路外公共停车场停车定价方法研究
|
摘要
停车收费不仅是交通需求管理的重要手段,还是大力发展停车产业的重要保障。作为停车体系中的重要组成部分,路外公共停车场停车定价问题不仅是城市停车管理的重要内容,也是实施停车产业政策的关键措施。合理的路外公共停车场收费体系不仅能够吸引企业参与路外停车场的投资建设,还可以通过影响居民出行方式等选择行为,起到调控交通需求、缓解城市拥堵的作用。因此,如何制定合理的路外停车场收费标准,是城市停车管理的关键。本文在路外公共停车场停车定价策略的基础上,综合考虑不同区域的停车定价目标,分别研究了基于综合成本和基于需求管理的路外公共停车场停车费率的制定方法,并对多种停车收费形式的计算方法做了初步研究,最后用实例加以分析。主要内容如下：
本文首先对路外公共停车场做相关概念性介绍,确定了广义上的路外公共停车场范围,即专业经营停车场和公共建筑配建停车场,并分析了其自然属性和准公共产品属性。在此基础上,对路外公共停车场停车定价目标、原则及影响因素做了相关分析,并在此基础上,考虑到在城市不同的区域,停车收费应发挥不同的作用,提出了路外公共停车场的停车定价策略,为下文定价方法的制定奠定了基础。
其次,在对比分析已有的成本定价方法基础上,基于成本定价原理,全面考虑其综合成本,同时兼顾停车设施利用特性,构建了基于综合成本的路外公共停车场停车定价模型。
然后,在非集计模型理论的基础上,制定了基于需求管理的路外公共停车场停车定价方法。在方法的制定过程中,将停车费用作为变量构建了方式选择Logit模型,在其他影响因素不变的情况下,根据合理的交通方式结构,确定出基于需求管理的路外公共停车场停车费率。
鉴于实际生活中停车收费存在着多种收费形式,本文还对其计算方法做了初步研究。
最后,根据上文的理论研究和定价方法,分别选取实例进行分析验证。
Parking charge is an effective means to regulate and guide traffic demand, and alleviating the traffic conflicts. As an important part of the parking systems, the pricing is an important constituent of the urban parking management, as well as a key measure to implementation of parking policy An reasonable pricing model of the off-street parking not only to attract investment and construction of the enterprises to participate in off-street parking, but also affect the choice behavior of the residents trips way and time. etc. And then it will play the role of the adjusting and balancing the traffic demands. So, how to establish an reasonable charges of off-street parking is the key issues of urban parking management. On the basis of the analysis in the pricing strategy of off-street public parking, the pricing method based on the comprehensive, and the transit share rate would be respectively constructed from the economic and traffic regulation of the off-street public parking. And the paper make a preliminary study on the method of calculating the form of a variety of parking. The later, model was applied to the actual analysis. Main contents of the dissertation include the following aspects:
Firstly, the paper makes the relevant conceptual introduction of the off-street public parking, determining the generalized range of the off-street public parking, professional management of the parks and the public parking lot, and the characteristic of the mixed-goods was analyzed. Based on this theory, the factors, pricing principle of the off-street public parking were analyzed, and based on this, taking into account the different areas in the city, parking fees should play a different role, the pricing strategy of the off-street was made, this was laid the foundation for the formulation of the pricing methods below.
Secondly, on the basis of the analyzing the existing cost-based pricing method, against the shortage of the above methods, the off-street public parking pricing model based on comprehensive cost was constructed which perfected the parking costs and considered the utilization characteristics of the parking facilities.
Thirdly, on the basis of the theory in the disaggregate model, the off-street public parking pricing model based on share rate was constructed. Making process of the method, the parking fees paid at the stations while developing a Logit choice model, in the case of other factors constant, according to the reasonable means of transportation structures, the parking fee of the off-street which can give full play to the traffic control role.
Because of there are a variety of charges in the form in a real life, the calculation methods of a variety of parking mode were preliminary studied.
Finally, according to proceeding the vulnerability theory exploration and methodology designing, the model was applied to the actual analysis.
