超低出生体重儿出生早期治疗情况的比较及生存现状调查
摘要
研究背景：超低出生体重儿(ELBW工)是指出生体重小于1000g的早产儿,大多胎龄小于32周,发育极其不成熟,严重并发症发生率很高。他们的远期预后受到儿科医生,家长和社会的高度关注。近年来我国对ELBWⅠ的治疗成功率不断增加,但是国内至今尚无ELBWI治疗及预后等相关统计数据。
目的：本研究主要是通过调查ELBWⅠ出生时在NICU住院期间治疗情况、严重并发症的发生率,目前生长发育状况、基本生理功能等,了解ELBWI生存状况,分析目前治疗措施与严重并发症的关系。了解家长对住院治疗及远期预后的满意度、住院花费等。评估ELBWⅠ早产儿各种并发症的发生及目前生存状况。
研究对象：本研究研究对象为2000年1月1日至2010年12月31日11年期间北京协和医院NICU收治并存活的全部超低出生体重儿。
方法：1.通过查找病历收集北京协和医院NICU 2000.1.1-2010.12.31年住院的全部超低出生体重儿的住院病例。按照研究设计的调查问卷及随访项目按照年龄从大到小进行病历整理及随访。2.统计并分析相关数据并与国外相关数据进行比较。
结果：
1、超低出生体重儿住院期间RDS、CLD、败血症、严重IVH发生率与国外相关统计数据相比无明显差别,随访患儿中无PVL、ROP的病例报道。但是因为病例数较少,无法进行更加详细的分组讨论及统计。
2、出院后患儿未见明显体格生长发育、身体健康、神经发育异常。提示这些超低出生体重儿预后较好,但是仍有2例患儿出现生长发育落后,1例患儿曾出现轻度脑瘫倾向,需要我们探讨如何从治疗及家庭护理发面做到更好以尽量减少影响预后的严重后遗症发生。
结论：近5年以来,北京协和医院儿科救治成功的超低出生体重儿数量与5年前相比明显增多,提示在ELBWI的监护及救治水平方面较前有所提高,但是并发症的发生未见减少,可能与随访例数尚少,难以进行不同胎龄之间相关并发症的详细分析相关,随着病例数的增多会有所改进。随访到得既往ELBWI患儿目前生长发育情况尚可,有1例患儿曾出现轻度脑瘫倾向,1例患儿出现哮喘,但是因为病例数较少,随着样本量的增加,会对其发生及影响因素分析进行补充。
Objective. Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at greater risk for developmental delay than full-term infants. Outcomes may be compromised secondary to abnormal development associated with complications of prematurity. Long-term cognitive outcome has also been reported to be significantly influenced by postnatal factors. The objective of this study was to comparing the outcomes of ELBWI who were in hosipital in PUMCH with their full-term siblings and ELBWI born abroard.
Methods. The study consisted of 35 ELBW children who were<1000 g birth weight in hospital in PUMCH NICU. Finish the investigation designed beforehand. Make analyse and statistic of the data, Then compare the Physical and neurodevelopmental outcomes with full-term children at the same ages and with who were abroad。
Results. At follow-up, ELBW children were lighter, were shorter. The developmental outcome of the ELBW infant is determined by a complex interaction of medical and environmental factors acting on a developmentally vulnerable premature brain. Advances have been made in measuring functional outcome to assess the impact of ELBW births on long-term quality of life and skills for independent living. Measuring school age outcome is an important landmark in the longitudinal follow-up of ELBW infants and most reports show high rates of cognitive impairment as well as increased incidence of learning disability and school difficulties as well as behavioural problems. The ELBW adolescent and young adult continue to lag behind in academic achievement and cognitive score. However, more than half of the ELBW survivors function within the normal range of variability and their self-reported quality of life in adolescence continues to be comparable to that of their peers.
Discuss. In managing ELBW infants, a holistic, systematic approach is needed to assess the degree and impact of impairment on their daily function and issues related to quality of life.
