铁路路基边坡降雨冲刷行为与规律的研究
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摘要
近30年来，我国铁路由于水灾平均每年断道159次之多，平均每年中断行车2000多小时，对国民经济、旅客的生命财产及日常生活造成了重大影响。据统计其中80%的水害是路基的水力冲刷造成的，路基的水力冲刷研究成为关键问题。对于冲刷问题，目前的研究大多是从水土保持角度出发，在降雨特征、土壤性质、侵蚀模式等方面研究较多，而且一般针对较大的区域，对于铁路路基的冲刷规律尚缺乏系统的理论研究。本文以铁路路基为研究对象，考虑路基结构、填料及降雨和汇水特征，运用土力学、水力学和泥沙运动力学原理，系统分析了铁路路基坡面水力冲刷的基本规律。主要内容有：
（一）系统分析了目前不同等级铁路路基的坡高、坡率、路基顶面宽度等结构特征，确定了路基坡面冲刷分析的典型结构和计算参数；归纳分析了铁路路基坡面的水力冲刷破坏类型；明确了降雨是坡面冲刷的主要动力因素，结合铁路路基断面的形态和汇水过程特征，提出了以分钟降雨量作为路基坡面冲刷分析的降雨特征参数。
（二）分析了冲刷水流作用下，坡面上无粘性均匀土颗粒的受力情况，根据颗粒受力平衡的极限状态，分析土颗粒粒径大小、坡面流深度、坡度等诸因素对路基坡面土颗粒冲刷起动的影响，建立了无粘性均匀颗粒填料路基坡面冲刷水流速度与起动粒径的关系；根据填料渗透稳定的骨架原理和粒子干涉理论，提出以颗粒级配d23作为冲刷起动界限粒径，判断无粘性非均匀填料的冲刷稳定性；分析了路基边坡粘性土冲刷破坏的特征，给出了铁路路基边坡粘性土起动粒径与冲刷流速的关系。
（三）推导了铁路路基平整坡面流速与降雨强度的关系；分析了无粘性均匀颗粒填料和粘性土填料的坡面，在无顶面汇水、单双线路基顶面汇水三种冲刷条件下，坡面流速及起动粒径随降雨强度的变化规律，得出了坡面冲刷起动粒径与降雨强度关系的回归公式；分析了坡高及坡度对坡面流速的影响规律。
（四）建立了折曲坡面路基冲刷计算模型，分析了折曲坡面不同凹陷深度情况下，对于无粘性填料和粘性土填料的坡面，分别在无顶面汇水、单双线路基顶面汇水三种冲刷条件下，坡面流速及起动粒径随降雨强度的变化规律，得出了折曲坡面冲刷起动粒径与降雨强度、凹陷深度关系的回归公式。
（五）建立了路基坡面沟槽冲刷计算模型，分析了冲刷沟槽不同分布间距情况下，对于无粘性填料和粘性土填料的坡面，分别在无顶面汇水、单双线路基顶面汇水三种冲刷条件下，坡面流速及起动粒径随降雨强度的变化规律，得出了沟槽坡面冲刷起动粒径与降雨强度、沟槽间距关系的回归公式。
（六）建立了路肩沟槽冲刷量分析计算模型，分析了单双线路基路肩冲刷沟槽不同分布和降雨条件下，细砂、中砂及粗砂三种不同填料的路肩冲刷破坏时间，得出了路肩冲刷破坏时间和降雨强度、沟槽分布间距关系的回归公式。
In the past30years, the average annual railway interruption in China caused byflood was159times. The average annual traffic interruption was over2000hours,which had great impact on the national economy, as well on the lives and property ofpassengers and daily life. Statistics shows that80percent of the water hazard is watererosion of the roadbed, which suggests that the key issue be the research of watererosion of the embankment.Hydraulic erosion of embankment is affected by manyfactors, such as slope complex boundary conditions, variation in rainfall and thecharacteristics of slope flow hydraulics.the process of erosion is complex. Most of thecurrent study are starting from the soil and water conservation, such as the soil erosionmodel, rainfall characteristics, slope shape, soil properties etc.The systematictheoretical of railway embankment siope erosion is still a lack. This thesis, taking therailway embankment as the research object, gives a systematic analysis of the basiclaw of the railway embankment slope hydraulic erosion, considering thecharacteristics of the embankment structure, packing, slope morphology, rainfallfactor, combined with hydraulics, soil mechanics and principles of sedimentmovement mechanics. The main contents are as follows:
1. It summarizes the different levels of the railway embankment slope height,slope ratio, roadbed width of the top surface and other technical indicators, proposesthe index value of the analysis of embankment slope erosion; sums up the type ofhydraulic erosion damage of railway embankment slope. It puts forward, on the basisof the present railway engineering classification of filling and the hydraulic stabilityof the packing, that the filler be divided into four types as non cohesive homogeneoussoil, non cohesive and non homogeneous soil, clay and dispersive clay. It indicatesthat the rainfall characteristics are the major dynamic factors of the slope surfaceerosion, and that the minute’s rainfall be used as reasonable indicators in the analysisof embankment slope erosion.
