公路隧道通风照明与行车安全关系研究
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摘要
由于隧道可缩短时空距离,节约空间,我国的公路隧道大量兴起,不容忽视的安全问题,提到日程。到2006年年底,我国已经建成的公路隧道有4100多座,公路隧道的数量在逐年增加,改善隧道内的能见度,就改善了隧道内的行车环境,提高了隧道行车的安全指数。良好的通风和可靠的照明是提高隧道能见度的先决条件,是公路隧道安全行车的保障。
本文以沪蓉西科研项目《高速公路隧道(群)安全与节能综合技术研究子题二》为依托,研究公路隧道运营阶段通风照明与行车安全关系,由于隧道具有半封闭性,隧道内的烟尘不易消散,能见度差,而公路隧道照明系统可提高亮度,公路隧道通风系统可降低烟雾浓度,提高行车舒适度,照明和通风同时为行车安全服务,但它们的改善势必增加投入,因此安全与节能之间又存在着一定的矛盾。本文采用理论分析、模型验证的方法,分别对隧道交通事故类型、影响隧道行车安全因素进行分析,找出隧道安全存在的问题;通过视知觉模型来反映隧道照明的显色性与人眼识别的关系;根据通风量、照明量对行车安全的影响关系分析,进行建模,找到通风照明的平衡点等。
在此基础上,结合项目,利用目标函数对模型进行验证,得到在保证行车安全的前提下,最节能的通风照明平衡点。
Due to the fact that the tunnel may shorten space-time distance and save space, road tunnels are increasingly emerging in China and the safety problems unallowable to be ignored have been put into agenda. By the end of 2006, the road tunnels built in China has amounted to over 4,100. The number of road tunnels is increasing year after year and the enhancement of visibility gives the way to the improvement of traffic environment in tunnel as well as increases the safety index of tunnel traffic. Good ventilation and sound lighting act as the precondition for heightening tunnel visibility and the safeguard for road tunnel traffic.
Relying on the Crosshead of Comprehensive Technological Research on Safety and Energy Saving of Expressway Tunnel (Group) in the Hu-Rong-Xi scientific research project, the study is made in this article on the relationship between lighting and traffic safety of road tunnel in operation stage. Due to the feature of half closure, much smoke and dirt exist in tunnel and have little way to dissipate while the road tunnel ventilation may reduce the density of smog and increase traffic easiness, lighting and ventilation both serve for traffic safety. But, their improvements will increase cost. Therefore, safety and energy saving is antinomy again. With the methods of theoretic analysis and model validation, analysis is made in this article on the types of tunnel traffic accidents and the factors influencing tunnel traffic respectively to dig out the problems in tunnel safety; the relationship between the color-rendering properties and human's eyes discriminating of road tunnel lighting is reflected through seeing and feeling models; the modeling through the analysis on the influencing relationship of ventilation and illumination capacity over traffic safety is carried out to find the balance point between ventilation and lighting.
Based on this, the model is validated with target function in light of projects to achieve the most energy-saving balance point preconditioned by the guaranty of traffic safety.
本文以沪蓉西科研项目《高速公路隧道(群)安全与节能综合技术研究子题二》为依托,研究公路隧道运营阶段通风照明与行车安全关系,由于隧道具有半封闭性,隧道内的烟尘不易消散,能见度差,而公路隧道照明系统可提高亮度,公路隧道通风系统可降低烟雾浓度,提高行车舒适度,照明和通风同时为行车安全服务,但它们的改善势必增加投入,因此安全与节能之间又存在着一定的矛盾。本文采用理论分析、模型验证的方法,分别对隧道交通事故类型、影响隧道行车安全因素进行分析,找出隧道安全存在的问题;通过视知觉模型来反映隧道照明的显色性与人眼识别的关系;根据通风量、照明量对行车安全的影响关系分析,进行建模,找到通风照明的平衡点等。
在此基础上,结合项目,利用目标函数对模型进行验证,得到在保证行车安全的前提下,最节能的通风照明平衡点。
Due to the fact that the tunnel may shorten space-time distance and save space, road tunnels are increasingly emerging in China and the safety problems unallowable to be ignored have been put into agenda. By the end of 2006, the road tunnels built in China has amounted to over 4,100. The number of road tunnels is increasing year after year and the enhancement of visibility gives the way to the improvement of traffic environment in tunnel as well as increases the safety index of tunnel traffic. Good ventilation and sound lighting act as the precondition for heightening tunnel visibility and the safeguard for road tunnel traffic.
Relying on the Crosshead of Comprehensive Technological Research on Safety and Energy Saving of Expressway Tunnel (Group) in the Hu-Rong-Xi scientific research project, the study is made in this article on the relationship between lighting and traffic safety of road tunnel in operation stage. Due to the feature of half closure, much smoke and dirt exist in tunnel and have little way to dissipate while the road tunnel ventilation may reduce the density of smog and increase traffic easiness, lighting and ventilation both serve for traffic safety. But, their improvements will increase cost. Therefore, safety and energy saving is antinomy again. With the methods of theoretic analysis and model validation, analysis is made in this article on the types of tunnel traffic accidents and the factors influencing tunnel traffic respectively to dig out the problems in tunnel safety; the relationship between the color-rendering properties and human's eyes discriminating of road tunnel lighting is reflected through seeing and feeling models; the modeling through the analysis on the influencing relationship of ventilation and illumination capacity over traffic safety is carried out to find the balance point between ventilation and lighting.
