熔融盐横纹管吸热器传递特性与强化机理研究
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摘要
太阳能热发电技术作为有低成本前景的清洁能源技术,已成为支撑我国国民经济可持续发展的前瞻性、战略性的新能源技术之一,在2006年颁布的国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要中被列为重点和优先发展的方向。而系统中主要部件吸热器内非稳态、非均匀条件下的辐射-导热-对流耦合的复杂传热过程及其强化机理,则是太阳能热发电系统实用化的关键科学问题。
本文对熔融盐吸热器传热与流动特性进行了深入地理论与实验研究,针对太阳热发电系统中吸热器传热过程为高辐射热流密度的特点,建立了横纹管内熔盐流动与传热的数学模型,采用标准k-ε模型和非结构化网格进行了数值计算。研究了熔盐温度、流速和热物性、加热热流密度和传热管几何结构参数对横纹管传热与流动特性的影响规律,讨论了不同评价准则的影响。结果表明:横纹管内流场与温度场沿轴向呈周期性发展,凹槽附近形成流体高速流动区,槽面温度由于边界层减薄而显著降低。由于凹槽破坏边界层并减小流动截面,流体的扰动和阻力显著增加,使得横纹槽流体阻力系数和传热性能显著高于光滑管;粘度与导热系数变化对光滑管与横纹管内的流动传热性能有一定影响,而密度与比热容变化则可以忽略不计;横纹管几何结构参数对管内流动与传热性能有较大影响,当横纹管槽形为三角形时,三角形尖端直接破坏流动和传热边界层,使其管内流动阻力系数与传热系数均较高;当横纹管槽形为抛物线形时,流场和温度场变化较平缓,使其流动阻力最小,而传热性能也较低;当横纹管槽形为方形时,流体流动沿方形槽有急剧冲撞,流动阻力较大,而传热性能与抛物线形槽横纹管相当。同时强化传热效应评价准则对吸热管槽形的选择有重要影响:采用Nu/Nus准则时,三角形槽横纹管传热性能最好;采用准则时,抛物形槽横纹管在较高Re下综合性能较好,而三角形槽横纹管在较低Re下综合性能较好。
构建了高温熔盐横纹管流动传热的实验平台,实验研究了横纹管内高温硝酸混合熔盐对流传热性能,结果显示:横纹管对高温熔盐具有十分显著的强化传热效果,其传热系数比光滑管高30%-100%。横纹管内高温熔盐对流传热系数随着Re数的增加而增加,其变化趋势与经典传热关联式基本一致,由此导出不同温度段横纹管内熔盐对流传热关联式。横纹管内熔盐流动传热系数的实验结果与模拟结果基本一致,误差为5-30%;管内熔盐流动阻力系数关联式则可类比于模拟结果获得。
本文对太阳吸热涂层在不同聚光比下的理论效率及耐热性能进行了定量地理论分析,测试了高温涂层表观形貌、反射率与发射率,结果显示:对于中低聚光比的吸热器,主要采用高吸收比的选择性涂层以提高吸热器表面温度和吸收效率;对于在高聚光比的吸热器,太阳吸收涂层主要以提高涂料的吸收率和耐高温为主。
Solar thermal power as a very promising and inexpensive clean energy technology has become a supporting sustainable development of China's national economy forward, and it is a key development direction and priorities in the national long-term development plan for science and technology which was promulgated in 2006. The key problem which commercializes the solar thermal power system is coupled heat transfer processes with conduction, radiation and convection under unsteady and non-uniform conditions and its associated mechanisms and ways of enhancement in receiver
The characteristic of heat transfer and flow in receiver with molten salts materials have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The characteristics of the heat transfer process for the receiver are high temperature,high heat flux, half circumference heating and half circumference adiabatic. Mathematical model which describes the heat transfer and flow processes with molten nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube has been set up. The heat transfer process in transversely ridged tube and smooth tube have been simulated respectively by use of the unstructured grid and standardκ?εturbulence model. The effects of temperature, velocity and thermal properties of molten salts, heat flux, and geometry parameters of receiver tube on the characteristic of heat transfer and flow in transversely ridged tube have been investigated. The effect of evaluation criteria has also been discussed. The results showed that the flow distribution and temperature distribution in the transversely ridged tube developed periodically along the direction of axis. And there is high-speed flowing region of molten salts in the ridge, the wall temperature decreased notably with the decrease of the boundary layer. Since the ridge damaged the flow boundary layer, the flow resistance coefficient and heat transfer coefficient for the transversely ridged tube were both higher than that of smooth tube. The variation of viscosity and heat conductivity can affect the flow and heat transfer performances, while the variation of density and heat capicity can be ignored. The ridge structure can also affect greatly the performance of flow and heat transfer. When the ridge shape of tube is triangle,, the flow boundary was damaged by the ridge, so the flow resistance coefficient and heat transfer coefficient were both higher. When the ridge shape of tube is parabolic, the flow and temperature gradually varied, so the flow resistance coefficient was lower, and the heat transfer coefficient was not very higher. When the ridge shape of tube is quadratic,, the flow will collide with the ridge, so the flow resistance coefficient was higher, and the heat transfer coefficient was near to that in parabolic ridge structure tube. The evaluation criteria for enhancing heat transfer also affected greatly the choosing of different ridge structure. When the criteria of Nu/Nus was considered, the triangle ridge structure tube will have the best performance of heat transfer. When the criteria of were considered, the parabolic ridge structure tube will have better performance under the condition of higher Reynolds number, and the triangle ridge structure will have better performance under the condition of lower Reynolds number.