本文首先对路外公共停车场做相关概念性介绍,确定了广义上的路外公共停车场范围,即专业经营停车场和公共建筑配建停车场,并分析了其自然属性和准公共产品属性。在此基础上,对路外公共停车场停车定价目标、原则及影响因素做了相关分析,并在此基础上,考虑到在城市不同的区域,停车收费应发挥不同的作用,提出了路外公共停车场的停车定价策略,为下文定价方法的制定奠定了基础。
其次,在对比分析已有的成本定价方法基础上,基于成本定价原理,全面考虑其综合成本,同时兼顾停车设施利用特性,构建了基于综合成本的路外公共停车场停车定价模型。
然后,在非集计模型理论的基础上,制定了基于需求管理的路外公共停车场停车定价方法。在方法的制定过程中,将停车费用作为变量构建了方式选择Logit模型,在其他影响因素不变的情况下,根据合理的交通方式结构,确定出基于需求管理的路外公共停车场停车费率。
鉴于实际生活中停车收费存在着多种收费形式,本文还对其计算方法做了初步研究。
最后,根据上文的理论研究和定价方法,分别选取实例进行分析验证。
Parking charge is an effective means to regulate and guide traffic demand, and alleviating the traffic conflicts. As an important part of the parking systems, the pricing is an important constituent of the urban parking management, as well as a key measure to implementation of parking policy An reasonable pricing model of the off-street parking not only to attract investment and construction of the enterprises to participate in off-street parking, but also affect the choice behavior of the residents trips way and time. etc. And then it will play the role of the adjusting and balancing the traffic demands. So, how to establish an reasonable charges of off-street parking is the key issues of urban parking management. On the basis of the analysis in the pricing strategy of off-street public parking, the pricing method based on the comprehensive, and the transit share rate would be respectively constructed from the economic and traffic regulation of the off-street public parking. And the paper make a preliminary study on the method of calculating the form of a variety of parking. The later, model was applied to the actual analysis. Main contents of the dissertation include the following aspects:
Firstly, the paper makes the relevant conceptual introduction of the off-street public parking, determining the generalized range of the off-street public parking, professional management of the parks and the public parking lot, and the characteristic of the mixed-goods was analyzed. Based on this theory, the factors, pricing principle of the off-street public parking were analyzed, and based on this, taking into account the different areas in the city, parking fees should play a different role, the pricing strategy of the off-street was made, this was laid the foundation for the formulation of the pricing methods below.
Secondly, on the basis of the analyzing the existing cost-based pricing method, against the shortage of the above methods, the off-street public parking pricing model based on comprehensive cost was constructed which perfected the parking costs and considered the utilization characteristics of the parking facilities.
Thirdly, on the basis of the theory in the disaggregate model, the off-street public parking pricing model based on share rate was constructed. Making process of the method, the parking fees paid at the stations while developing a Logit choice model, in the case of other factors constant, according to the reasonable means of transportation structures, the parking fee of the off-street which can give full play to the traffic control role.
Because of there are a variety of charges in the form in a real life, the calculation methods of a variety of parking mode were preliminary studied.
Finally, according to proceeding the vulnerability theory exploration and methodology designing, the model was applied to the actual analysis.
引文
[1]Shitfan Y. Burd-Eden. R. Modeling the Response to Parking Policy[C].80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington. D.C.2001:141-156.
[2]Stephane H.,John.W.P. Mixed Logit estimation of parking type choice[C].83th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington. D.C.2004:113-125.
[3]Gomez-Ibanez J.A., Fauth G.R.. Downtown Auto Restraint Policies: the Cost and Benefit for Boston[J]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy.1980,14:133-153.
[4]Albert G, Mahalel D. Congestion tolls and parking fees:A comparison of the potential effect on travel behavior[J]. Transport Policy. 2006,13:496-502.
[5]David A., Hensher, King J. Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district [J]. Transportation Research Part A,2001, 35:177-196.
[6]Marsden. G The evidence base for parking policies-a review[J].Transport Policy.200 6,13:447-457.
[7]Arnott R., Rowse J. Modeling parking[J]. Journal of Urban Economics.1999,45 (1):97-124.
[8]Verhoff E., Nijkmp P., Rietveld P., The Economics of regulatory parking policies:the (im)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation[J].Transportation Research A.1995, 29:141-156.
[9]Glazer A., Niskanen E., Parking fees and congestion [J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,22(2):123-132.
[10]Lipsey R G., Lancaster K., The General theory of second best[J].The Review of Economic Studies,1956,24(1):159.
[11]Verhoef Erik T. Second-best congestion pricing in general networks. Heuristic algorithms for finding second-best optimal toll levels and toll points[J]. Transportation Research. 2002,36:707-729.
[12]D'Acierno L., Gallo M., Montella B., Optimization models for the urban Parking Pricing Problem[J]. Transport Policy, 2006, 13: 34-48.
[13]Anderson S.P., Palma A.D., The economics of Pricing Parking[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2004,55:1-20.
[14]吴涛,晏克非,李枫.城市公共停车收费定价的研究[J].上海铁道大学学报.1999,20(12)：16-20.
[15]安实,马天超,尹缙瑞.我国城市停车收费定价模型研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2000,,32(2)：65-69.
[16]王富,殷燕芳,熊烈强.城市路外停车场停车费率计算模型[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版).2006,30(3)：471-473.
[17]秦焕美,关宏志,殷焕焕.停车收费价格对居民出行方式选择行为的影响研究—以北京市居民小汽车、公交、出租车选择行为为例[J].土木工程学报.2008,41(8)：93-97.
