冯家山水库水沙调控研究
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摘要
在我国干旱半干旱的西北地区，水库调蓄是该地区水资源控制利用的一种最重要的
形式。在多沙河流的水库进行水沙调控是保持水库库容的重要措施。冯家山水库是陕西
省一座以农业灌溉为主，兼有防洪、发电、养殖、向宝鸡第二发电厂和宝鸡市供应生产
用水及生活用水等综合利用的大型水利工程，水库总库容 3.89 亿 m3，灌溉面积 9.07 万
hm2。
通过多年来对千河冯家山水库的排沙观测及试验研究表明，异重流排沙是多沙河流
上水库排沙减淤的一种重要方式。利用异重流及蓄洪排沙可以减缓水库淤积，提高排沙
效率，延长水库的使用年限。
利用千河千阳水文站 1957～1993 年的水沙资料及冯家山水库的运用方式，建立了
冯家山水库淤积数学模型，在数学模型验证的基础上，得到了冯家山水库到 2043 年时
的淤积过程、淤积总量及分布。其中水库将淤积 1.71 亿 m3，推移质淤积占 0.259 亿 m3，
悬移质淤积占 1.45 亿 m3；有效库容由 2.86 亿 m3损失到 1.43 亿 m3，死库容由 0.91 亿
m3 损失到 0.33 亿 m3，从而导致冯家山水库调节能力降低。
通过修建局部坝前水库，进行了冯家山水库排沙试验模拟研究，观察了异重流在水
库模型中的掺混过程及浑水水库的形成过程，并定性地得到了坝前含沙量垂线分布和输
水洞引水中的最大含沙量。
在数学模型计算得到水位～库容关系的基础上，对不同频率的入库洪水进行了不同
淤积年限库容的调洪计算。计算和模型试验结果均表明：对于 2043 年时的水库淤积地
形，2 年一遇的洪水和 5 年一遇的洪水，输水洞引水为清水，对宝鸡市城市供水和宝鸡
第二发电厂生产用水的水质（水中的泥沙限制含量小于 5.0 kg/m3）没有影响；在 2023
年以前的水库淤积地形上，遇到 10 年一遇的入库洪水时，输水洞引水中的泥沙含量小
于水中的泥沙限制含量小于 5.0 kg/m3，可以满足宝鸡市城市供水和宝鸡第二发电厂生
产用水的水质要求。在 1993 年淤积地形上，遇到 20 年一遇的入库洪水和 50 年一遇的
入库洪水时，宝鸡市城市供水和宝鸡第二发电厂生产用水的水质要求已经破坏。
在保证供水水质（水中的泥沙限制含量小于 5.0 kg/m3）的条件下，得到了到 2030
年时，各个需水部门的供水调度结果。每年向宝鸡市供水 6000 万 m3，向宝鸡第二发电
厂供水 4000 万 m3 ，供水保证率为 97.3% , 满足设计标准 97%的要求；农业灌溉用水
14910 m3，供水保证率为 59.5%，超过了保证率为 50%设计要求；向羊毛湾水库供水 3000
万 m3，供水保证率为 62.2%。
In the dried and semi-dried northwest region of China, water that restored in reservoir is
the most important method of water resource utilization. The most important measure to keep
the storage of reservoirs is adjusting water and sediments in the reservoir that located on the
Yellow River. Fengjiashan Reservoir is a large hydraulic engineering that have 389 million m3
total reservoir capacity and irrigates 90.7 thousands hm2, it’s tasks are: irrigating agricultural
fields, generating electricity, raising fishes, supplying water to Baoji City for life utilization
and Baoji Second generating electricity plant for industry production utilization.
With the measurements and model tests for many years of Fengjaishan Reservoir, the
sediment management models have been worked out: The discharging sediment with density
current is an important mode to discharge sediment for deposition reduction as well. The
deposition of reservoir can be reduced by means of density current to sluice sediment and
save water, it could increase the efficiency of sluicing sediment and prolong the life of the
reservoir.
This paper utilizes water and sediment data which collected from Qianyang hydrologic
station from 1957~1993 and the administrated model of Fengjaishan Reservoir, the author
construct a mathematic model of reservoir deposition. Based on the check of the model, the
author research on the process, quantities, and distribution of the deposition in 2043 in the
future. Total deposition in the reservoir is 171 millions m3, bed material is 25.85 millions m3,
suspending sediment is 145 millions m3, Effective storage will decrease from 286 millions m3
to 143 millions m3, died storage will decrease from 91 millions m3 to 33 millions m3. It will
lead to the decrease of coefficient of the reservoir and reduce the capability of adjustment
greatly.
Meanwhile the author built a partial reservoir model to study the sediment deposition of
the reservoir and sediment flushing with density current .The blending process of the density
of current and the forming process of the turbid water reservoir are observed through building
the reservoir before dam, the vertical distribution of sediment before the dam and the
maximum suspending are obtained in the experiment.
