一种新型超分辨重建技术的研究
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摘要
超高分辨成像技术一直是航天、遥感、目标识别等领域的研究热点。随着光学成像全面进入光电数字成像时代,大多数光电成像系统的空间分辨率受限于探测器,于是,“如何提高探测器分辨率”必然成为高分辨光电成像系统中的核心问题。
本论文主要是针对这类探测器受限的光电成像系统,研究新型超分辨成像理论和技术,来同时减少探测器的采样机理与像元感光区孔径效应对系统空间分辨率的影响,更好的实现光电系统中线性不变性与非线性不变性之间特性匹配。在这里,我们提出一种基于异型像元探测器的焦平面编码方法,它融合了光学成像、光电学和光电信号处理等学科的相关基础理论,可以同时提高探测器的采样频率和截止频率,从而有效地提高探测器的空间分辨率、提升光电系统的整体分辨率。我们相信,该课题将为我国超高分辨率光电成像系统的研究做出前瞻性的探索,也为我国研制具有自主知识产权的高分辨成像探测器提供一定的理论储备。
论文研究内容及成果主要包括如下几个方面:
1.通过大量的调研和分析,将现有超分辨重建技术归纳总结为以下两类:基于过采样原理的用于面阵探测器的微扫描技术和用于线阵探测器的亚像元技术;还有基于CDMA原理的频谱编码技术。
2.利用光学、电学、信号处理等相关理论的分析,讨论了影响光电成像系统空间分辨率的因素——光学系统的截止频率、探测器采样频率和探测器感光区的截止频率以及它们之间的相互制约关系,进而分析验证现有超分辨重建技术的有效性及局限性。这对新型超分辨重建技术的探索有着重要的理论指导意义。
3.针对现有超分辨重建技术的局限性,探索新型超分辨重建方法。由于现有超分辨重建技术主要问题是当不改变探测器感光区时,探测器的最大分辨率为一个像元感光区尺寸的物方成像,系统分辨率仍受限于探测器,所以新型超分辨重建技术应该同时减少探测器的采样机理与像元感光区孔径效应对系统空间分辨率的影响。
结合现有超分辨重建技术和采用小像元探测器各自的优缺点,提出一种基于异型像元探测器的焦平面编码方法。具体实施方案如下:将现有的探测器矩形像元逐一“变形”,去除同一位置1/4象限,用剩余的3/4像元来获取等效于“去除那部分小像元”的高频信息;然后利用视场拼接来获取系统所需要的高采样频率;最后利用算法计算出这些编码后的图像灰度矩阵信息,重建最终的高分辨图像。该方法已经申请国际发明专利。
4.结合理论和实验两方面,验证了基于异型像元探测器的焦平面编码技术的有效性。
理论上我们利用傅里叶光学中的线性空间不变性,建立该异型像元探测器感光区的点扩散函数,证明该方法可以将探测器的截止高频提升2倍,从分辨率角度,它可以等效于其1/4尺寸的小像元;试验上我们选取填充因子100%的46μm×46μm中波红外探测器,利用焦距6000mm、口径600mm的红外平行光管和焦距为50mm的中波红外镜头成像,得到的物方靶标分辨率为3.1mm。
High resolved imaging technologies and even super-resolved ones are always the hot topics in the electronic-optical domain. As optical imaging system transits to Electro-Optical imaging one, a new question appears that the resolution is mainly limited by detector. It is obvious that the prior is to enhance detector resolution for the high-resolved or even super-resolved imaging system. Furthermore, the main influencing factor limiting detector resolution is the spectral aliasing by the undersampling phenomenon, so super-resolution reconstruction is usually used to improve the imaging quality.
In terms of the problem that how to enhance the detector resolution and make the system resolution not being affected by it, we take a lot of researches on the E-O imaging performance analyses and classical super-resolution reconstruction methods. Then we attempt to use some unconventional imaging theories and technologies to break some limits existing in recent methods. During the period, we get some meaningful theoretical-and-experimental results, as the followings:
1. Three types of super-resolution reconstruction methods are summarized that microscanning for focal plane arrays, sub-pixel technology for linear arrays and spectral coding without movement elements.
2. In theory, super-resolution reconstruction is proved available from both views of MTF modeling and sensitivity. Three main influencing factors of E-O imaging system are analyzed that diffractive cutoff, detector cutoff depending on the size and shape of active area, and Nyquist frequency which is the highest frequency reconstructed without aliasing. Through computing the relation among them, we make sure that the resolution is related to the size of active area with original detectors by super-resolution reconstruction. What’s more, Overall system-resolution is limited by detector for the low-filterring effect of active area.
3. Considering it depends on the size and shape of active area as well as the sampling process, spatial resolution is enhanced further unless the cutoffs between optical system and detector match better after obtaining sufficient sampling frequency. Focal-plane coding method is proposed to realize this idea. With two detector-arrays of special-shaped pixel where each pixel is deducted a quarter, multiple mis-registered frames are got to solve the grayscale matrix and reconstruct super-resolution image in the post-detector processing. We present the theoretical assessment that if a small plot of active area per pixel is deducted and the frequency-response distribution of the complement will equal to that of the deducted part without consideration of the amplitude.
4. We prove the idea available from both theoretical and experimental views. We set up point spread function of the special-shaped active area and the equations imply the method should increase detector cutoff frequency two times. Furthermore, we also take a MWIR experiment. We choose initially two 46μm×46μm linear arrays which are 100% full factor and cut down a quarter each pixel. The result demonstrates the bar-contrast interval is discriminated in objective space up to 3.1mm after optical system composed of a 6000-mm f/10 collimator and a 50-mm IR lens.