目的：本研究主要是通过调查ELBWⅠ出生时在NICU住院期间治疗情况、严重并发症的发生率,目前生长发育状况、基本生理功能等,了解ELBWI生存状况,分析目前治疗措施与严重并发症的关系。了解家长对住院治疗及远期预后的满意度、住院花费等。评估ELBWⅠ早产儿各种并发症的发生及目前生存状况。
研究对象：本研究研究对象为2000年1月1日至2010年12月31日11年期间北京协和医院NICU收治并存活的全部超低出生体重儿。
方法：1.通过查找病历收集北京协和医院NICU 2000.1.1-2010.12.31年住院的全部超低出生体重儿的住院病例。按照研究设计的调查问卷及随访项目按照年龄从大到小进行病历整理及随访。2.统计并分析相关数据并与国外相关数据进行比较。
结果：
1、超低出生体重儿住院期间RDS、CLD、败血症、严重IVH发生率与国外相关统计数据相比无明显差别,随访患儿中无PVL、ROP的病例报道。但是因为病例数较少,无法进行更加详细的分组讨论及统计。
2、出院后患儿未见明显体格生长发育、身体健康、神经发育异常。提示这些超低出生体重儿预后较好,但是仍有2例患儿出现生长发育落后,1例患儿曾出现轻度脑瘫倾向,需要我们探讨如何从治疗及家庭护理发面做到更好以尽量减少影响预后的严重后遗症发生。
结论：近5年以来,北京协和医院儿科救治成功的超低出生体重儿数量与5年前相比明显增多,提示在ELBWI的监护及救治水平方面较前有所提高,但是并发症的发生未见减少,可能与随访例数尚少,难以进行不同胎龄之间相关并发症的详细分析相关,随着病例数的增多会有所改进。随访到得既往ELBWI患儿目前生长发育情况尚可,有1例患儿曾出现轻度脑瘫倾向,1例患儿出现哮喘,但是因为病例数较少,随着样本量的增加,会对其发生及影响因素分析进行补充。
Objective. Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at greater risk for developmental delay than full-term infants. Outcomes may be compromised secondary to abnormal development associated with complications of prematurity. Long-term cognitive outcome has also been reported to be significantly influenced by postnatal factors. The objective of this study was to comparing the outcomes of ELBWI who were in hosipital in PUMCH with their full-term siblings and ELBWI born abroard.
Methods. The study consisted of 35 ELBW children who were<1000 g birth weight in hospital in PUMCH NICU. Finish the investigation designed beforehand. Make analyse and statistic of the data, Then compare the Physical and neurodevelopmental outcomes with full-term children at the same ages and with who were abroad。
Results. At follow-up, ELBW children were lighter, were shorter. The developmental outcome of the ELBW infant is determined by a complex interaction of medical and environmental factors acting on a developmentally vulnerable premature brain. Advances have been made in measuring functional outcome to assess the impact of ELBW births on long-term quality of life and skills for independent living. Measuring school age outcome is an important landmark in the longitudinal follow-up of ELBW infants and most reports show high rates of cognitive impairment as well as increased incidence of learning disability and school difficulties as well as behavioural problems. The ELBW adolescent and young adult continue to lag behind in academic achievement and cognitive score. However, more than half of the ELBW survivors function within the normal range of variability and their self-reported quality of life in adolescence continues to be comparable to that of their peers.
Discuss. In managing ELBW infants, a holistic, systematic approach is needed to assess the degree and impact of impairment on their daily function and issues related to quality of life.
引文
1、Kazuo Itabashi, Takeshi Horiuchi, Satoshi Kusuda, et al. Mortality Rates for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Japan in 2005. Pediatrics 2009;123;445-450.