Based on the relation between level and capacity that obtained from mathematic
calculation model, calculated routing of flood between different frequency and different
capacity. The concrete results what obtained form calculation and experiment are: water
supply of Fengjisshan Reservoir in 2043 year is clean under the condition of the discharge
below reservoir inflow 560m3/s, quality of water supply is satisfied by Baoji City for life
utilization and Baoji Second generating electricity plant for industry production utilization;
water supply of Fengjisshan Reservoir in 2023 year is useful because sediment content is
lower than 5kg/m3 under the condition of the discharge below reservoir inflow 1040 m3/s,
quality of water supply is satisfied by Baoji City for life utilization and Baoji Second
generating electricity plant for industry production utilization; water supply of Fengjisshan
Reservoir in 1993 is useless completely because sediment content is bigger than 5kg/m3 under
the condition of the discharge surpasses reservoir inflow 1650 m3/s, quality of water supply is
not satisfied by Baoji City for life utilization and Baoji Second generating electricity plant for
industry production utilization.
Allocation of supply water in 2030 year for different units was obtained to satisfy by
water supply quality that is lower than 5kg/m3. The concrete results are: the quantity of water
supply to Baoji City is 60 millions m3; the quantity of water supply to electric plant is 40
millions m3, the percentage of water supply is 97.3%, satisfied the demand of the designed
standard-- 97%; average agriculture irrigation is 149.1 millions m3, percentage of water
supply is 59.5%, surpassing designed standard--50%, water supply to Yangmao
形式。在多沙河流的水库进行水沙调控是保持水库库容的重要措施。冯家山水库是陕西
省一座以农业灌溉为主，兼有防洪、发电、养殖、向宝鸡第二发电厂和宝鸡市供应生产
用水及生活用水等综合利用的大型水利工程，水库总库容 3.89 亿 m3，灌溉面积 9.07 万
hm2。
通过多年来对千河冯家山水库的排沙观测及试验研究表明，异重流排沙是多沙河流
上水库排沙减淤的一种重要方式。利用异重流及蓄洪排沙可以减缓水库淤积，提高排沙
效率，延长水库的使用年限。
利用千河千阳水文站 1957～1993 年的水沙资料及冯家山水库的运用方式，建立了
冯家山水库淤积数学模型，在数学模型验证的基础上，得到了冯家山水库到 2043 年时
的淤积过程、淤积总量及分布。其中水库将淤积 1.71 亿 m3，推移质淤积占 0.259 亿 m3，
悬移质淤积占 1.45 亿 m3；有效库容由 2.86 亿 m3损失到 1.43 亿 m3，死库容由 0.91 亿
m3 损失到 0.33 亿 m3，从而导致冯家山水库调节能力降低。
通过修建局部坝前水库，进行了冯家山水库排沙试验模拟研究，观察了异重流在水
库模型中的掺混过程及浑水水库的形成过程，并定性地得到了坝前含沙量垂线分布和输
水洞引水中的最大含沙量。
在数学模型计算得到水位～库容关系的基础上，对不同频率的入库洪水进行了不同
淤积年限库容的调洪计算。计算和模型试验结果均表明：对于 2043 年时的水库淤积地
形，2 年一遇的洪水和 5 年一遇的洪水，输水洞引水为清水，对宝鸡市城市供水和宝鸡
第二发电厂生产用水的水质（水中的泥沙限制含量小于 5.0 kg/m3）没有影响；在 2023
年以前的水库淤积地形上，遇到 10 年一遇的入库洪水时，输水洞引水中的泥沙含量小
于水中的泥沙限制含量小于 5.0 kg/m3，可以满足宝鸡市城市供水和宝鸡第二发电厂生
产用水的水质要求。在 1993 年淤积地形上，遇到 20 年一遇的入库洪水和 50 年一遇的
入库洪水时，宝鸡市城市供水和宝鸡第二发电厂生产用水的水质要求已经破坏。
在保证供水水质（水中的泥沙限制含量小于 5.0 kg/m3）的条件下，得到了到 2030
年时，各个需水部门的供水调度结果。每年向宝鸡市供水 6000 万 m3，向宝鸡第二发电
厂供水 4000 万 m3 ，供水保证率为 97.3% , 满足设计标准 97%的要求；农业灌溉用水
14910 m3，供水保证率为 59.5%，超过了保证率为 50%设计要求；向羊毛湾水库供水 3000
万 m3，供水保证率为 62.2%。
In the dried and semi-dried northwest region of China, water that restored in reservoir is
the most important method of water resource utilization. The most important measure to keep
the storage of reservoirs is adjusting water and sediments in the reservoir that located on the
Yellow River. Fengjiashan Reservoir is a large hydraulic engineering that have 389 million m3
total reservoir capacity and irrigates 90.7 thousands hm2, it’s tasks are: irrigating agricultural
fields, generating electricity, raising fishes, supplying water to Baoji City for life utilization
and Baoji Second generating electricity plant for industry production utilization.
With the measurements and model tests for many years of Fengjaishan Reservoir, the
sediment management models have been worked out: The discharging sediment with density
current is an important mode to discharge sediment for deposition reduction as well. The
deposition of reservoir can be reduced by means of density current to sluice sediment and
save water, it could increase the efficiency of sluicing sediment and prolong the life of the
reservoir.