本论文主要是针对这类探测器受限的光电成像系统,研究新型超分辨成像理论和技术,来同时减少探测器的采样机理与像元感光区孔径效应对系统空间分辨率的影响,更好的实现光电系统中线性不变性与非线性不变性之间特性匹配。在这里,我们提出一种基于异型像元探测器的焦平面编码方法,它融合了光学成像、光电学和光电信号处理等学科的相关基础理论,可以同时提高探测器的采样频率和截止频率,从而有效地提高探测器的空间分辨率、提升光电系统的整体分辨率。我们相信,该课题将为我国超高分辨率光电成像系统的研究做出前瞻性的探索,也为我国研制具有自主知识产权的高分辨成像探测器提供一定的理论储备。
论文研究内容及成果主要包括如下几个方面:
1.通过大量的调研和分析,将现有超分辨重建技术归纳总结为以下两类:基于过采样原理的用于面阵探测器的微扫描技术和用于线阵探测器的亚像元技术;还有基于CDMA原理的频谱编码技术。
2.利用光学、电学、信号处理等相关理论的分析,讨论了影响光电成像系统空间分辨率的因素——光学系统的截止频率、探测器采样频率和探测器感光区的截止频率以及它们之间的相互制约关系,进而分析验证现有超分辨重建技术的有效性及局限性。这对新型超分辨重建技术的探索有着重要的理论指导意义。
3.针对现有超分辨重建技术的局限性,探索新型超分辨重建方法。由于现有超分辨重建技术主要问题是当不改变探测器感光区时,探测器的最大分辨率为一个像元感光区尺寸的物方成像,系统分辨率仍受限于探测器,所以新型超分辨重建技术应该同时减少探测器的采样机理与像元感光区孔径效应对系统空间分辨率的影响。
结合现有超分辨重建技术和采用小像元探测器各自的优缺点,提出一种基于异型像元探测器的焦平面编码方法。具体实施方案如下:将现有的探测器矩形像元逐一“变形”,去除同一位置1/4象限,用剩余的3/4像元来获取等效于“去除那部分小像元”的高频信息;然后利用视场拼接来获取系统所需要的高采样频率;最后利用算法计算出这些编码后的图像灰度矩阵信息,重建最终的高分辨图像。该方法已经申请国际发明专利。
4.结合理论和实验两方面,验证了基于异型像元探测器的焦平面编码技术的有效性。
理论上我们利用傅里叶光学中的线性空间不变性,建立该异型像元探测器感光区的点扩散函数,证明该方法可以将探测器的截止高频提升2倍,从分辨率角度,它可以等效于其1/4尺寸的小像元;试验上我们选取填充因子100%的46μm×46μm中波红外探测器,利用焦距6000mm、口径600mm的红外平行光管和焦距为50mm的中波红外镜头成像,得到的物方靶标分辨率为3.1mm。
High resolved imaging technologies and even super-resolved ones are always the hot topics in the electronic-optical domain. As optical imaging system transits to Electro-Optical imaging one, a new question appears that the resolution is mainly limited by detector. It is obvious that the prior is to enhance detector resolution for the high-resolved or even super-resolved imaging system. Furthermore, the main influencing factor limiting detector resolution is the spectral aliasing by the undersampling phenomenon, so super-resolution reconstruction is usually used to improve the imaging quality.
In terms of the problem that how to enhance the detector resolution and make the system resolution not being affected by it, we take a lot of researches on the E-O imaging performance analyses and classical super-resolution reconstruction methods. Then we attempt to use some unconventional imaging theories and technologies to break some limits existing in recent methods. During the period, we get some meaningful theoretical-and-experimental results, as the followings:
1. Three types of super-resolution reconstruction methods are summarized that microscanning for focal plane arrays, sub-pixel technology for linear arrays and spectral coding without movement elements.
2. In theory, super-resolution reconstruction is proved available from both views of MTF modeling and sensitivity. Three main influencing factors of E-O imaging system are analyzed that diffractive cutoff, detector cutoff depending on the size and shape of active area, and Nyquist frequency which is the highest frequency reconstructed without aliasing. Through computing the relation among them, we make sure that the resolution is related to the size of active area with original detectors by super-resolution reconstruction. What’s more, Overall system-resolution is limited by detector for the low-filterring effect of active area.
3. Considering it depends on the size and shape of active area as well as the sampling process, spatial resolution is enhanced further unless the cutoffs between optical system and detector match better after obtaining sufficient sampling frequency. Focal-plane coding method is proposed to realize this idea. With two detector-arrays of special-shaped pixel where each pixel is deducted a quarter, multiple mis-registered frames are got to solve the grayscale matrix and reconstruct super-resolution image in the post-detector processing. We present the theoretical assessment that if a small plot of active area per pixel is deducted and the frequency-response distribution of the complement will equal to that of the deducted part without consideration of the amplitude.
4. We prove the idea available from both theoretical and experimental views. We set up point spread function of the special-shaped active area and the equations imply the method should increase detector cutoff frequency two times. Furthermore, we also take a MWIR experiment. We choose initially two 46μm×46μm linear arrays which are 100% full factor and cut down a quarter each pixel. The result demonstrates the bar-contrast interval is discriminated in objective space up to 3.1mm after optical system composed of a 6000-mm f/10 collimator and a 50-mm IR lens.
引文
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