柴油机节能燃料的开发研究
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摘要
甲醇是一种有前途的、经济的、环保型的生物质燃料。使用柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化燃料，可以不改变发动机的结构，直接利用社会上，特别是农村现有的大量的柴油机，减少设备投资费用；而且可以使用工业甲醇，降低使用成本，同时降低了大气污染，有利于社会推广。
本文开发并合成了一种高效乳化剂，该乳化剂特别适合于柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化液的乳化，乳化剂用量少，仅为0.2％，但形成的乳液能稳定很长的时间。
对用超声乳化法和机械搅拌法制备乳化液的工艺作了深入的研究，细致地探讨了影响乳化液质量的因素，摸索出各乳化工艺参数的影响规律，并且对两种乳化方法作出了比较，得出了它们各自的适用范围。对于制备D80H20柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化液(甲醇中含水15％)，当FHR-1乳化剂含量为0.2％时，用超声乳化法，乳化液可稳定28天；用机械搅拌法，乳化液可稳定48天左右。
在涡流室式柴油机上进行了燃用柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化液的试验研究，得出了各种柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化燃料的使用效果，并探讨了供油角、甲醇中的含水量对发动机性能的影响。如果对供油提前角进行适当的调整，柴油机燃用含有10％～20％甲醇的乳化液时，其性能得到改善，折合燃油消耗率降低5％～8％，发动机的排气温度和烟度均下降。
Methanol is promising and economical and cleaning biomass-fuel. With the utilization of oil-methanol-water composite fuels, constructions of diesel engines which are existing in our country, especially in the countryside, need not to be modified so that the investment of equipment can be reduced, and coarse methanol containing impurities can be utilized to cut down the costs.
In this paper, a efficient emulsifying is developed, which particularly suitable for production of diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels. The quantity of the emulsifying agent needed is fairly smaller, only 0.2%, but emulsions produced can be kept stable a long time.
The technology of emulsify-cation in the way of ultrasonic wave and mechanical stir is widely investigated. Factors having influence on stability of emulsions produced in two ways is carefully explored, and the law of parameters of emulsification technology which affect the stability of emulsions is obtained. The two ways are compared, their scope of application is clear. D80H20 diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels(with 0.2% of the emulsifying agent in emulsified fuel and 15% of water in methanol) can be kept.stable for 28 days by using emulsify-cation in the way of ultrasonic wave, and 48 days by using emulsify-cation in the way of mechanical stir.
Tests have been carried on a swirl-chamber diesel engine fueled with diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels. The effects of using different diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels are shown. Angles of injection and proportion of water in methanol which have influence on the effect of using diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels are investigated. When the diesel engine fueled with emulsified fuels containing methanol from 10 to 20 percent with the angles of injection adjusted, the performances of it can be improved, thermal efficiency is raised from 5 to 8 percent, temperature of exhaust and smoke are descended.
本文开发并合成了一种高效乳化剂，该乳化剂特别适合于柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化液的乳化，乳化剂用量少，仅为0.2％，但形成的乳液能稳定很长的时间。
对用超声乳化法和机械搅拌法制备乳化液的工艺作了深入的研究，细致地探讨了影响乳化液质量的因素，摸索出各乳化工艺参数的影响规律，并且对两种乳化方法作出了比较，得出了它们各自的适用范围。对于制备D80H20柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化液(甲醇中含水15％)，当FHR-1乳化剂含量为0.2％时，用超声乳化法，乳化液可稳定28天；用机械搅拌法，乳化液可稳定48天左右。
在涡流室式柴油机上进行了燃用柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化液的试验研究，得出了各种柴油-甲醇-水三元乳化燃料的使用效果，并探讨了供油角、甲醇中的含水量对发动机性能的影响。如果对供油提前角进行适当的调整，柴油机燃用含有10％～20％甲醇的乳化液时，其性能得到改善，折合燃油消耗率降低5％～8％，发动机的排气温度和烟度均下降。
Methanol is promising and economical and cleaning biomass-fuel. With the utilization of oil-methanol-water composite fuels, constructions of diesel engines which are existing in our country, especially in the countryside, need not to be modified so that the investment of equipment can be reduced, and coarse methanol containing impurities can be utilized to cut down the costs.
In this paper, a efficient emulsifying is developed, which particularly suitable for production of diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels. The quantity of the emulsifying agent needed is fairly smaller, only 0.2%, but emulsions produced can be kept stable a long time.
The technology of emulsify-cation in the way of ultrasonic wave and mechanical stir is widely investigated. Factors having influence on stability of emulsions produced in two ways is carefully explored, and the law of parameters of emulsification technology which affect the stability of emulsions is obtained. The two ways are compared, their scope of application is clear. D80H20 diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels(with 0.2% of the emulsifying agent in emulsified fuel and 15% of water in methanol) can be kept.stable for 28 days by using emulsify-cation in the way of ultrasonic wave, and 48 days by using emulsify-cation in the way of mechanical stir.