2. A comprehensive analysis is made of the stress state of the non cohesive homogeneous soil particles on the slope under the effect of scouring flow. Based onthe limit state of power balance, taking the starting drag force as an indicator, analysisis also made of the effect on the starting drag force of the embankment slope soilparticles under such factors as the particle size of soil particles, the depth of overlandflow, the flow resistance of the slope surface and the slope grade. The relationshipbetween the slope surface water flow rate of non cohesive uniform filler and thestarting particle size is established. It puts forward, by using the skeleton principle offiller penetration stability and particle interference theory, that the d23be used as theindex of judgment for non homogeneous and non cohesive filler erosion stability. Itanalyses the characteristics of cohesive soil erosion damage and establishes therelationship between the cohesive soil starting particle size and the erosion velocity.
3. Hydraulics principle is used to deduce the relationship between the smoothslope flow rate of the roadbed and rainfall intensity. Comparative analysis is given tothe variation law of slope flow rate and starting particle size for non cohesivehomogeneous filler and cohesive filler in three erosion status: the roadbed top withoutcatchment, singlet roadbed and two-lane roadbed. It also analyzes the effect law ofslope height and gradient to the slope velocity.
4. Calculation model of bending slope embankment erosion is established.Analysis is made on the variation law of slope flow rate and starting particle size fornon cohesive homogeneous filler and cohesive filler in three erosion status (theroadbed top without catchment, singlet roadbed and two-lane roadbed) whendepression of the bending slope is different.
5. Calculation model of the flow erosion of the roadbed slope groove. Analysis ismade on the variation law of slope flow rate and starting particle size for non cohesivehomogeneous filler and cohesive filler in three erosion status (the roadbed topwithout catchment, singlet roadbed and two-lane roadbed) when erosion groovesdistribution density is different.
6. Calculation model of analysis of the shoulder grooves erosion is established.Analysis is made on the shoulder gully damage time for the different filer particlesizes, when shoulder erosion grooves density is different for the single-line roadbed and two-lane roadbed erosion status.
（一）系统分析了目前不同等级铁路路基的坡高、坡率、路基顶面宽度等结构特征，确定了路基坡面冲刷分析的典型结构和计算参数；归纳分析了铁路路基坡面的水力冲刷破坏类型；明确了降雨是坡面冲刷的主要动力因素，结合铁路路基断面的形态和汇水过程特征，提出了以分钟降雨量作为路基坡面冲刷分析的降雨特征参数。
（二）分析了冲刷水流作用下，坡面上无粘性均匀土颗粒的受力情况，根据颗粒受力平衡的极限状态，分析土颗粒粒径大小、坡面流深度、坡度等诸因素对路基坡面土颗粒冲刷起动的影响，建立了无粘性均匀颗粒填料路基坡面冲刷水流速度与起动粒径的关系；根据填料渗透稳定的骨架原理和粒子干涉理论，提出以颗粒级配d23作为冲刷起动界限粒径，判断无粘性非均匀填料的冲刷稳定性；分析了路基边坡粘性土冲刷破坏的特征，给出了铁路路基边坡粘性土起动粒径与冲刷流速的关系。
（三）推导了铁路路基平整坡面流速与降雨强度的关系；分析了无粘性均匀颗粒填料和粘性土填料的坡面，在无顶面汇水、单双线路基顶面汇水三种冲刷条件下，坡面流速及起动粒径随降雨强度的变化规律，得出了坡面冲刷起动粒径与降雨强度关系的回归公式；分析了坡高及坡度对坡面流速的影响规律。
（四）建立了折曲坡面路基冲刷计算模型，分析了折曲坡面不同凹陷深度情况下，对于无粘性填料和粘性土填料的坡面，分别在无顶面汇水、单双线路基顶面汇水三种冲刷条件下，坡面流速及起动粒径随降雨强度的变化规律，得出了折曲坡面冲刷起动粒径与降雨强度、凹陷深度关系的回归公式。
（五）建立了路基坡面沟槽冲刷计算模型，分析了冲刷沟槽不同分布间距情况下，对于无粘性填料和粘性土填料的坡面，分别在无顶面汇水、单双线路基顶面汇水三种冲刷条件下，坡面流速及起动粒径随降雨强度的变化规律，得出了沟槽坡面冲刷起动粒径与降雨强度、沟槽间距关系的回归公式。
（六）建立了路肩沟槽冲刷量分析计算模型，分析了单双线路基路肩冲刷沟槽不同分布和降雨条件下，细砂、中砂及粗砂三种不同填料的路肩冲刷破坏时间，得出了路肩冲刷破坏时间和降雨强度、沟槽分布间距关系的回归公式。
In the past30years, the average annual railway interruption in China caused byflood was159times. The average annual traffic interruption was over2000hours,which had great impact on the national economy, as well on the lives and property ofpassengers and daily life. Statistics shows that80percent of the water hazard is watererosion of the roadbed, which suggests that the key issue be the research of watererosion of the embankment.Hydraulic erosion of embankment is affected by manyfactors, such as slope complex boundary conditions, variation in rainfall and thecharacteristics of slope flow hydraulics.the process of