2、Tommiska V, Heinoren K, Ikoren S, et al. A National Short-Term Follow-Up Study Of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Finland in 1996-1997. Pediatrics,2001,107;e2. PMID:11134466
3^ Markestad T, Kaaresen PI, Rφnnestad A, et al. Early Death, Morbidity, and Need of Treatment Among Extremely Premature Infants, Pediatrics, 2005,115:1289-1298. PMID:15867037
4、Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, et al. Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Influences Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2006,117：1253-1261. PMID:16585322
5、Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, et al. First-Week Protein and Energy Intakes Are Associated With 18-Month Developmental Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2009,12:1337-1343. PMID:19403500
6、Keith CG and Doyle LW. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,1995,95:42-45. PMID:7770307
7、Roberts G, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, et al. Neurosensory disabilities at school age in geographic cohorts of extremely low birth weight children born between the 1970s and the 1990s. J Pediatr,2009,154:829-834. el. PMID: 19230899
8、Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, et al. Improved Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Extremely Low Birth Weigh tInfants in 2000-2002. Pediatrics,2007,119:37-45. PMID:17200269
1、Roberts G, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, et al. Neurosensory disabilities at school age in geographic cohorts of extremely low birth weight children born between the 1970s and the 1990s. J Pediatr,2009,154:829-834. el. PMID: 19230899
2、Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, et al. Improved Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Extremely Low Birth Weigh tlnfants in 2000-2002. Pediatrics,2007,119:37-45. PMID:17200269
3、Kazuo I, Takeshi H, Satoshi K, et al. Mortality Rates for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Japan in 2005.Pediatrics,2009,123:445-450. PMID: 19171608
4、Markestad T, Kaaresen PI, Rφnnestad A, et al, Early Death, Morbidity, and Need of Treatment Among Extremely Premature Infants, Pediatrics, 2005,115:1289-1298. PMID:15867037
5、Charlene, Robertson, Watt MJ, et al. Outcomes for the Extremely Premature Infant:What Is New?and Where Are We Going? Pediatr Neurol,2009,40:189-196. PMID:19218032
6、Tommiska V, Heinoren K, Ikoren S, et al. A National Short-Term Follow-Up Study Of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Finland in 1996-1997. Pediatrics,2001,107;e2. PMID:11134466
7、Salhab WA, Hynan LS, Perlman JM, et al. Partial or Complete Antenatal Steroids Treatment and Neonatal Outcome in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants r1000 g:Is There a Dose-Dependent Effect. Journal of Perinatology,2003,23:668-672. PMID:14647166
8、Wilson-Costello D, Walsh MC, Langer JC, et al. Impact of Postnatal Corticosteroid Use on Neurodevelopment at 18 to 22 Months'Adjusted Age:Effects of Dose, Timing, and Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2009, 123:e430-e437. PMID:19204058
9、Kobaly K, Schluchter M, Minich N, et al. Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1 kg) and Extremely Low Gestational Age (<28 Weeks) Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia:Effects of Practice Changes in 2000 to 2003. Pediatrics,2008,121:73-81.PMID:18166559
10、Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, et al. First-Week Protein and Energy Intakes Are Associated With 18-Month Developmental Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.Pediatrics,2009,12:1337-1343. PMID:19403500 11、Halsey CL, Anderson CL, Collin MF, et al. Performance Extremely Low Birth Weight Children and Their Peers:A Comparison of Preschool. Pediatrics,1993,91:807-811. PMID:7681941
12、Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, et al. Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Influences Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2006,117:1253-1261. PMID:16585322
13、Bassler D, Stoll BJ, Schmidt B, et al. Using a Count of Neonatal Morbidities to Predict Poor Outcome in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants:Added Role of Neonatal Infection. Pediatrics,2009,123:313-318. PMID:19117897
14、Madan JC, Kendrick D, Hagadorn JI, et al. Patent Ductus Arteriosus Therapy: Impact on Neonatal and 18-Month Outcome. Pediatrics,2009,123:674-681. PMID: 19171637
15、Fanaroff JM,Wilson-Costello D, Newman NS, et al. Treated Hypotension Is Associated With Neonatal Morbidity and Hearing Loss in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2006,117:1131-1135. PMID:16585307
16 、Saigal S,曹云.极低和超低出生体重早产儿远期预后.中国循证儿科杂志,2007,2：
17、Keith CG and Doyle LW. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,1995,95:42-45. PMID:7770307
18、Marlow ES, Hunt LP, Marlow N. Sensorineural hearing loss and prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal. Neonatal,2000,82:F141-4. PMID:10685988
19、Kabra NS, Schmidt B, Roberts RS, et al. Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms (TIPP) investigators. Neurosensory impairment after surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants: results from the Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms. Pediatr,2007,150:229-34. PMID:17307535
