敏捷供应链构建关键技术研究及实现
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摘要
在客户主导、变化迅速、竞争激烈的市场环境下，个性化、低价格、快应变、高质量已成为产品市场竞争力最重要的因素。在这种背景下，制造业要顺应时代潮流并获取独特竞争优势，就必须能够对不断变化的市场做出快速响应、缩短交货期、提高产品和服务的质量，进而不断地开发出满足客户个性化需求的产品以快速占领市场。因此，具有动态性、敏捷性特征的敏捷供应链技术成为制造科学和管理科学的研究热点，得到了迅速的发展，敏捷供应链生产模式正在成为21世纪制造业的主流生产模式。本文在分析敏捷供应链产生背景及其研究现状的基础上，主要进行了以下研究工作：
1)依据敏捷供应链的设计原则，对敏捷供应链的组成要素——流程管理和网络结构进行了较为深入地研究。在此基础上，提出了构建敏捷供应链的四个步骤：市场环境、产品特征分析，企业竞争战略制定，敏捷供应链实施战略制定，实施运行。总结得出，整个敏捷供应链构建过程以感知与响应、竞争和实施战略以及动态联盟的指导思想为其特点。
2)以供应链的基本功能体为核心，构建了敏捷供应链系统的应用体系结构和软件框架，该应用体系结构，以动态联盟为指导思想，通过对节点企业的结盟、组织、管理以及运作等过程的整合，充分保证了供应链的动态性和敏捷性；以客户关系管理系统作为门户，强调对市场和客户需求的感知和响应，适应了大规模定制的要求；以信息技术的综合应用作为保证，从技术角度分析了应用体系的可行性。敏捷供应链应用体系结构为敏捷供应链的实现提供了一定的参考。
3)针对敏捷供应链环境下协同的特点和内容，对基于Agent的协同机制进行了深入研究，提出了一个基于内部和外部主体功能Agent的敏捷供应链协同框架，将敏捷供应链节点企业分为内部和外部主体，分别将内部和外部主体抽象为不同的功能Agent，给出了基于视图的Agent协同交互内容。在该框架下分“一对一”和“一对多”两种方式给出了基于Agent的协同机制，从基于XML的Agent通信语言、Agent的通信方式和Agent的统一定位机制详细阐述了基于Agent的通信机制；最后给出了基于Agent的数据传输方式。可有效提高敏捷供应链企业对动态变化信息的协同反应能力，为敏捷供应链成员间的信息协同提供了解决思路。
4)对库存控制策略进行了分析研究，结合某大型飞机制造企业的现状：如合作伙伴稳定、下游企业无库存、库存应用ABC分类方法、采用制造商(本企业)优先决策条件下的供应商决策模型，及库存管理缺乏成本最优决策等，提出采用库存—吞吐量曲线，来模拟供应链上所有库存合并关系，并给出了实现供应链多级多产品管理(基于ABC库存分类)的库存控制的最优目标控制和最优解方法。
5)提出了基于博弈思想的、以利润分配为策略的供应链协同库存决策模型。分别对制造商最优决策条件下的供应商决策模型和制造商需求不确定的情况下成本最小化的决策模型进行了分析研究；构建了双方合作博弈的批量模型，进而推导给出影响制造商和供应商利润分配折扣因子的算法。最后，针对某公司的库存系统进行了实例验证，给出了库存决策模块的改进方案——基于双方合作的博弈库存决策模型，该模型已被引入该公司系统改进计划的算法库中。
6)本文开发了一个原型系统——面向客户的敏捷供应链管理原型系统。该系统使企业在开始就能充分洞悉客户对产品的需求，使企业与客户之间建立起战略性合作伙伴关系，保证了客户订单的执行效率和质量，有助于减小供应链管理系统中的”长鞭效应”，从而达到减少原材料、零部件、成品库存之目的，进而提高企业效益。
本文的研究成果为敏捷供应链管理体系、应用体系的构建、敏捷供应链实现中的协同和库存问题提供了切实可行的理论和方法，为企业能够根据市场动态及时生产出客户满意的产品和服务提供了思路，为企业成功实施敏捷供应链打下了良好的基础。
In a market environment characterized by custom domination, rapid change and fierce competition, individuation, low price, quick response and high quality have became most important factors for market competitiveness of product. In order to be adapted to the trend of the times and obtain their unique competitive advantages in this situation, manufacturing enterprises must response quickly to the continuous changing market, shorten delivery time and improve the quality of product and service, then continuously develop products satisfying individual customer demand to occupy market rapidly. So agile supply chain with its characteristics of dynamic and agility has become a popular research focus both in manufacture and management science, and it has developed rapidly. Agile supply chain is becoming a mainstream production model of manufacturing industry in 21st century. Based on analyzing background of agile supply chain and its current research, following are the key technologies studied in this dissertation:
1) According to the design principle of agile supply chain, the constituent elements of agile supply chain, its process management and network structure, are studied in detail. Based on it, the operation assurance mechanism of supply chain is discussed, and four steps to construct agile supply chain, namely analyzing market environment and product feature, constituting enterprise competition strategy, constituting agile supply chain implementation strategy, designing and implementing agile supply chain, is proposed by combining theory of dynamic alliance. It is concluded that the perception and response, competition and implementation strategy and dynamic alliance as guiding idea are the realization requirements and characteristics for the whole construction process.