The heat transfer performances of Nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube have been investigated experimentally. The results show that the heat transfer of molten nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube was obviously better than that in smooth tube, and that the heat transfer coefficient of Nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube is higher than that in smooth tube for about 30%-100%. The heat transfer coefficient increased notably with the increase of the Re number in transversely ridged tube, Its associated empirical formula was derived by experimental results. The simulated results from hard sphere model have a good agreement with the experimental results. The simulated results from hard sphere model have a good agreement with the experimental results, its uncertainty is 5-30%. And the correlation relationship of flow resistance can be obtained by analogy for the experimental results.
The heat absorption theoretical efficiency and heat-resistant performance of the solar absorb coating has been investigated quantificationally under the different concentration ratios. The apparent morphology, reflectivity and emissivity of high-temperature coating, were measured. The results show that the solar selective coating with higher absorptance should be used under the receiver with lower concentration ratio,. the solar absorb coating with high absorptivity and high temperature should be used under the receiver with higher concentration ratio.
本文对熔融盐吸热器传热与流动特性进行了深入地理论与实验研究,针对太阳热发电系统中吸热器传热过程为高辐射热流密度的特点,建立了横纹管内熔盐流动与传热的数学模型,采用标准k-ε模型和非结构化网格进行了数值计算。研究了熔盐温度、流速和热物性、加热热流密度和传热管几何结构参数对横纹管传热与流动特性的影响规律,讨论了不同评价准则的影响。结果表明:横纹管内流场与温度场沿轴向呈周期性发展,凹槽附近形成流体高速流动区,槽面温度由于边界层减薄而显著降低。由于凹槽破坏边界层并减小流动截面,流体的扰动和阻力显著增加,使得横纹槽流体阻力系数和传热性能显著高于光滑管;粘度与导热系数变化对光滑管与横纹管内的流动传热性能有一定影响,而密度与比热容变化则可以忽略不计;横纹管几何结构参数对管内流动与传热性能有较大影响,当横纹管槽形为三角形时,三角形尖端直接破坏流动和传热边界层,使其管内流动阻力系数与传热系数均较高;当横纹管槽形为抛物线形时,流场和温度场变化较平缓,使其流动阻力最小,而传热性能也较低;当横纹管槽形为方形时,流体流动沿方形槽有急剧冲撞,流动阻力较大,而传热性能与抛物线形槽横纹管相当。同时强化传热效应评价准则对吸热管槽形的选择有重要影响:采用Nu/Nus准则时,三角形槽横纹管传热性能最好;采用准则时,抛物形槽横纹管在较高Re下综合性能较好,而三角形槽横纹管在较低Re下综合性能较好。
构建了高温熔盐横纹管流动传热的实验平台,实验研究了横纹管内高温硝酸混合熔盐对流传热性能,结果显示:横纹管对高温熔盐具有十分显著的强化传热效果,其传热系数比光滑管高30%-100%。横纹管内高温熔盐对流传热系数随着Re数的增加而增加,其变化趋势与经典传热关联式基本一致,由此导出不同温度段横纹管内熔盐对流传热关联式。横纹管内熔盐流动传热系数的实验结果与模拟结果基本一致,误差为5-30%;管内熔盐流动阻力系数关联式则可类比于模拟结果获得。
本文对太阳吸热涂层在不同聚光比下的理论效率及耐热性能进行了定量地理论分析,测试了高温涂层表观形貌、反射率与发射率,结果显示:对于中低聚光比的吸热器,主要采用高吸收比的选择性涂层以提高吸热器表面温度和吸收效率;对于在高聚光比的吸热器,太阳吸收涂层主要以提高涂料的吸收率和耐高温为主。
Solar thermal power as a very promising and inexpensive clean energy technology has become a supporting sustainable development of China's national economy forward, and it is a key development direction and priorities in the national long-term development plan for science and technology which was promulgated in 2006. The key problem which commercializes the solar thermal power system is coupled heat transfer processes with conduction, radiation and convection under unsteady and non-uniform conditions and its associated mechanisms and ways of enhancement in receiver
