榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断与运行维护专家系统的研发
|
摘要
运行实践表明,受各种因素的影响,废水处理厂难以保持长期稳定的运行效果。由于受经济、技术发展水平的限制,榨菜废水处理厂缺乏专业技术人才,其运行管理人员专业知识不足,操作水平较低,难以应对废水处理过程中的突发事件。为了丰富榨菜废水处理厂运行管理人员的专业知识,及时解决运行过程中发生的故障,保证废水处理厂正常运行,研究开发了一个集故障诊断和运行管理培训于一体的专家系统。
论文通过对系统的需求分析,确定了榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断专家系统的总体结构及所需的功能模块,并根据榨菜废水处理工艺的特点将故障诊断分为工艺过程故障诊断和设备运行故障诊断;采用人工知识获取的方式,通过理论研究、现场试验以及与领域专家反复交流等途径,获得故障诊断及运行、维护知识;采用故障树法进行诊断建模,使故障诊断知识因果关系条理清晰、直观易懂;采用产生式表示法作为知识表示方法,将故障诊断知识以规则的形式存入知识库;知识库及综合数据库的设计应用关系数据库技术,对故障诊断知识建立了诊断知识的事实、规则二维表,实现了知识库与推理机的分离,易于实现对知识库的删除和扩展;采用正向推理机制,搜索策略采用宽度优先搜索与深度优先搜索结合的方式,通过在构建知识库中设立优先级来实现冲突消解。最后,在Eclipse开发平台下,采用MySQL开发工具构建数据库,使用Java程序设计语言,完成了重庆涪陵某榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断专家系统故障诊断模块、知识扩展模块、知识删除模块、运行维护模块及帮助模块的开发与实现。
本文所开发榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断专家系统具有较高的诊断性能,而且易于操作,维护方便,能够应用于实际工程,开发过程中所使用的各种技术和方法为故障诊断技术在小型污水处理厂的应用提供了借鉴和参考,具有重要的指导意义。
The Operation practice shows that wastewater treatment plant is hard to maintain a long-term and stable running effect during to various factors.Bu by the restrictions of economic and technological development level,the pickle wastewater treatment plant lacks of professional technical personnel,and its operation-management’s professional knowledge is insufficient,operant level is low,so they are hard to cope with the incident occurred in wastewater treatment process.In order to enrich the pickle wastewater treatment plant operation-management's professional knowledge,solve faults occurred in the operation process timely, and ensure the normal operation of wastewater treatment plants, studied and developed a set of expert system which can realize fault diagnosis and operation management training.
The article determines overall structure and function modules of the pickle wastewater treatment plant fault diagnosis expert system according to the characteristics of pickle wastewater treatment process,it divides the fault diagnosis into technical process fault diagnosis and equipment running fault diagnosis;it obtains fault diagnosis and training knowledge by using artificial knowledge acquisition ways,and through the way such as theoretical research,field experiments,and communicating with domain experts repeatedly;it makes diagnosis knowledge causality clear and straightforward by using the fault tree method; it chooses produce type representation as knowledge representation method,and makes diagnosis knowledge in the form of rules deposited in the knowledge base;the design of the knowledge base and comprehensive database applies the relational database technology,it establishes the fact bivariatetable and the regular bivariatetable of the diagnosis knowledge,realized the separation of knowledge base and reasoning machine,and makes it easy to implement delete and expand knowledge of knowledge base; it adopts the forward reasoning mechanism,and search strategy adopts width first search and depth first search combining ways,which establishes the priority to achieve conflict resolution through in constructing knowledge base.At last,in Eclipse development flat,it adopts MySQL development tools to build database uses Java programming language,and completes fault diagnosis module,knowledge extension module,knowledge delete module,training module and help module's development and implementation of the pickle wastewater treatment plant fault diagnosis expert system in Chongqing Fuling.
The pickle wastewater treatment plants fault diagnosis expert system has high diagnosis performance, and easy to use and maintain , so it can be practically applied in practice,and the techniques and methods which are used during the development process provide references and consultation for fault diagnosis technology using in diminutive waste water treatment plants and have important instruction meaning.