2) An application system architecture and software framework of agile supply chain system is constructed with the basic function of supply chain as its core. By integrating alliance, organization, management and operation of agile supply chain enterprises, this application system architecture with dynamic alliance as its guiding idea can ensure the dynamic and agility of supply chain; with a customer relationship management system as its portal, this architecture stresses the perception of and response to market and customer demands, and adapts to the requirements of the mass customization; and ensured by the comprehensive application of information technology, the feasibility of the architecture is analyzed from a technical point. The application system architecture of agile supply chain provides reference for the realization of agile supply chain to some extend.
3) Aiming at the characteristic and content of collaboration in agile supply chain, agent-based collaboration mechanism of agile supply chain is researched in depth, and an agile supply chain collaboration framework based on internal and external object functional agent is proposed. The enterprise in agile supply chain is divided to internal and external object, internal and external object is abstracted to different functional agent respectively in the framework, and then view-based interaction content of agent-based collaboration is also introduced. Two collaboration mechanism of agent-based collaboration, namely "One to One" and "One to Many" , is given in the framework, agent-based communication mechanism is expounded in XML-based agent communication mechanism, agent communication method and agent unified location mechanism, agent data transmission is given finally. The proposed framework can improve the collaborative response capability of agile supply chain enterprise to dynamic changing information effectively, and provide solution for the information collaboration between agile supply chain members.
4) Inventory control strategy is studied. Considering practice of a aviation manufacturing enterprises, such as stable cooperation partner relation, no inventory in downstream enterprise, application of ABC inventory classification, and application of supplier decision model under condition of manufacturer priority decisions as well as lack of inventory optimal decision model, a storage and throughput curve is proposed to simulate merged storage relation in supply chain, an optimized solution is given to realize optimal storage control objective of multi echelon and multi products management (based on ABC storage classification) in supply chain.
5) A supply chain collaborative inventory decision model with profit allocation as its strategy is proposed based on game theory. A supplier decision model under the condition of supplier optimal decision and a lowest cost decision model with uncertain demand of manufacturer are researched respectively, bilateral cooperation and game batch model is constructed, then a discount factor algorithm which can decide profit allocation of manufacture and supplier is realized. Finally, the supply chain collaborative storage decision model is demonstrated by the storage system in a aviation manufacturing company, the improved storage decision model, bilateral cooperation-based game storage decision model, is given and also adopted into the algorithm library of improved ERP system in this company.
6) A prototype system, Customer-Oriented Supply Chain Prototype System (COSCM), is developed. The COSCM can enable enterprise to fully understand customer demand to product and to establish strategic cooperation partner relationship with its customer; it can also ensure the execution efficiency and quality of customer order and help eliminate bullwhip effect in supply chain management system effectively; then the inventory of raw material, parts and finished products in supply chain can be reduced and profit of enterprise can be increased.