erosion is complex. Most of thecurrent study are starting from the soil and water conservation, such as the soil erosionmodel, rainfall characteristics, slope shape, soil properties etc.The systematictheoretical of railway embankment siope erosion is still a lack. This thesis, taking therailway embankment as the research object, gives a systematic analysis of the basiclaw of the railway embankment slope hydraulic erosion, considering thecharacteristics of the embankment structure, packing, slope morphology, rainfallfactor, combined with hydraulics, soil mechanics and principles of sedimentmovement mechanics. The main contents are as follows:
1. It summarizes the different levels of the railway embankment slope height,slope ratio, roadbed width of the top surface and other technical indicators, proposesthe index value of the analysis of embankment slope erosion; sums up the type ofhydraulic erosion damage of railway embankment slope. It puts forward, on the basisof the present railway engineering classification of filling and the hydraulic stabilityof the packing, that the filler be divided into four types as non cohesive homogeneoussoil, non cohesive and non homogeneous soil, clay and dispersive clay. It indicatesthat the rainfall characteristics are the major dynamic factors of the slope surfaceerosion, and that the minute’s rainfall be used as reasonable indicators in the analysisof embankment slope erosion.
2. A comprehensive analysis is made of the stress state of the non cohesive homogeneous soil particles on the slope under the effect of scouring flow. Based onthe limit state of power balance, taking the starting drag force as an indicator, analysisis also made of the effect on the starting drag force of the embankment slope soilparticles under such factors as the particle size of soil particles, the depth of overlandflow, the flow resistance of the slope surface and the slope grade. The relationshipbetween the slope surface water flow rate of non cohesive uniform filler and thestarting particle size is established. It puts forward, by using the skeleton principle offiller penetration stability and particle interference theory, that the d23be used as theindex of judgment for non homogeneous and non cohesive filler erosion stability. Itanalyses the characteristics of cohesive soil erosion damage and establishes therelationship between the cohesive soil starting particle size and the erosion velocity.
3. Hydraulics principle is used to deduce the relationship between the smoothslope flow rate of the roadbed and rainfall intensity. Comparative analysis is given tothe variation law of slope flow rate and starting particle size for non cohesivehomogeneous filler and cohesive filler in three erosion status: the roadbed top withoutcatchment, singlet roadbed and two-lane roadbed. It also analyzes the effect law ofslope height and gradient to the slope velocity.
4. Calculation model of bending slope embankment erosion is established.Analysis is made on the variation law of slope flow rate and starting particle size fornon cohesive homogeneous filler and cohesive filler in three erosion status (theroadbed top without catchment, singlet roadbed and two-lane roadbed) whendepression of the bending slope is different.
5. Calculation model of the flow erosion of the roadbed slope groove. Analysis ismade on the variation law of slope flow rate and starting particle size for non cohesivehomogeneous filler and cohesive filler in three erosion status (the roadbed topwithout catchment, singlet roadbed and two-lane roadbed) when erosion groovesdistribution density is different.
6. Calculation model of analysis of the shoulder grooves erosion is established.Analysis is made on the shoulder gully damage time for the different filer particlesizes, when shoulder erosion grooves density is different for the single-line roadbed and two-lane roadbed erosion status.
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