This paper utilizes water and sediment data which collected from Qianyang hydrologic
station from 1957~1993 and the administrated model of Fengjaishan Reservoir, the author
construct a mathematic model of reservoir deposition. Based on the check of the model, the
author research on the process, quantities, and distribution of the deposition in 2043 in the
future. Total deposition in the reservoir is 171 millions m3, bed material is 25.85 millions m3,
suspending sediment is 145 millions m3, Effective storage will decrease from 286 millions m3
to 143 millions m3, died storage will decrease from 91 millions m3 to 33 millions m3. It will
lead to the decrease of coefficient of the reservoir and reduce the capability of adjustment
greatly.
Meanwhile the author built a partial reservoir model to study the sediment deposition of
the reservoir and sediment flushing with density current .The blending process of the density
of current and the forming process of the turbid water reservoir are observed through building
the reservoir before dam, the vertical distribution of sediment before the dam and the
maximum suspending are obtained in the experiment.
Based on the relation between level and capacity that obtained from mathematic
calculation model, calculated routing of flood between different frequency and different
capacity. The concrete results what obtained form calculation and experiment are: water
supply of Fengjisshan Reservoir in 2043 year is clean under the condition of the discharge
below reservoir inflow 560m3/s, quality of water supply is satisfied by Baoji City for life
utilization and Baoji Second generating electricity plant for industry production utilization;
water supply of Fengjisshan Reservoir in 2023 year is useful because sediment content is
lower than 5kg/m3 under the condition of the discharge below reservoir inflow 1040 m3/s,
quality of water supply is satisfied by Baoji City for life utilization and Baoji Second
generating electricity plant for industry production utilization; water supply of Fengjisshan
Reservoir in 1993 is useless completely because sediment content is bigger than 5kg/m3 under
the condition of the discharge surpasses reservoir inflow 1650 m3/s, quality of water supply is
not satisfied by Baoji City for life utilization and Baoji Second generating electricity plant for
industry production utilization.
Allocation of supply water in 2030 year for different units was obtained to satisfy by
water supply quality that is lower than 5kg/m3. The concrete results are: the quantity of water
supply to Baoji City is 60 millions m3; the quantity of water supply to electric plant is 40
millions m3, the percentage of water supply is 97.3%, satisfied the demand of the designed
standard-- 97%; average agriculture irrigation is 149.1 millions m3, percentage of water
supply is 59.5%, surpassing designed standard--50%, water supply to Yangmao
引文
［１］李义天，孙昭华，邓金运， 黄颖．河流泥沙的资源化与开发利用［Ｊ］．科技导
报，２００２，（２），５７－６１．
［２］水利部西北水利科学研究所，水利水电科学研究院泥沙所，山西水利科学研究
所．中小型水库设计与管理中的泥沙问题［Ｍ］．北京：科学出版社，１９８３．２３５－
２３７．
［３］陕西省水利科学研究所，清华大学．水库泥沙［Ｍ］．北京：水利电力出版社，
１９７９．１－９．
［４］王兆印，林秉南．中国泥沙研究的几个问题［Ｊ］．泥沙研究，２００３，（４），７３－
８０．
［５］韩其为．水库淤积［Ｍ］．北京：水利电力出版社．２００３．１－２６．
［６］赵文林，张红武，潘贤娣．黄河干支流水库泥沙问题．黄河泥沙［Ｍ】．郑州：
黄河水利出版社，１９９６．２６５－２９６．
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［１５］水利部西北水利科学研究所，水利水电科学研究院泥沙所，山西水利科学研究
所．中小型水库设计与管理中的泥沙问题［Ｍ］．北京：科学出版社，１９８３．２４６－
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［１６］赵文林，张红武，潘贤娣．黄河泥沙［Ｍ］．郑州：黄河水利出版社，
１９９６．３９３－４０５．
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７７－８０．
［１８］费祥俊．黄河水沙变化新形式下，干流水库运用方式与泥沙处理的思考
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［１９］李旭东，翟家瑞．三门峡水库调度工作回顾和展望［Ｃ］．三门峡水利枢纽运用
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１９７９．２４６－２５２．
［２１］周建军，林秉南，张仁．三峡水库减淤增容调度方式研究——多汛限水位调度
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［２３］张俊华，王艳平，张红武．黄河小浪底水库运用初期库区淤积过程数值模拟研
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［４ｌ］沙玉清．泥沙运动引论（修订本）［Ｍ］．西安：陕西科学出版社．１９９６．
［４２］李春安，等．三门峡水利枢纽四十年运用回顾与展望［Ｃ］．三门峡水利枢纽运
用四十周年论文集．郑州：黄河水利出版社，２００１：３ 一 １１．
［４３］王涌泉．三门峡水库对中国水利建设的贡献．泥沙研究，２００１，（２），５－７．
［４４］刘红宾．三门峡水利枢纽四十年运用回顾与展望［ｃ］．三门峡水利枢纽运用四
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