论文通过对系统的需求分析,确定了榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断专家系统的总体结构及所需的功能模块,并根据榨菜废水处理工艺的特点将故障诊断分为工艺过程故障诊断和设备运行故障诊断;采用人工知识获取的方式,通过理论研究、现场试验以及与领域专家反复交流等途径,获得故障诊断及运行、维护知识;采用故障树法进行诊断建模,使故障诊断知识因果关系条理清晰、直观易懂;采用产生式表示法作为知识表示方法,将故障诊断知识以规则的形式存入知识库;知识库及综合数据库的设计应用关系数据库技术,对故障诊断知识建立了诊断知识的事实、规则二维表,实现了知识库与推理机的分离,易于实现对知识库的删除和扩展;采用正向推理机制,搜索策略采用宽度优先搜索与深度优先搜索结合的方式,通过在构建知识库中设立优先级来实现冲突消解。最后,在Eclipse开发平台下,采用MySQL开发工具构建数据库,使用Java程序设计语言,完成了重庆涪陵某榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断专家系统故障诊断模块、知识扩展模块、知识删除模块、运行维护模块及帮助模块的开发与实现。
本文所开发榨菜废水处理厂故障诊断专家系统具有较高的诊断性能,而且易于操作,维护方便,能够应用于实际工程,开发过程中所使用的各种技术和方法为故障诊断技术在小型污水处理厂的应用提供了借鉴和参考,具有重要的指导意义。
The Operation practice shows that wastewater treatment plant is hard to maintain a long-term and stable running effect during to various factors.Bu by the restrictions of economic and technological development level,the pickle wastewater treatment plant lacks of professional technical personnel,and its operation-management’s professional knowledge is insufficient,operant level is low,so they are hard to cope with the incident occurred in wastewater treatment process.In order to enrich the pickle wastewater treatment plant operation-management's professional knowledge,solve faults occurred in the operation process timely, and ensure the normal operation of wastewater treatment plants, studied and developed a set of expert system which can realize fault diagnosis and operation management training.
The article determines overall structure and function modules of the pickle wastewater treatment plant fault diagnosis expert system according to the characteristics of pickle wastewater treatment process,it divides the fault diagnosis into technical process fault diagnosis and equipment running fault diagnosis;it obtains fault diagnosis and training knowledge by using artificial knowledge acquisition ways,and through the way such as theoretical research,field experiments,and communicating with domain experts repeatedly;it makes diagnosis knowledge causality clear and straightforward by using the fault tree method; it chooses produce type representation as knowledge representation method,and makes diagnosis knowledge in the form of rules deposited in the knowledge base;the design of the knowledge base and comprehensive database applies the relational database technology,it establishes the fact bivariatetable and the regular bivariatetable of the diagnosis knowledge,realized the separation of knowledge base and reasoning machine,and makes it easy to implement delete and expand knowledge of knowledge base; it adopts the forward reasoning mechanism,and search strategy adopts width first search and depth first search combining ways,which establishes the priority to achieve conflict resolution through in constructing knowledge base.At last,in Eclipse development flat,it adopts MySQL development tools to build database uses Java programming language,and completes fault diagnosis module,knowledge extension module,knowledge delete module,training module and help module's development and implementation of the pickle wastewater treatment plant fault diagnosis expert system in Chongqing Fuling.
The pickle wastewater treatment plants fault diagnosis expert system has high diagnosis performance, and easy to use and maintain , so it can be practically applied in practice,and the techniques and methods which are used during the development process provide references and consultation for fault diagnosis technology using in diminutive waste water treatment plants and have important instruction meaning.
引文
[1]沈庆根,郑水英.设备故障诊断[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[2]黄文虎,夏松波,刘瑞岩.设备故障诊断原理、技术及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[3] Frank, P.M. Fault diagnosis in dynamic systems using analytical and knowledge-based redundancy-a survey and some new results [J]. Automatica, 1990,26(3):459-474.
[4]何敏,张志利,刘辉等.故障诊断技术方法综述[J].国外电子测量技术.2006, Vol.25, No.5.
