-Science. 1996, 71: 3,435-443;
50. Demlnov-LV, Rootstock selection for grafted essential oil rose. Trudy VNII Efiromaslichnykh Kul'tur. 1982, 14,95;
51. Hetman-J; Pudelska-K, Rootstock used for rose bushes grown in foil tunnels in Poland. Acta Horticulturae. 1996, No. 424, 135-136;
52. Mukhopadhyay- A; Bankar-GJ , Comparative performance of a new thornless rose rootstock with few scion cultivars. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 1986,43: 1/2, 144-147
53. Han-YounYol; Sim-YongGu; Song-InKyu; etc, Influence of rootstock diameter on yield and quality of cut flower in rose (Rosa hybrida).Journai-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 1996, 37: 1, 99-105
54. Mukhopadhyay-A; Bankar-GJ , Comparative performance of a new thornless rose rootstock with few scion cultivars. Indian-Journal-of-Horticulture. 1986, 43: 1/2, 144-147
55. Doorn-WG-van; Schurer-K; Witte-Y-de , Role of endogenous bacteria in vascular blockage of cut rose flowers. Journal-of-Plant-Physiology. 1989, 134:3,375-381
56． 农业大词典 北京：中国农业出版社 1998 PP521
57． 张若蕙等 中国主要树木幼苗形态 科学出版社 1993
58． 英汉农业大词典 北京：中国农业出版社 1998 PP：443
59． 束怀瑞 中国农业百科全书(果树卷) 农业出版社 1993 PP：58
60． K·伊稍著 植物解剖学 1953，李正理译，北京：科学出版社；1959。
61． 谷安根等 维管植物演化形态学 长春：吉林科学技术出版社 1993
62． 黄利斌 杉木无性系采穗母株药剂处理促萌试验 江苏林业科技 1998：23(2)：19～21
63． 叶镜中 姜志林 杉木休眠芽生物学特性研究 南京林业大学学报 1989：(1)：50～53．
64． 李拥军等．留种苜蓿单株粒重与相关性状的通径分析．草地学报 1996，4(2)
65． 孙启忠 桂荣等 科尔泌沙地苜蓿根系和根颈特性 草地学报 2001：9(4)：269～276
66．孙启忠 科尔泌沙地沙打旺草地衰退规律与恢复技术研究 草地学报 2000：8(4)：253～260
67．杜富林 草原根蘖植物形成规律及其分类的研究 内蒙古草业 1994 3(4)
68．张玉霞．麻黄根蘖的形成和形态特征的研究．内蒙古草业．1994，4
69．N．M瓦西里耶夫 植物的越冬何永康等译 科学出版社 1958 P43、179
70. Haywood, JD; Pearson, HA; Grelen, HE; Popham, TW. Effects of date and frequencey of bruning on southern bayberry(Myrica cerifera) in central Louisiana Texas Journal of Science, 52(4)pp.SUPPL. 37-42 , 2000.
71. Johnson LD, Margrez-Ortiz J.J. Barners DK. And Lamb J.F.S. Inheritance of root traits in alfufa[J]:Crop Sci 1996:36:1482-1487
72. Marquez-Ortiz J.J. Johnson L.D. Basigalup D.H. Barrnes D.K. Crown morphology relationships among alfalfa plant introduction and cultivars [J] Crop Sci 1996, 36:766～770
73. Avice J C. Oarry A. Lemaire G.Volenece JJ. Boucond J. Root protein and vegetative storage protein and key orgainic nutrients for alfalfa shoot regrowth [J] crop sci. 1997.37:1187-1193
74. Salterk, Melton B. Wilson M, Carlier L. Selection in alfalfa for forage yield with three moisture levels in drought boxes[J] Crop Sci: 1984, 24:345～349
75. Hang SF.Gauder D.A.Efects of plant age ang late-season harding on development of resistance to winter crown rot in first year alealfa [J].can J plant sci. 1995.75:421-428
76．朱志红 孙尚奇 高寒草甸矮生嵩草非结构碳水化合物的变化 植物学报 1996：38(1)：895～901
77．白永飞 许志信等 典型草原主要牧草植株贮藏碳水化合物分布部位的研究 中国草地 1996：(1)7～9
78．马英，杉木优树接根埋干法厚壮苗理化特性研究 天津农业科学 3(1)：17～21
79．苏立峰 三种砧木对切花月季“红衣主教”生产特性的影响 中国农业大学硕士学位论文 2001
80．吕娟妃 三种砧木对切花月季“红衣主教”生长发育及其生理学特性的影响 中国农业大学硕士学位论文 2002
81．卫海荣 树木杂种优势与杂交育种 河北林学院学报 2001 19(1)：92～96
82．方中达 植病研究方法 中国农业出版社北京 1998：11-12
83．汪有良 王国良 赵永艳 切花月季无土容器芽接快蘩的定量研究 江苏林业科技 1998：25(1)：17-21
84. kawa-k, Rootstock native to Japan Acta-Horticulturae. 1986,No, 189:61～66
85. Stougaard,-B. Pollination in Rosa multiflora. ,Tidsskrift-for-Planteavel 1983.87:6,633-642
86．陈金桂赤霉素和脱落酸对谷子黄化幼苗中胚轴生长生长的调节，南京农业大学学报1997，20(1)：13．17
87．柏新富 赤霉素对切花月季枝条生长发育的影响，烟台师范学院学报，1999，15(4)：288-290
88. Deng, X.-W. Fresh view on light signal transduction in plants. Cell 76, 1994:423-378
89．许志宏，刘春明．植物发育的分子机理．北京：科学出版社，1997：215～221
90．W alter Larcher植物生态生理学 翟志席等译 中国农业大学出版社 1997 P：256～258
91． 姜景民，虞沫奎等，湿地松种子分级育苗研究，林业科学研究，1996，9(3)：290～295
92. Bewley, J.D.and M.Black,1982,Physiolgy and Biochemistry of seeds in relation to Germination.Vol.2.Spring-Verlay, Berlin,Heidelberg, 60-64
93. Tillberg, E.,1983,levels of endogenous abscisic acid in achenes of Rosa rugosa during dormancy release and germination, physiol. Plant,58;243-248
94． 赵国余 主编 蔬菜种子学 北京农业大学出版社—北京 1989 P：261
95. Barnett J p.seed cultural practices and seedling uniformity .Forestry, 1989, 62,(suppl): 95-105
96． 益钧镒编著．试验统计方法．北京：中国农业出版社，2000：59～62
97． 周云龙 植物生物学，北京，高等教育出版社，1999：288～290
98． 陈玉娟 李新裕 缩节胺对棉花主茎节间抑制作用的研究 新疆农业科学 2001：38(2)：89～90
99． 何钟佩等 植物生长延缓剂DPC对棉花根系活力的生理作用 北京农业大学学报 1988 14(3)：235～241
100． 何钟佩等 棉花幼苗侧根发生的化学诱导研究 北京农业大学学报 1981 17(增刊)：13-18
101．谢志新 缩节胺与乙烯利对大麦幼苗生长的影响 浙江农业大学学报 1996 27(6)