20、Borradori C, Fawer CL, Buclin T, et al.Risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss in preterm infants. Biol Neonate,1997,71:1-10. PMID:8996652
21、Kilbride HW, Thorstad Kand Daily DK. Preschool Outcome of Less Than 801-Gram Preterm Infants Compared With Full-Term Siblings.Pediatrics, 2004,113:742-747. PMID:15060222
22、Rogers M, Fay TB, Whitfield MF, et al. Aerobic Capacity, Strength, Flexibility, and Activity Level in Unimpaired Extremely Low Birth Weight (<800 g) Survivors at 17 Years of Age Compared With Term-Born Control Subjects. Pediatrics, Vol,116 No.1, July,2005. PMID:15997047
23、Saigal S, Stoskopf BL, Streiner DL, et al. Low Birth Weight and Controls at Adolescence Physical Growth and Current Health Status of Infants Who Were of Extremely. Pediatrics,2001,108:407-415.PMID:11483807
24、Vohr BR, Poindexter BB, Dusick AM, et al. Persistent Beneficial Effects of Breast Milk Ingested in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at 30 Months of Age. Pediatrics, 2007,120:e953-e959. PMID:17908750
25、Vohr BR, Poindexter BB, Dusick AM, et al. Beneficial Effects of Breast Milk in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on the Developmental Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at 18 Months of Age. Pediatrics, 2006,118:e115-e123. PMID:16818526
26、Bolisetty S, Bajuk B, Abdel-Latif ME, et al. Preterm outcome table (POT): a simple tool to aid counselling parents of very preterm infants. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol,2006,46:189-92. PMID:16704470
27、Piecuch RE, Leonard CH, Cooper BA. et al. Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants (500 to 999 Grams) Over a 12-Year Period. Pediatrics, 1997,100:633-639. PMID:9310517
28、Whyte R, Kirpalani H, Asztalos EV, et al. Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Randomly Assigned to Restrictive or Liberal Hemoglobin Thresholds for Blood Transfusion. Pediatrics, 2009,123:207-213.PMID:19117884
29、Uhing MR., Das UG. Optimizing Growth in the Preterm Infant. Clin Perinatol,36 (2009),165-176. PMID:19161873
30、McKee LA, Fabres J, Howard G, et al. PaC02 and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. J Pediatr,2009,155:217-21. PMID:19447409
31、Thome UH, Carlo WA. Permissive hypercapnia. Semin Neonatol,2002,7:409-19. PMID:12464503
32、Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA. Ventilatory strategies in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol,2006,30:192-9. PMID:16860159
2、Tommiska V, Heinoren K, Ikoren S, et al. A National Short-Term Follow-Up Study Of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Finland in 1996-1997. Pediatrics,2001,107;e2. PMID:11134466
3^ Markestad T, Kaaresen PI, Rφnnestad A, et al. Early Death, Morbidity, and Need of Treatment Among Extremely Premature Infants, Pediatrics, 2005,115:1289-1298. PMID:15867037
4、Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, et al. Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Influences Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2006,117：1253-1261. PMID:16585322
5、Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, et al. First-Week Protein and Energy Intakes Are Associated With 18-Month Developmental Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2009,12:1337-1343. PMID:19403500
6、Keith CG and Doyle LW. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,1995,95:42-45. PMID:7770307
7、Roberts G, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, et al. Neurosensory disabilities at school age in geographic cohorts of extremely low birth weight children born between the 1970s and the 1990s. J Pediatr,2009,154:829-834. el. PMID: 19230899
8、Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, et al. Improved Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Extremely Low Birth Weigh tInfants in 2000-2002. Pediatrics,2007,119:37-45. PMID:17200269
1、Roberts G, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, et al. Neurosensory disabilities at school age in geographic cohorts of extremely low birth weight children born between the 1970s and the 1990s. J Pediatr,2009,154:829-834. el. PMID: 19230899
2、Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, et al. Improved Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Extremely Low Birth Weigh tlnfants in 2000-2002. Pediatrics,2007,119:37-45. PMID:17200269
3、Kazuo I, Takeshi H, Satoshi K, et al. Mortality Rates for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Japan in 2005.Pediatrics,2009,123:445-450. PMID: 19171608
4、Markestad T, Kaaresen PI, Rφnnestad A, et al, Early Death, Morbidity, and Need of Treatment Among Extremely Premature Infants, Pediatrics, 2005,115:1289-1298. PMID:15867037
5、Charlene, Robertson, Watt MJ, et al. Outcomes for the Extremely Premature Infant:What Is New?and Where Are We Going? Pediatr Neurol,2009,40:189-196. PMID:19218032
6、Tommiska V, Heinoren K, Ikoren S, et al. A National Short-Term Follow-Up Study Of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Born in Finland in 1996-1997. Pediatrics,2001,107;e2. PMID:11134466
