东北地区上地幔顶部Pn速度结构及地壳横波衰减的成像研究
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摘要
地震层析成像方法是研究地球内部速度结构非常有效的方法之一。本文首先简要的介绍了地震层析成像的理论。而后对本文的研究区域—中国东北地区的构造结构及近年来该地区的地壳上地幔结构以及西太平洋俯冲带所取得的成果进行简介。并对比上地幔顶部速度层析成像和地壳横波层析成像各种方法的异同,着重对我们所采用的方法进行详细的分析讲解。
东北地区位于中朝板块和西伯利亚板块之间,中、新生代以来,受太平洋板块向西俯冲的影响,中国东北部形成了以扩张为主、局部压张的大地构造格局,形成了一系列北东向、北东东向为主的造山带—盆地构造单元,并伴有强烈的火山作用与地震活动发生。作为全球仅有的两个由大洋板片俯冲造成的大陆深震区之一,东北地区是研究深源地震,用地震学于段探测大陆下方大洋板片俯冲的绝佳场所。本文利用东北地区多年的地震台网观测资料和《中国地震年报》资料,反演东北地区上地幔顶部Pn速度结构及地壳介质品质因Q0空间分布图像,深入了解该地区的深部构造背景,期望能对该地区上地幔顶部速度结构及各向异性的结构、地壳的衰减结构和其成因与属性的研究提供新的依据。
主要研究内容及结论如下：
(1)利用376个台站记录的中国地震年报和吉林、辽宁省地震台网观测报告的5768个近震30648条Pn走时资料,采用层析成像方法反演东北地区上地幔顶部Pn速度结构图像。在绝大部分研究区都可达到2°×2°的分辨率。结果表明,东北地区Pn速度平均值为7.9km/s,相对于中国大陆的平均速度总体偏低,Pn波高、低速异常区沿NE-NNE向相间排列,与东北地区结构形态的基本样貌相似。Pn波速度与地壳厚度成正相关变化,与大地热流成反相关变化。整体而言,东北地区的各向异性比较弱,但在局部的高低速异常过渡区,如佳木斯地块、渤海湾、长白山火山附近及大同火山附近,存在较显著的各向异性。佳木斯地块的各向异性快波方向与利用剪切波分裂、接收函数得到的结果一致,与绝对板块运动方向有差别,但与西太平洋板块的俯冲方向一致,这可能与太平洋板块俯冲导致的地幔流动相关。渤海湾地区的快波方向与利用剪切波分裂得到的各向异性快波方向,绝对板块的运动方向都一致。长白山火山及大同火山附近的快波方向环绕周缘的高速体呈旋转状分布。
(2)利用由146个台站记录的中国地震年报和东北地区黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和内蒙古四省地震台网观测报告的6371个近震的46652条横波振幅与周期资料,采用二维层析成像方法反演东北地区地壳介质品质因子Q0空间分布图像。在绝大部分研究区都可达到2°×2°的分辨率。结果表明,东北及周边地区地壳介质品质因子Q0平均值为323,其Q0值分布及其所揭示的衰减变化特征与研究区的地表构造具有明显的相关性,如华北平原、松辽盆地和海拉尔平原等沉积层较厚的区域通常呈现为低Q0值；而燕山、太行、兴蒙褶皱带等沉积层薄或基岩出露的区域则呈现为相对高的Q0值。整个东北地区呈现高低衰减带相间分布。介质品质因子Q0值与沉积层厚度成反相关变化,与大地热流成反相关变化。
Tomography has become one of the most effective methods to explore the deep structure of the earth. Firstly, we introduced the theory of tomography. Then we present the results of the crust and upper mantle structure study and the West Pacific subduction in the recent years in Northeast China. We compare the methods of velocity structure of uppermost mantle from Pn tomography and Qo tomography of S wave attenuation, and focused on the ones of our work.
Northeast China is situated partly on the Sino-Korean craton and partly on a portion of the Inner Mongolia fold belt. Characterized by widespread Cenozoic intraplate volcanism, deformation caused by multiepisode extension, Northeast China is an ideal place to study the underlying physical processes of rifting and the subduction and volcanic activity of the western Pacific plate. In our work we have selected lots of ML, amplitudes and travel times of Pn arrivals as reported in the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquakes(ABCE) and regional seismic network of Heilongjiang province, Jilin province, Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia province. A two-dimensional tomography method is employed to find regional variation of crustal attenuation, Pn velocity and anisotropy in the uppermost mantle in Northeast China and its adjacent regions. In the most study area2degrees are well resolved.
The major studies and conclusions are as follow:
(1) we obtained30648Pn travel time picks from376stations and5768earthquakes to invert for Pn velocity lateral variation and anisotropy images beneath Northeast China. In the most study area2degrees are well resolved. The main results indicate the average Pn velocity is about7.9km/s in this region less than that in entire China. The Northeast region shows distribution of alternating high and low Pn velocity in the direction of NE-NNE. Pn anisotropy was also obtained simultaneously with Pn velocity. Only in Jiamusi massif, Bohai Sea, Changbai volcano and Datong volcan we observe strong anisotropy.
(2) we have selected46652ML amplitude reading from6371events recorded by146stations. A two-dimensional tomography method is adopted to find regional variation of crustal attenuation in Northeast China and its adjacent regions. We obtained an average Q0value of323for the entire studied region with regional fluctuations±200. In the most study area2degrees are well resolved. Regions with the highest attenuation (low Qo values) are beneath Bohai Basin, and Songliao Plain and Hailaer Basin also have low Qo values, as these areas have thick sedimentary and strong tectonic activity. The entire Northeast region shows distribution of alternating high and low attenuation.