The research in this dissertation provides practical theory and method for construction of agile supply chain management and application system, as well as collaboration and storage in agile supply chain realization; its also offers enterprise in agile supply chain solutions to produce satisfied products and service dynamically and timely according to the market demand, and lays fine foundation for enterprise to implement agile supply chain successfully.
This dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70272068).
1)依据敏捷供应链的设计原则，对敏捷供应链的组成要素——流程管理和网络结构进行了较为深入地研究。在此基础上，提出了构建敏捷供应链的四个步骤：市场环境、产品特征分析，企业竞争战略制定，敏捷供应链实施战略制定，实施运行。总结得出，整个敏捷供应链构建过程以感知与响应、竞争和实施战略以及动态联盟的指导思想为其特点。
2)以供应链的基本功能体为核心，构建了敏捷供应链系统的应用体系结构和软件框架，该应用体系结构，以动态联盟为指导思想，通过对节点企业的结盟、组织、管理以及运作等过程的整合，充分保证了供应链的动态性和敏捷性；以客户关系管理系统作为门户，强调对市场和客户需求的感知和响应，适应了大规模定制的要求；以信息技术的综合应用作为保证，从技术角度分析了应用体系的可行性。敏捷供应链应用体系结构为敏捷供应链的实现提供了一定的参考。
3)针对敏捷供应链环境下协同的特点和内容，对基于Agent的协同机制进行了深入研究，提出了一个基于内部和外部主体功能Agent的敏捷供应链协同框架，将敏捷供应链节点企业分为内部和外部主体，分别将内部和外部主体抽象为不同的功能Agent，给出了基于视图的Agent协同交互内容。在该框架下分“一对一”和“一对多”两种方式给出了基于Agent的协同机制，从基于XML的Agent通信语言、Agent的通信方式和Agent的统一定位机制详细阐述了基于Agent的通信机制；最后给出了基于Agent的数据传输方式。可有效提高敏捷供应链企业对动态变化信息的协同反应能力，为敏捷供应链成员间的信息协同提供了解决思路。
4)对库存控制策略进行了分析研究，结合某大型飞机制造企业的现状：如合作伙伴稳定、下游企业无库存、库存应用ABC分类方法、采用制造商(本企业)优先决策条件下的供应商决策模型，及库存管理缺乏成本最优决策等，提出采用库存—吞吐量曲线，来模拟供应链上所有库存合并关系，并给出了实现供应链多级多产品管理(基于ABC库存分类)的库存控制的最优目标控制和最优解方法。
5)提出了基于博弈思想的、以利润分配为策略的供应链协同库存决策模型。分别对制造商最优决策条件下的供应商决策模型和制造商需求不确定的情况下成本最小化的决策模型进行了分析研究；构建了双方合作博弈的批量模型，进而推导给出影响制造商和供应商利润分配折扣因子的算法。最后，针对某公司的库存系统进行了实例验证，给出了库存决策模块的改进方案——基于双方合作的博弈库存决策模型，该模型已被引入该公司系统改进计划的算法库中。
6)本文开发了一个原型系统——面向客户的敏捷供应链管理原型系统。该系统使企业在开始就能充分洞悉客户对产品的需求，使企业与客户之间建立起战略性合作伙伴关系，保证了客户订单的执行效率和质量，有助于减小供应链管理系统中的”长鞭效应”，从而达到减少原材料、零部件、成品库存之目的，进而提高企业效益。
本文的研究成果为敏捷供应链管理体系、应用体系的构建、敏捷供应链实现中的协同和库存问题提供了切实可行的理论和方法，为企业能够根据市场动态及时生产出客户满意的产品和服务提供了思路，为企业成功实施敏捷供应链打下了良好的基础。
In a market environment characterized by custom domination, rapid change and fierce competition, individuation, low price, quick response and high quality have became most important factors for market competitiveness of product. In order to be adapted to the trend of the times and obtain their unique competitive advantages in this situation, manufacturing enterprises must response quickly to the continuous changing market, shorten delivery time and improve the quality of product and service, then continuously develop products satisfying individual customer demand to occupy market rapidly. So agile supply chain with its characteristics of dynamic and agility has become a popular research focus both in manufacture and management science, and it has developed rapidly. Agile supply chain is becoming a mainstream production model of manufacturing industry in 21st century. Based on analyzing background of agile supply chain and its current research, following are the key technologies studied in this dissertation:
1) According to the design principle of agile supply chain, the constituent elements of agile supply chain, its process management and network structure, are studied in detail. Based on it, the operation assurance mechanism of supply chain is discussed, and four steps to construct agile supply chain, namely analyzing market environment and product feature, constituting enterprise competition strategy, constituting agile supply chain implementation strategy, designing and implementing agile supply chain, is proposed by combining theory of dynamic alliance. It is concluded that the perception and response, competition and implementation strategy and dynamic alliance as guiding idea are the realization requirements and characteristics for the whole construction process.