[5] Iserman R. Fault diagnosis of machines via parameter estimation and knowledge processing—tutorial paper [J]. Automatica, 1993, 29(4):815-835.
[6] Yu D. Fault diagnosis for a hydraulic drive system using a parameter-estimation method [J].Control Engineering Practice, 1997,5(9):1283-1291.
[7] Garcia E A, Han Z, Frank P M. FDI based on parameter and output estimation: An integrated approach[C]∥Submitted to European Control Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1999.
[8] Hofling T, Isermann R. Adaptive parity equations and advanced parameter estimation for fault detection and diagnosis[C]∥Proc of IFAC World Congress, San Francisco, USA, 1996:55-60.
[9]胡昌华,许化龙.控制系统故障诊断与容错技术的分析和设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2000.
[10]谢红卫,汪浩,苏建志.数据融合技术[J].系统工程与电子技术.1992:40-49.
[11]叶昊,王桂增,方崇智.小波变换在故障检测中的应用[J].自动化学报,1997,23(6):736-741.
[12]王宏力,候青剑.故障诊断方法现状与展望[J].传感器与微系统,2008,27(5):1-4.
[13]王荣杰,胡清.基于知识的故障诊断方法的发展现状与展望[J].微计算机信息,2006,22(3-1):218-220.
[14] Lattasch, M.; Koppen-Seliger, B. Application of neural networks to technical diagnosis[J]. Automatisierungstechnische Praxis, 1997, 39(8): 53-6, 58-60.
[15] KoppenSeliger, B; Frank, PM. Fault detection and isolation in technical processes with neural networks [J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 34TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, 1995:2414-2419.
[16]王士同.模糊推理理论与模糊专家系统[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1995.
[17]王道平,张义忠.故障智能诊断系统的理论与方法[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[18]尹朝庆,尹皓.人工智能与专家系统[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[19]王万森.人工智能原理及其应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[20] A,Rafea,H.Hassen,M.Hazman. Automatic Knowledge Acquisition Tool for Irrigation and Fertilization Expert Systems[J]. Expert Systems with Applications.2003, 24(1):49-57.
[21] W.Kwok,K.Haghighi. A Fuzzy logic Knowledge-based Approach for Finite Element Mesh Generation and Analysis. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering.2005, 5(4):317-329.
[22]武波,马玉祥.专家系统(第二版)[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2001.
[23]蔡自兴,龚涛等.高级专家系统:原理、设计及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[24]时圣革,常文兵等.故障诊断专家系统及发展趋势[J].机械工程师,2006, 11:26-28.
[25]郑小军,杨叔子等.设备诊断专家系统的层次诊断模型[J].华中工学院学报,1987,Vol.15,No.2.
[26]周堤基,曹兰斌等。军械装备故障诊断专家系统JXES的研究与设计[J].计算机研究与发展, 1991.No.5:46-51.
[27]吴明强,史慧等.故障诊断专家系统研究的现状与展望[J].计算机测量与控制,2005.13(12):1301-1304.
[28]胡峰,孙国基.过程监控与容错处理的现状及展望[J].测控技术, 1999,Vol.18,No.12.
[29] Y.P.Tsai. Effluent suspended solid control of activated sludge process by fuzzy control approach [J]. Water Environment Research.1996, 68(6):1045-1053.
[30] M.W.Barnett. Expert systems for anaerobic digestion process operation [J]. ASCE, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1992,118 (6):949-963.
[31] Chong, H.G.; Walley, W.J. Rule-based versus probabilistic approaches to the diagnosis of faults in wastewater treatment processes [J] Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, 1996,10(3) :265-273.
[32] M. J. Fuente; P. Vega. Neural networks applied to fault detection of a biotechnological process [J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 1999 ,12(5): 569-584.
[33] E.F.Carrasco, J.Rodríguez, A.Punal, et al. Rule-based diagnosis and supervision of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy logic techniques[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2002,22:11-20.
[34] A.Punal. An expert system for monitoring and diagnosis of anaerobic wastewater treatment plants [J]. Water Research, 2002(36):2656-2666.