东北地区位于中朝板块和西伯利亚板块之间,中、新生代以来,受太平洋板块向西俯冲的影响,中国东北部形成了以扩张为主、局部压张的大地构造格局,形成了一系列北东向、北东东向为主的造山带—盆地构造单元,并伴有强烈的火山作用与地震活动发生。作为全球仅有的两个由大洋板片俯冲造成的大陆深震区之一,东北地区是研究深源地震,用地震学于段探测大陆下方大洋板片俯冲的绝佳场所。本文利用东北地区多年的地震台网观测资料和《中国地震年报》资料,反演东北地区上地幔顶部Pn速度结构及地壳介质品质因Q0空间分布图像,深入了解该地区的深部构造背景,期望能对该地区上地幔顶部速度结构及各向异性的结构、地壳的衰减结构和其成因与属性的研究提供新的依据。
主要研究内容及结论如下：
(1)利用376个台站记录的中国地震年报和吉林、辽宁省地震台网观测报告的5768个近震30648条Pn走时资料,采用层析成像方法反演东北地区上地幔顶部Pn速度结构图像。在绝大部分研究区都可达到2°×2°的分辨率。结果表明,东北地区Pn速度平均值为7.9km/s,相对于中国大陆的平均速度总体偏低,Pn波高、低速异常区沿NE-NNE向相间排列,与东北地区结构形态的基本样貌相似。Pn波速度与地壳厚度成正相关变化,与大地热流成反相关变化。整体而言,东北地区的各向异性比较弱,但在局部的高低速异常过渡区,如佳木斯地块、渤海湾、长白山火山附近及大同火山附近,存在较显著的各向异性。佳木斯地块的各向异性快波方向与利用剪切波分裂、接收函数得到的结果一致,与绝对板块运动方向有差别,但与西太平洋板块的俯冲方向一致,这可能与太平洋板块俯冲导致的地幔流动相关。渤海湾地区的快波方向与利用剪切波分裂得到的各向异性快波方向,绝对板块的运动方向都一致。长白山火山及大同火山附近的快波方向环绕周缘的高速体呈旋转状分布。
(2)利用由146个台站记录的中国地震年报和东北地区黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和内蒙古四省地震台网观测报告的6371个近震的46652条横波振幅与周期资料,采用二维层析成像方法反演东北地区地壳介质品质因子Q0空间分布图像。在绝大部分研究区都可达到2°×2°的分辨率。结果表明,东北及周边地区地壳介质品质因子Q0平均值为323,其Q0值分布及其所揭示的衰减变化特征与研究区的地表构造具有明显的相关性,如华北平原、松辽盆地和海拉尔平原等沉积层较厚的区域通常呈现为低Q0值；而燕山、太行、兴蒙褶皱带等沉积层薄或基岩出露的区域则呈现为相对高的Q0值。整个东北地区呈现高低衰减带相间分布。介质品质因子Q0值与沉积层厚度成反相关变化,与大地热流成反相关变化。
Tomography has become one of the most effective methods to explore the deep structure of the earth. Firstly, we introduced the theory of tomography. Then we present the results of the crust and upper mantle structure study and the West Pacific subduction in the recent years in Northeast China. We compare the methods of velocity structure of uppermost mantle from Pn tomography and Qo tomography of S wave attenuation, and focused on the ones of our work.
Northeast China is situated partly on the Sino-Korean craton and partly on a portion of the Inner Mongolia fold belt. Characterized by widespread Cenozoic intraplate volcanism, deformation caused by multiepisode extension, Northeast China is an ideal place to study the underlying physical processes of rifting and the subduction and volcanic activity of the western Pacific plate. In our work we have selected lots of ML, amplitudes and travel times of Pn arrivals as reported in the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquakes(ABCE) and regional seismic network of Heilongjiang province, Jilin province, Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia province. A two-dimensional tomography method is employed to find regional variation of crustal attenuation, Pn velocity and anisotropy in the uppermost mantle in Northeast China and its adjacent regions. In the most study area2degrees are well resolved.
The major studies and conclusions are as follow:
(1) we obtained30648Pn travel time picks from376stations and5768earthquakes to invert for Pn velocity lateral variation and anisotropy images beneath Northeast China. In the most study area2degrees are well resolved. The main results indicate the average Pn velocity is about7.9km/s in this region less than that in entire China. The Northeast region shows distribution of alternating high and low Pn velocity in the direction of NE-NNE. Pn anisotropy was also obtained simultaneously with Pn velocity. Only in Jiamusi massif, Bohai Sea, Changbai volcano and Datong volcan we observe strong anisotropy.
(2) we have selected46652ML amplitude reading from6371events recorded by146stations. A two-dimensional tomography method is adopted to find regional variation of crustal attenuation in Northeast China and its adjacent regions. We obtained an average Q0value of323for the entire studied region with regional fluctuations±200. In the most study area2degrees are well resolved. Regions with the highest attenuation (low Qo values) are beneath Bohai Basin, and Songliao Plain and Hailaer Basin also have low Qo values, as these areas have thick sedimentary and strong tectonic activity. The entire Northeast region shows distribution of alternating high and low attenuation.
引文
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CRUST2.0是由美国地质调查局与地球物理与天体物理研究所公布并维护的全球地壳密度模型。它利用全球至1995年的地震波数据、冰层及沉积岩深度数据、人工地震及钻深数据,构建了全球地壳7个分层、2°×2°的密度分布。将地壳由上至下分成冰、水、软沉积、硬沉积、上地壳、中地壳和下地壳7层,分别给出了各层的密度、厚度和地震面波、体波波速以及Moho面深度等信息。