[18]姚胜永,李艳敏.城市中心商务区停车收费与停车行为关系研究[J].河北工业大学学报.2008,37(5)：110-114.
[19]王曼,吴兵,李林波.基于停车行为的定价策略研究[J].山东交通学院学报.2008,16(3)：37-41.
[20]史峰,罗端高.停车收费影响下的多用户多方式混合交通平衡分配模型[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2009,9(3)：71-77.
[21]李志纯,李炤坤.不同市场经营机制下的停车设施定价模型[J].中国公路学报.2011,24(4)：80-86.
[22]张戎,王林平,闫哲彬.停车换乘需求分析与定价方法—以上海市轨道交通停车换乘为例[J].城市交通.2009,7(2)：13-18.
[23]李珊珊。基于交通需求管理的城市机动车停车收费费率研究[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[24]王伟.基于交通需求管理的北京市停车收费问题研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[25]余诚强.面向用户的停车诱导信息系统研究[D].福州：福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2011.
[26]李东明,城市居住区停车问题研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[27]中华人民共和国行业标准.《汽车库建筑设计规划》.JGJ 101-98,1998
[28]姜涛,城市机动车停车收费问题研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文.2006
[29]何峻岭.大城市机动车停车产业化发展关键问题研究[D].南京：东南大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[30]郭学琴.城市公共停车场规划研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[31]Ramsey,FP. Mathematical. A Theory of Saving[J].Economic Journal,1928,38(152): 543-559.
[32]吴涛.城市停车设施的性质与分类探讨[J].城市研究.1999,77(4)：45-48.
[33]吴涛.停车供需与停车政策研究[D].上海：同济大学博士学位论文,1999.
[34]殷远飞,李洋,严海.停车收费价格机制探讨[J].道路交通与安全,2006,4：1-4.
[35]陈志全.基于交通需求管理的停车收费政策[J].中国公共安全：智能交 通,2006,7：65-69.
[36]刘兰辉.大城市停车行为研究[D].北京：北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[37]马清.大中城市停车发展战略研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[38]赵欢欢,陈峻.基于博弈论的停车政策研究[J].现代交通技术,2007,4(3)：69-72.
[39]成晋龙,李峰.城市停车问题的分析[J].山西建筑,2009,35(27)：53-54.
[40]冷杰.大城市中心区停车设施供应与路网容量关系[J].中国市政工程,2006,120(2)：7-9.
[41]安实,王健,丁文恒.我国城市路外停车场停车收费研究[J].企业经济,,2001,4：73-74.
[42]谢志明,陈先龙,城市停车场建设投资的综合成本比较分析[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2005,,22(1)：102-107.
[43]关宏志,刘晓明.停车场规划设计与管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[44]赵贝.居民出行方式选择与公交优先政策协同研究[D].吉林：吉林大学博士学位论文.2011.
[45]赵路敏.停车收费对出行方式选择影响分析[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[46]Dueker,KJ; Strathman,JG,Bianco,MJ. Strategies to Attract Auto Users to Public Transportation[M].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1998:35-52.
[47]David A Hensher, Kenneth J Button. Handbook of Transport Modeling[Z].2000.
[48]关宏志.非集计模型——交通行为分析的工具[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[49]Caliter Corporation. TransCAD Transportation GIS software(Travel Demand Modelin gwith TransCAD4.7)[M].America:Caliter Corporation,2004:257-283.
[50]陆建.城市交通系统可持续发展规划理论与发展[D].南京：东南大学博士学位论文,2003.
[51]陆化普.交通规划理论与方法(第2版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,,2006.
[52]符韦苇.广州市停车收费对居民出行方式选择的影响分析[D].广州：华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2011.
[2]Stephane H.,John.W.P. Mixed Logit estimation of parking type choice[C].83th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington. D.C.2004:113-125.
[3]Gomez-Ibanez J.A., Fauth G.R.. Downtown Auto Restraint Policies: the Cost and Benefit for Boston[J]. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy.1980,14:133-153.
[4]Albert G, Mahalel D. Congestion tolls and parking fees:A comparison of the potential effect on travel behavior[J]. Transport Policy. 2006,13:496-502.
[5]David A., Hensher, King J. Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district [J]. Transportation Research Part A,2001, 35:177-196.
[6]Marsden. G The evidence base for parking policies-a review[J].Transport Policy.200 6,13:447-457.
[7]Arnott R., Rowse J. Modeling parking[J]. Journal of Urban Economics.1999,45 (1):97-124.
[8]Verhoff E., Nijkmp P., Rietveld P., The Economics of regulatory parking policies:the (im)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation[J].Transportation Research A.1995, 29:141-156.
[9]Glazer A., Niskanen E., Parking fees and congestion [J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,22(2):123-132.