[35] J.Comas, I.Rodríguez-Roda, M.Sànchez-Marrè, et al. A knowledge-based approach to the deflocculation problem: integrating on-line, off-line, and heuristic information [J]. Water Research, 2003, 37:2377-2387.
[36] E.F.Carrasco,J.Rodriguez, A.Punal, et al. Rule-based diagnosis and supervision of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy logic techniques [J]. Expert System with Applications. 2002, 22:11-20.
[37] E.F.Carrasco, J.Rodriguez, A.Punal, et al. Diagnosis of acidification states in an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant using a fuzzy-based expert system [J].Control Engineering Practice.2004, 12:59-64.
[38] Lardon, L.; Steyer, J.P. Advances in diagnosis of biological anaerobic wastewater treatment plants[J].Selected Topics in Dynamics and Control of Chemical and Biological Processes.2007.
[39]施汉昌,王玉珏.污水处理厂故障诊断专家系统[J].给水排水, 2001,27(8):88-90.
[40]郑上闽,孙进生.污水处理工艺系统的故障诊断专家系统[J].河北理工学院学报,2001, 23 (3):42-47.
[41]李振宇,杨昌柱等.污水生物处理故障诊断专家咨询系统[J].化学与生物工程,2005,No.3:39-41.
[42]文敏.SVM-FuzzyES技术在污水处理工艺故障诊断中的应用[D].重庆大学,硕士论文,2006.
[43]赵贤慧.生物接触氧化法及其进展.工业安全与环保[J],2010,36(9):26-28.
[44]许泽美.生物膜法在市政污水处理中的应用前景.中国给水排水[J],1999,Vol.15,No.8.
[45]严煦世,范谨初.给水工程(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[46]张自杰,林荣忱,金儒霖.排水工程(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[47]李东伟,尹光志.废水厌氧处理技术原理及应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006.
[48]赵引峰,王云霞.罗茨式鼓风机常见急切故障分析及处理[J].煤矿机械,2010,12:61-62.
[49]卢军民,刘照,荀杰.离心泵常见故障的诊断[M]. 2007,Vol.28,No.16.
[50]朱继洲.故障树原理和应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社. 1998.
[51] Guus Schreiher.知识工程和知识管理[M].北京:机械工业出版社. 2003.
[52]刘素娇.异界闻此逻辑在人工智能中的应用[D].河南大学,硕士论文,2004.
[53]徐洁磐,马玉书,范明.知识库系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[54] David, Jean-Marc. Second Generation Expert System[M]. Berlin: Springer Verlag,1993.
[55]付炜.基于框架网络结构的专家知识表示方法研究[J].计算机应用,2002(1):3-6.
[56]杜晓明,赵强,刘林等.面向对象的知识表达模型研究[J].计算机工程,1996, 22 (3): 16~20.
[57]吴鹤龄.专家系统工具CLIPS及其应用[M ].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1991.
[58]罗锦,孟晨,苏振中.基于关系数据库的故障诊断专家系统设计[J].电测与仪表,2002,Vol.39,No。439.
[59]许云,樊孝忠.在专家系统中利用关系数据库来表达知识[J].计算机工程与应用,2001:91-93.
[60] Partrick O'Neil, Elizabeth O'Neil. Database(英文版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社. 2001年.
[61]陈兆乾,李红兵,陈世福.一个面向对象的推理机OOIE的设计与实现[J].计算机研究与发展,1997.34(3).
[62]黄丽华,刘风琴.基于面向对象思想的通用、高效推理机制[J].河北农业大学学报,1997,20(4).
[63] Smith.D.E. Controlling Backward Inference.AI,Vol.39,No.2,1989.
[64] Sood.A.K.Engineer Fault Analysis:part1, IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics,Vol.32,No.4,1985.
[65]关惠玲,韩捷.设备故障诊断专家系统原理及实践[M].北京:机械工业出版社[M],2000.
[66]冯博琴.实用专家系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1992.
[67]张文星等.专家系统原理与设计[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1993 .
[2]黄文虎,夏松波,刘瑞岩.设备故障诊断原理、技术及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[3] Frank, P.M. Fault diagnosis in dynamic systems using analytical and knowledge-based redundancy-a survey and some new results [J]. Automatica, 1990,26(3):459-474.