The characteristic of heat transfer and flow in receiver with molten salts materials have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The characteristics of the heat transfer process for the receiver are high temperature,high heat flux, half circumference heating and half circumference adiabatic. Mathematical model which describes the heat transfer and flow processes with molten nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube has been set up. The heat transfer process in transversely ridged tube and smooth tube have been simulated respectively by use of the unstructured grid and standardκ?εturbulence model. The effects of temperature, velocity and thermal properties of molten salts, heat flux, and geometry parameters of receiver tube on the characteristic of heat transfer and flow in transversely ridged tube have been investigated. The effect of evaluation criteria has also been discussed. The results showed that the flow distribution and temperature distribution in the transversely ridged tube developed periodically along the direction of axis. And there is high-speed flowing region of molten salts in the ridge, the wall temperature decreased notably with the decrease of the boundary layer. Since the ridge damaged the flow boundary layer, the flow resistance coefficient and heat transfer coefficient for the transversely ridged tube were both higher than that of smooth tube. The variation of viscosity and heat conductivity can affect the flow and heat transfer performances, while the variation of density and heat capicity can be ignored. The ridge structure can also affect greatly the performance of flow and heat transfer. When the ridge shape of tube is triangle,, the flow boundary was damaged by the ridge, so the flow resistance coefficient and heat transfer coefficient were both higher. When the ridge shape of tube is parabolic, the flow and temperature gradually varied, so the flow resistance coefficient was lower, and the heat transfer coefficient was not very higher. When the ridge shape of tube is quadratic,, the flow will collide with the ridge, so the flow resistance coefficient was higher, and the heat transfer coefficient was near to that in parabolic ridge structure tube. The evaluation criteria for enhancing heat transfer also affected greatly the choosing of different ridge structure. When the criteria of Nu/Nus was considered, the triangle ridge structure tube will have the best performance of heat transfer. When the criteria of were considered, the parabolic ridge structure tube will have better performance under the condition of higher Reynolds number, and the triangle ridge structure will have better performance under the condition of lower Reynolds number.
The heat transfer performances of Nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube have been investigated experimentally. The results show that the heat transfer of molten nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube was obviously better than that in smooth tube, and that the heat transfer coefficient of Nitrate salts in transversely ridged tube is higher than that in smooth tube for about 30%-100%. The heat transfer coefficient increased notably with the increase of the Re number in transversely ridged tube, Its associated empirical formula was derived by experimental results. The simulated results from hard sphere model have a good agreement with the experimental results. The simulated results from hard sphere model have a good agreement with the experimental results, its uncertainty is 5-30%. And the correlation relationship of flow resistance can be obtained by analogy for the experimental results.
The heat absorption theoretical efficiency and heat-resistant performance of the solar absorb coating has been investigated quantificationally under the different concentration ratios. The apparent morphology, reflectivity and emissivity of high-temperature coating, were measured. The results show that the solar selective coating with higher absorptance should be used under the receiver with lower concentration ratio,. the solar absorb coating with high absorptivity and high temperature should be used under the receiver with higher concentration ratio.
引文
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