Based on this, the model is validated with target function in light of projects to achieve the most energy-saving balance point preconditioned by the guaranty of traffic safety.
引文
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[2]法国高速铁路防灾安全监控系统简介.中国铁道网,http://www.railcn.net/international-railway/technology/1381.html
[3]Terence M.Dodge,姚润明译.英吉利海峡隧道的通风.ASHRAE Journal,1993,10
[4]金文良.台湾北宜高速公路雪山隧道避难联络通道设置间距研究[J].公路隧道,2007,3:26-36
[5]莫文卿.成渝高速公路中梁山隧道和缙云山隧道的设计[J].世界隧道,1999,5:13-18
[6]通风防火:长大公路隧道两大课题.中国交通报,2007,7,4
[7]徐友春等.一种机器视觉导航的智能车辆转向控制模型设计[J].中国公路学报,2001(14):96-100
[8]李明华.视觉视野——对行车安全的影响[J].驾驶天地:52-55
[9]王永宏.隧道与火灾.消防技术与产品信息[J],2004,10:10-14
[10]吴呈强.高速公路隧道安全管理与二次事故预防探析[J].大众科技,2006,1:100-101
[11]寇学智.路面障碍对行车安全的影响分析[J].公路与汽运,2003,2:23-25
[12]刘功祥,张淑娟.浅析路面状况与行车安全[J].山西建筑,2007(29):168-169
[13]杨轸,郭忠印.隧道路面抗滑性能测定及其对行车安全影响分析[J].重庆交通学院学报,2006(25):38-42
[14]裴玉龙,马骥.道路交通事故道路条件成因分析及预防对策研究[J].中国公路学报,2003(16):77-82
[15]刘伟,衷学勘.欧洲公路隧道营运安全技术的启示[J].现代隧道技术,2002,2:5—10
[16]国家安全生产监督管理总局.贯彻执行《AQ3003—2005》《AQ3004—2005》[EB/OL].
[17]周胤德,张世忠,忻元发.从近年国内外之重大公路长隧道事故探讨隧道营运管理安全设施策略[J].台湾公路工程,2004,30(7):2-13
[18]姜学鹏,徐志胜.危险品车辆通行公路隧道的风险控制[J].灾害学,2007,6(2):41-45
[19]王超,刘成.公路隧道交通事故发生机理及预防对策[J].山东交通科技,2006,3:6-9
[20]俞宇萍,徐忠阳.隧道洞口交通安全影响因素分析与对策[J].交通标准化,2006,4:104-108
[21]宋瑞金等.人体对机动车废气污染物暴露水平的研究[J].环境与健康杂志,1998(15):196-199
[22]邓顺熙,成平,朱唯.用隧道确定高速公路汽车 CO、HC 和 NOx 排放因子[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(2):32-35
[23]IARC.IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans[J].Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes.Vo1.46,Lyon:1ARC,1989:41-153
[24]浙江省交通设计院.公路隧道设计规范(JTJ026-90)条文说明[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1991
[25]中华人民共和国交通部.公路隧道通风照明设计规范(JTJ026.1-1999)[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2001
[26]王贺武,刘浩学等.隧道内路面坡度和车速对车辆烟雾排放量影响的研究[J].公路交通科技,2003(10):152-154
[27]王贺武,刘浩学.柴油车烟雾排放量测试新方法[J].交通运输工程学报,2002(4):43-46
[28]夏永旭,王永东,邓念兵,赵峰.公路隧道安全等级研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006,3(6)
[29]邓顺熙,成平.纵向通风隧道内空气污染物浓度及通风量的计算[J].中国公路学报,2002(15):86-88
[30]JOHN H SE IN FELD.A tmo spheric chem istry and physics of air pollution[M].New York:John W iley&Sons,1986:521—535.
[31]STA EHL IN J ,SCHLAPFER K, et al Em ission factors from road traffic from a tunnel study. part I concept and first result[J].Sci To tal Environ,1995,169(1):141—147.
[32]CHANG T Y,MODZEL EEW SKISW,NORBECK JM,et al Tunnel air quality and vehicle em ission[J].A tmo s Environ,1981,15(6):1011—1016.
[33]戴国平等.二郎山公路隧道火灾通风对策[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2002(6),42-45
[34]DENG Nianbing.Research on countermeasure of fireproofing and rescue for long highway tunnel [D].Xi’an;Chang’an University,2003
[35]Danzier NH, Kennedy WD. Longitudinal ventilation analysis for the Glenwood canyon tunnels[J]. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 1982:169-86
[36]李毅.隧道安全消防探讨.中国消防人网站(http://www.fireren.com)
[37]徐琳,张旭.水平隧道火灾通风纵向控制风速的合理确定[J].中国公路学报,2007,2(20):92-96
[38]PIARC.公路隧道内火灾和烟雾控制的系统和装备.2007
[39]张祉道.公路隧道的火灾事故通风[J].现代隧道技术2003,40(1):34一43
[40]RHODE,N.烟雾类型[C].隧道中烟雾和极限速度研讨会论文集 Independent Technical Conferences Ltd.,1996
[41]世界道路协会隧道会议.公路隧道火灾与烟雾控制.1999(ref.05.05.B).
[42]韩直.公路隧道智能控制的现状与发展[J].交通世界,2003,2:36-38
[43]徐琳,张旭.水平隧道临界风速研究[J].中国论文下载中心,2006,1
[44]陶文铨.计算流体力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991
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