[4]何敏,张志利,刘辉等.故障诊断技术方法综述[J].国外电子测量技术.2006, Vol.25, No.5.
[5] Iserman R. Fault diagnosis of machines via parameter estimation and knowledge processing—tutorial paper [J]. Automatica, 1993, 29(4):815-835.
[6] Yu D. Fault diagnosis for a hydraulic drive system using a parameter-estimation method [J].Control Engineering Practice, 1997,5(9):1283-1291.
[7] Garcia E A, Han Z, Frank P M. FDI based on parameter and output estimation: An integrated approach[C]∥Submitted to European Control Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1999.
[8] Hofling T, Isermann R. Adaptive parity equations and advanced parameter estimation for fault detection and diagnosis[C]∥Proc of IFAC World Congress, San Francisco, USA, 1996:55-60.
[9]胡昌华,许化龙.控制系统故障诊断与容错技术的分析和设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2000.
[10]谢红卫,汪浩,苏建志.数据融合技术[J].系统工程与电子技术.1992:40-49.
[11]叶昊,王桂增,方崇智.小波变换在故障检测中的应用[J].自动化学报,1997,23(6):736-741.
[12]王宏力,候青剑.故障诊断方法现状与展望[J].传感器与微系统,2008,27(5):1-4.
[13]王荣杰,胡清.基于知识的故障诊断方法的发展现状与展望[J].微计算机信息,2006,22(3-1):218-220.
[14] Lattasch, M.; Koppen-Seliger, B. Application of neural networks to technical diagnosis[J]. Automatisierungstechnische Praxis, 1997, 39(8): 53-6, 58-60.
[15] KoppenSeliger, B; Frank, PM. Fault detection and isolation in technical processes with neural networks [J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 34TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, 1995:2414-2419.
[16]王士同.模糊推理理论与模糊专家系统[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1995.
[17]王道平,张义忠.故障智能诊断系统的理论与方法[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[18]尹朝庆,尹皓.人工智能与专家系统[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[19]王万森.人工智能原理及其应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[20] A,Rafea,H.Hassen,M.Hazman. Automatic Knowledge Acquisition Tool for Irrigation and Fertilization Expert Systems[J]. Expert Systems with Applications.2003, 24(1):49-57.
[21] W.Kwok,K.Haghighi. A Fuzzy logic Knowledge-based Approach for Finite Element Mesh Generation and Analysis. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering.2005, 5(4):317-329.
[22]武波,马玉祥.专家系统(第二版)[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2001.
[23]蔡自兴,龚涛等.高级专家系统:原理、设计及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[24]时圣革,常文兵等.故障诊断专家系统及发展趋势[J].机械工程师,2006, 11:26-28.
[25]郑小军,杨叔子等.设备诊断专家系统的层次诊断模型[J].华中工学院学报,1987,Vol.15,No.2.
[26]周堤基,曹兰斌等。军械装备故障诊断专家系统JXES的研究与设计[J].计算机研究与发展, 1991.No.5:46-51.
[27]吴明强,史慧等.故障诊断专家系统研究的现状与展望[J].计算机测量与控制,2005.13(12):1301-1304.
[28]胡峰,孙国基.过程监控与容错处理的现状及展望[J].测控技术, 1999,Vol.18,No.12.
[29] Y.P.Tsai. Effluent suspended solid control of activated sludge process by fuzzy control approach [J]. Water Environment Research.1996, 68(6):1045-1053.
[30] M.W.Barnett. Expert systems for anaerobic digestion process operation [J]. ASCE, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1992,118 (6):949-963.
[31] Chong, H.G.; Walley, W.J. Rule-based versus probabilistic approaches to the diagnosis of faults in wastewater treatment processes [J] Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, 1996,10(3) :265-273.
[32] M. J. Fuente; P. Vega. Neural networks applied to fault detection of a biotechnological process [J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 1999 ,12(5): 569-584.
[33] E.F.Carrasco, J.Rodríguez, A.Punal, et al. Rule-based diagnosis and supervision of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy logic techniques[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2002,22:11-20.