7、Salhab WA, Hynan LS, Perlman JM, et al. Partial or Complete Antenatal Steroids Treatment and Neonatal Outcome in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants r1000 g:Is There a Dose-Dependent Effect. Journal of Perinatology,2003,23:668-672. PMID:14647166
8、Wilson-Costello D, Walsh MC, Langer JC, et al. Impact of Postnatal Corticosteroid Use on Neurodevelopment at 18 to 22 Months'Adjusted Age:Effects of Dose, Timing, and Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2009, 123:e430-e437. PMID:19204058
9、Kobaly K, Schluchter M, Minich N, et al. Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight (<1 kg) and Extremely Low Gestational Age (<28 Weeks) Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia:Effects of Practice Changes in 2000 to 2003. Pediatrics,2008,121:73-81.PMID:18166559
10、Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, et al. First-Week Protein and Energy Intakes Are Associated With 18-Month Developmental Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.Pediatrics,2009,12:1337-1343. PMID:19403500 11、Halsey CL, Anderson CL, Collin MF, et al. Performance Extremely Low Birth Weight Children and Their Peers:A Comparison of Preschool. Pediatrics,1993,91:807-811. PMID:7681941
12、Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, et al. Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Influences Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2006,117:1253-1261. PMID:16585322
13、Bassler D, Stoll BJ, Schmidt B, et al. Using a Count of Neonatal Morbidities to Predict Poor Outcome in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants:Added Role of Neonatal Infection. Pediatrics,2009,123:313-318. PMID:19117897
14、Madan JC, Kendrick D, Hagadorn JI, et al. Patent Ductus Arteriosus Therapy: Impact on Neonatal and 18-Month Outcome. Pediatrics,2009,123:674-681. PMID: 19171637
15、Fanaroff JM,Wilson-Costello D, Newman NS, et al. Treated Hypotension Is Associated With Neonatal Morbidity and Hearing Loss in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,2006,117:1131-1135. PMID:16585307
16 、Saigal S,曹云.极低和超低出生体重早产儿远期预后.中国循证儿科杂志,2007,2：
17、Keith CG and Doyle LW. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics,1995,95:42-45. PMID:7770307
18、Marlow ES, Hunt LP, Marlow N. Sensorineural hearing loss and prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal. Neonatal,2000,82:F141-4. PMID:10685988
19、Kabra NS, Schmidt B, Roberts RS, et al. Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms (TIPP) investigators. Neurosensory impairment after surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants: results from the Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms. Pediatr,2007,150:229-34. PMID:17307535
20、Borradori C, Fawer CL, Buclin T, et al.Risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss in preterm infants. Biol Neonate,1997,71:1-10. PMID:8996652
21、Kilbride HW, Thorstad Kand Daily DK. Preschool Outcome of Less Than 801-Gram Preterm Infants Compared With Full-Term Siblings.Pediatrics, 2004,113:742-747. PMID:15060222
22、Rogers M, Fay TB, Whitfield MF, et al. Aerobic Capacity, Strength, Flexibility, and Activity Level in Unimpaired Extremely Low Birth Weight (<800 g) Survivors at 17 Years of Age Compared With Term-Born Control Subjects. Pediatrics, Vol,116 No.1, July,2005. PMID:15997047
23、Saigal S, Stoskopf BL, Streiner DL, et al. Low Birth Weight and Controls at Adolescence Physical Growth and Current Health Status of Infants Who Were of Extremely. Pediatrics,2001,108:407-415.PMID:11483807
24、Vohr BR, Poindexter BB, Dusick AM, et al. Persistent Beneficial Effects of Breast Milk Ingested in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at 30 Months of Age. Pediatrics, 2007,120:e953-e959. PMID:17908750
25、Vohr BR, Poindexter BB, Dusick AM, et al. Beneficial Effects of Breast Milk in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on the Developmental Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at 18 Months of Age. Pediatrics, 2006,118:e115-e123. PMID:16818526
26、Bolisetty S, Bajuk B, Abdel-Latif ME, et al. Preterm outcome table (POT): a simple tool to aid counselling parents of very preterm infants. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol,2006,46:189-92. PMID:16704470
27、Piecuch RE, Leonard CH, Cooper BA. et al. Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants (500 to 999 Grams) Over a 12-Year Period. Pediatrics, 1997,100:633-639. PMID:9310517
28、Whyte R, Kirpalani H, Asztalos EV, et al. Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Randomly Assigned to Restrictive or Liberal Hemoglobin Thresholds for Blood Transfusion. Pediatrics, 2009,123:207-213.PMID:19117884
29、Uhing MR., Das UG. Optimizing Growth in the Preterm Infant. Clin Perinatol,36 (2009),165-176. PMID:19161873
30、McKee LA, Fabres J, Howard G, et al. PaC02 and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. J Pediatr,2009,155:217-21. PMID:19447409
31、Thome UH, Carlo WA. Permissive hypercapnia. Semin Neonatol,2002,7:409-19. PMID:12464503
32、Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA. Ventilatory strategies in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol,2006,30:192-9. PMID:16860159