2) An application system architecture and software framework of agile supply chain system is constructed with the basic function of supply chain as its core. By integrating alliance, organization, management and operation of agile supply chain enterprises, this application system architecture with dynamic alliance as its guiding idea can ensure the dynamic and agility of supply chain; with a customer relationship management system as its portal, this architecture stresses the perception of and response to market and customer demands, and adapts to the requirements of the mass customization; and ensured by the comprehensive application of information technology, the feasibility of the architecture is analyzed from a technical point. The application system architecture of agile supply chain provides reference for the realization of agile supply chain to some extend.
3) Aiming at the characteristic and content of collaboration in agile supply chain, agent-based collaboration mechanism of agile supply chain is researched in depth, and an agile supply chain collaboration framework based on internal and external object functional agent is proposed. The enterprise in agile supply chain is divided to internal and external object, internal and external object is abstracted to different functional agent respectively in the framework, and then view-based interaction content of agent-based collaboration is also introduced. Two collaboration mechanism of agent-based collaboration, namely "One to One" and "One to Many" , is given in the framework, agent-based communication mechanism is expounded in XML-based agent communication mechanism, agent communication method and agent unified location mechanism, agent data transmission is given finally. The proposed framework can improve the collaborative response capability of agile supply chain enterprise to dynamic changing information effectively, and provide solution for the information collaboration between agile supply chain members.
4) Inventory control strategy is studied. Considering practice of a aviation manufacturing enterprises, such as stable cooperation partner relation, no inventory in downstream enterprise, application of ABC inventory classification, and application of supplier decision model under condition of manufacturer priority decisions as well as lack of inventory optimal decision model, a storage and throughput curve is proposed to simulate merged storage relation in supply chain, an optimized solution is given to realize optimal storage control objective of multi echelon and multi products management (based on ABC storage classification) in supply chain.
5) A supply chain collaborative inventory decision model with profit allocation as its strategy is proposed based on game theory. A supplier decision model under the condition of supplier optimal decision and a lowest cost decision model with uncertain demand of manufacturer are researched respectively, bilateral cooperation and game batch model is constructed, then a discount factor algorithm which can decide profit allocation of manufacture and supplier is realized. Finally, the supply chain collaborative storage decision model is demonstrated by the storage system in a aviation manufacturing company, the improved storage decision model, bilateral cooperation-based game storage decision model, is given and also adopted into the algorithm library of improved ERP system in this company.
6) A prototype system, Customer-Oriented Supply Chain Prototype System (COSCM), is developed. The COSCM can enable enterprise to fully understand customer demand to product and to establish strategic cooperation partner relationship with its customer; it can also ensure the execution efficiency and quality of customer order and help eliminate bullwhip effect in supply chain management system effectively; then the inventory of raw material, parts and finished products in supply chain can be reduced and profit of enterprise can be increased.
The research in this dissertation provides practical theory and method for construction of agile supply chain management and application system, as well as collaboration and storage in agile supply chain realization; its also offers enterprise in agile supply chain solutions to produce satisfied products and service dynamically and timely according to the market demand, and lays fine foundation for enterprise to implement agile supply chain successfully.
This dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70272068).
引文
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