[34] A.Punal. An expert system for monitoring and diagnosis of anaerobic wastewater treatment plants [J]. Water Research, 2002(36):2656-2666.
[35] J.Comas, I.Rodríguez-Roda, M.Sànchez-Marrè, et al. A knowledge-based approach to the deflocculation problem: integrating on-line, off-line, and heuristic information [J]. Water Research, 2003, 37:2377-2387.
[36] E.F.Carrasco,J.Rodriguez, A.Punal, et al. Rule-based diagnosis and supervision of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy logic techniques [J]. Expert System with Applications. 2002, 22:11-20.
[37] E.F.Carrasco, J.Rodriguez, A.Punal, et al. Diagnosis of acidification states in an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant using a fuzzy-based expert system [J].Control Engineering Practice.2004, 12:59-64.
[38] Lardon, L.; Steyer, J.P. Advances in diagnosis of biological anaerobic wastewater treatment plants[J].Selected Topics in Dynamics and Control of Chemical and Biological Processes.2007.
[39]施汉昌,王玉珏.污水处理厂故障诊断专家系统[J].给水排水, 2001,27(8):88-90.
[40]郑上闽,孙进生.污水处理工艺系统的故障诊断专家系统[J].河北理工学院学报,2001, 23 (3):42-47.
[41]李振宇,杨昌柱等.污水生物处理故障诊断专家咨询系统[J].化学与生物工程,2005,No.3:39-41.
[42]文敏.SVM-FuzzyES技术在污水处理工艺故障诊断中的应用[D].重庆大学,硕士论文,2006.
[43]赵贤慧.生物接触氧化法及其进展.工业安全与环保[J],2010,36(9):26-28.
[44]许泽美.生物膜法在市政污水处理中的应用前景.中国给水排水[J],1999,Vol.15,No.8.
[45]严煦世,范谨初.给水工程(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[46]张自杰,林荣忱,金儒霖.排水工程(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[47]李东伟,尹光志.废水厌氧处理技术原理及应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006.
[48]赵引峰,王云霞.罗茨式鼓风机常见急切故障分析及处理[J].煤矿机械,2010,12:61-62.
[49]卢军民,刘照,荀杰.离心泵常见故障的诊断[M]. 2007,Vol.28,No.16.
[50]朱继洲.故障树原理和应用[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社. 1998.
[51] Guus Schreiher.知识工程和知识管理[M].北京:机械工业出版社. 2003.
[52]刘素娇.异界闻此逻辑在人工智能中的应用[D].河南大学,硕士论文,2004.
[53]徐洁磐,马玉书,范明.知识库系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[54] David, Jean-Marc. Second Generation Expert System[M]. Berlin: Springer Verlag,1993.
[55]付炜.基于框架网络结构的专家知识表示方法研究[J].计算机应用,2002(1):3-6.
[56]杜晓明,赵强,刘林等.面向对象的知识表达模型研究[J].计算机工程,1996, 22 (3): 16~20.
[57]吴鹤龄.专家系统工具CLIPS及其应用[M ].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1991.
[58]罗锦,孟晨,苏振中.基于关系数据库的故障诊断专家系统设计[J].电测与仪表,2002,Vol.39,No。439.
[59]许云,樊孝忠.在专家系统中利用关系数据库来表达知识[J].计算机工程与应用,2001:91-93.
[60] Partrick O'Neil, Elizabeth O'Neil. Database(英文版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社. 2001年.
[61]陈兆乾,李红兵,陈世福.一个面向对象的推理机OOIE的设计与实现[J].计算机研究与发展,1997.34(3).
[62]黄丽华,刘风琴.基于面向对象思想的通用、高效推理机制[J].河北农业大学学报,1997,20(4).
[63] Smith.D.E. Controlling Backward Inference.AI,Vol.39,No.2,1989.
[64] Sood.A.K.Engineer Fault Analysis:part1, IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics,Vol.32,No.4,1985.
[65]关惠玲,韩捷.设备故障诊断专家系统原理及实践[M].北京:机械工业出版社[M],2000.
[66]冯博琴.实用专家系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1992.
[67]张文星等.专家系统原理与设计[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1993 .