[10]Lipsey R G., Lancaster K., The General theory of second best[J].The Review of Economic Studies,1956,24(1):159.
[11]Verhoef Erik T. Second-best congestion pricing in general networks. Heuristic algorithms for finding second-best optimal toll levels and toll points[J]. Transportation Research. 2002,36:707-729.
[12]D'Acierno L., Gallo M., Montella B., Optimization models for the urban Parking Pricing Problem[J]. Transport Policy, 2006, 13: 34-48.
[13]Anderson S.P., Palma A.D., The economics of Pricing Parking[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2004,55:1-20.
[14]吴涛,晏克非,李枫.城市公共停车收费定价的研究[J].上海铁道大学学报.1999,20(12)：16-20.
[15]安实,马天超,尹缙瑞.我国城市停车收费定价模型研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2000,,32(2)：65-69.
[16]王富,殷燕芳,熊烈强.城市路外停车场停车费率计算模型[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版).2006,30(3)：471-473.
[17]秦焕美,关宏志,殷焕焕.停车收费价格对居民出行方式选择行为的影响研究—以北京市居民小汽车、公交、出租车选择行为为例[J].土木工程学报.2008,41(8)：93-97.
[18]姚胜永,李艳敏.城市中心商务区停车收费与停车行为关系研究[J].河北工业大学学报.2008,37(5)：110-114.
[19]王曼,吴兵,李林波.基于停车行为的定价策略研究[J].山东交通学院学报.2008,16(3)：37-41.
[20]史峰,罗端高.停车收费影响下的多用户多方式混合交通平衡分配模型[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2009,9(3)：71-77.
[21]李志纯,李炤坤.不同市场经营机制下的停车设施定价模型[J].中国公路学报.2011,24(4)：80-86.
[22]张戎,王林平,闫哲彬.停车换乘需求分析与定价方法—以上海市轨道交通停车换乘为例[J].城市交通.2009,7(2)：13-18.
[23]李珊珊。基于交通需求管理的城市机动车停车收费费率研究[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[24]王伟.基于交通需求管理的北京市停车收费问题研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2008.
[25]余诚强.面向用户的停车诱导信息系统研究[D].福州：福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2011.
[26]李东明,城市居住区停车问题研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[27]中华人民共和国行业标准.《汽车库建筑设计规划》.JGJ 101-98,1998
[28]姜涛,城市机动车停车收费问题研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文.2006
[29]何峻岭.大城市机动车停车产业化发展关键问题研究[D].南京：东南大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[30]郭学琴.城市公共停车场规划研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[31]Ramsey,FP. Mathematical. A Theory of Saving[J].Economic Journal,1928,38(152): 543-559.
[32]吴涛.城市停车设施的性质与分类探讨[J].城市研究.1999,77(4)：45-48.
[33]吴涛.停车供需与停车政策研究[D].上海：同济大学博士学位论文,1999.
[34]殷远飞,李洋,严海.停车收费价格机制探讨[J].道路交通与安全,2006,4：1-4.
[35]陈志全.基于交通需求管理的停车收费政策[J].中国公共安全：智能交 通,2006,7：65-69.
[36]刘兰辉.大城市停车行为研究[D].北京：北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[37]马清.大中城市停车发展战略研究[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[38]赵欢欢,陈峻.基于博弈论的停车政策研究[J].现代交通技术,2007,4(3)：69-72.
[39]成晋龙,李峰.城市停车问题的分析[J].山西建筑,2009,35(27)：53-54.
[40]冷杰.大城市中心区停车设施供应与路网容量关系[J].中国市政工程,2006,120(2)：7-9.
[41]安实,王健,丁文恒.我国城市路外停车场停车收费研究[J].企业经济,,2001,4：73-74.
[42]谢志明,陈先龙,城市停车场建设投资的综合成本比较分析[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2005,,22(1)：102-107.
[43]关宏志,刘晓明.停车场规划设计与管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[44]赵贝.居民出行方式选择与公交优先政策协同研究[D].吉林：吉林大学博士学位论文.2011.
[45]赵路敏.停车收费对出行方式选择影响分析[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[46]Dueker,KJ; Strathman,JG,Bianco,MJ. Strategies to Attract Auto Users to Public Transportation[M].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1998:35-52.
[47]David A Hensher, Kenneth J Button. Handbook of Transport Modeling[Z].2000.
[48]关宏志.非集计模型——交通行为分析的工具[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[49]Caliter Corporation. TransCAD Transportation GIS software(Travel Demand Modelin gwith TransCAD4.7)[M].America:Caliter Corporation,2004:257-283.
[50]陆建.城市交通系统可持续发展规划理论与发展[D].南京：东南大学博士学位论文,2003.
[51]陆化普.交通规划理论与方法(第2版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,,2006.
[52]符韦苇.广州市停车收费对居民出行方式选择的影响分析[D].广州：华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2011.