Tests have been carried on a swirl-chamber diesel engine fueled with diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels. The effects of using different diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels are shown. Angles of injection and proportion of water in methanol which have influence on the effect of using diesel oil-methanol-water composite fuels are investigated. When the diesel engine fueled with emulsified fuels containing methanol from 10 to 20 percent with the angles of injection adjusted, the performances of it can be improved, thermal efficiency is raised from 5 to 8 percent, temperature of exhaust and smoke are descended.
引文
[1] 易维明．生物质利用导论．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1996
[2] 张百良．农村能源工程学．北京：中国农业出版社，1999
[3] 吴相淦，鲁楠．农村能源．北京：农业出版社，1988
[4] 朱世伟．中国农村能源技术经济．北京：水利电力出版社，1988
[5] 何学良，詹永厚，李疏松．内燃机燃料．北京：中国石化出版社，1999
[6] Alcohols in diesel engines: a Review. Automotive engineering. Vol.92(7), 1984
[7] 陈鸿奎．关于我国柴油机的代用燃料．小型内燃机，1993，(1)43～48
[8] 李宇峰等．点燃式甲醇发动机的性能和排放．内燃机工程，1991，(1) 52～57
[9] 杨克磊，戴良萌．从燃料经济性看原动力机的发展．小型内燃机，1999，(5)34～36
[10] 王颂秦，R.F.Sawyer. 甲醇燃料对臭氧和颗粒排放的影响．小型内燃机，1990，(3)21～26
[11] 宫长明等．火花助燃甲醇发动机的性能和排放．内燃机学报，1996，(2) 216～218
[12] 堀政彦，金荣吉[日]．甲醇发动机的现状与未来．小型内燃机，1987，(3)58～65
[13] 宫长明等．甲醇发动机的点火正时和喷射正时优选的试验研究．内燃机学报，1996，(3)264～269
[14] 宫长明等．火花助燃甲醇发动机燃烧特性的研究．内燃机学报，1998，(1)31～36
[15] 史绍熙等．Study on Burning Pure Methanol in D.I.Diesel Engines by Hot-Surface Ignition. 内燃机学报，1994，(3)191～199
[16] 陆小明，高孝洪．裂解甲醇燃料点燃式发动机工作过程试验研究．内燃机学报，1991，(2)103～108
[17] 姜立永等．点燃式甲醇燃料发动机的燃烧特性．内燃机学报，1994，(4)244～248
[18] 肖文安．燃用甲醇—柴油混合燃料的研究．小型内燃机，1995，(3)27～30
[19] 华中工学院甲醇柴油掺烧技术攻关协调组．国外在柴油机中掺烧甲醇的部分研究概况．全国生物质能液体燃料在内燃机上的应用会议，贵阳
[20] 孙志远．柴油机燃用甲醇燃料的可行性及其科研现状．小型内燃机，1993，(6)1～6
[21] 何学良．醇类的物化特性和燃烧特性．全国生物质能液体燃料在内燃机上的应用会议，贵阳
[22] 张纪元．甲醇柴油乳化燃料研究，[硕士论文]．山东工业大学．1990，5
[23] 谭正三等．乳化油的评价指标及耐久实验结果与分析．小型内燃机，1988，(6)22～26
[24] 陈鸿奎等．甲醇—柴油乳化油的形成方法和喷雾特性研究．内燃机工程，1990，(3)39～44
[25] A. Lawson. Modified fuels for diesel engines by application of unstable emulsions. SAE Paper. 790925
[26] A. S. Deshpande. Operation of a heavy duty truck diesel engine on unstabilized methanol/diesel fuel. 4th International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology. 1980
[27] 刘永启．甲醇柴油乳化燃料的开发，[硕士论文]．山东工业大学．1991，6
[28] 孙志远，王树奎，付茂林．采用电热塞助燃法在原压燃式发动机中燃用甲醇的试验研究．内燃机学报，1995，(4)352～360
[29] 陈鸿奎等．液力剪切式乳化器及其在柴油机上的应用．小型内燃机，1987，(3)7～13
[30] A. Lawson and A. J. Last. Development of an on-board mechanical fuel emulsifier for unstilization of diesel/methanol and methanol/gasoline fuel emulsions in transportation. 3rd International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology. 1979
[31] J. C. Lasheras. Initial observations. Combustion Science and Technology, Vol.21, 1979, pp.1～4
[32] N. Khan and S. R. Goliahaili. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine burning unstibilized emulsions of diesel fuel with water. SAE 811210
[33] The United States patent: 4451265. May 29, 1984
[34] A. S. Baker. Emulsifying Agents. C10L0/18. UK Patent Application, GB2116205 A. Jan. 14, 1982
[35] A. S. Baker. Block or graft copolymers and their use as surfactants. UK Patent Application, GB 2002400 A, Feb. 21, 1979
[36] A. S. Baker. Emulsifying Agents. UK Patent Application, GB 2117398 A. Oct. 12, 1983
[37] 华中工学院甲醇柴油掺烧技术攻关协调组．机械乳化及文特利管法掺烧甲醇的试验研究．全国生物质能液体燃料在内燃机上的应用会议，贵阳
[38] 冯光熙．甲醇柴油乳化燃料用于轮船航行的初步试验报告．成都科技大学，四川石油公司．1989，12
[39] Fujita N, Nagakura K and Tsunokake S. The effect of gas oilwater-methanol emulsified fuel on diesel engine performance.
Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers(B), 1987, 53(486)
[40] Kajitani S and Sawa N. A study of the compression ignition engine using composite emulsified fuel. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers(B), 1990, 56(526)
[41] 盛世承等．柴油—甲醇—水三元乳化燃料的试验研究．内燃机工程，1990，(3)17～23
[42] 傅茂林等．柴油—甲醇—水复合乳化燃料喷雾特性的研究．内燃机学报，1995，(4)408～414
[43] 柴油机乳化节油技术讲义．山东工业大学内燃机教研室．1989，9
[44] Brodkey R. S. Mixing in turbulent fields, pp.47～119
[45] 孙殿宝等．柴油与醇类燃料的复合燃烧试验研究．小型内燃机，1993，(1)1～6
[46] 郭英男．分层燃烧甲醇发动机的研究．内燃机工程，1995，(3)29～35
[47] 董敬等．汽车拖拉机发动机．机械工业出版社．1998
[48] 傅茂林等．内燃机学报．柴油机燃用柴油—甲醇—水复合乳化燃料的研究．内燃机学报，1995，(2)101～109
[49] 黄忠水等．柴油乳化燃料的配制及应用．柴油机，2002，(1)28～31
[2] 张百良．农村能源工程学．北京：中国农业出版社，1999
[3] 吴相淦，鲁楠．农村能源．北京：农业出版社，1988
[4] 朱世伟．中国农村能源技术经济．北京：水利电力出版社，1988
[5] 何学良，詹永厚，李疏松．内燃机燃料．北京：中国石化出版社，1999
[6] Alcohols in diesel engines: a Review. Automotive engineering. Vol.92(7), 1984
[7] 陈鸿奎．关于我国柴油机的代用燃料．小型内燃机，1993，(1)43～48
[8] 李宇峰等．点燃式甲醇发动机的性能和排放．内燃机工程，1991，(1) 52～57
[9] 杨克磊，戴良萌．从燃料经济性看原动力机的发展．小型内燃机，1999，(5)34～36
[10] 王颂秦，R.F.Sawyer. 甲醇燃料对臭氧和颗粒排放的影响．小型内燃机，1990，(3)21～26
[11] 宫长明等．火花助燃甲醇发动机的性能和排放．内燃机学报，1996，(2) 216～218
[12] 堀政彦，金荣吉[日]．甲醇发动机的现状与未来．小型内燃机，1987，(3)58～65
[13] 宫长明等．甲醇发动机的点火正时和喷射正时优选的试验研究．内燃机学报，1996，(3)264～269
[14] 宫长明等．火花助燃甲醇发动机燃烧特性的研究．内燃机学报，1998，(1)31～36
[15] 史绍熙等．Study on Burning Pure Methanol in D.I.Diesel Engines by Hot-Surface Ignition. 内燃机学报，1994，(3)191～199
[16] 陆小明，高孝洪．裂解甲醇燃料点燃式发动机工作过程试验研究．内燃机学报，1991，(2)103～108
[17] 姜立永等．点燃式甲醇燃料发动机的燃烧特性．内燃机学报，1994，(4)244～248
[18] 肖文安．燃用甲醇—柴油混合燃料的研究．小型内燃机，1995，(3)27～30
[19] 华中工学院甲醇柴油掺烧技术攻关协调组．国外在柴油机中掺烧甲醇的部分研究概况．全国生物质能液体燃料在内燃机上的应用会议，贵阳
[20] 孙志远．柴油机燃用甲醇燃料的可行性及其科研现状．小型内燃机，1993，(6)1～6
[21] 何学良．醇类的物化特性和燃烧特性．全国生物质能液体燃料在内燃机上的应用会议，贵阳
[22] 张纪元．甲醇柴油乳化燃料研究，[硕士论文]．山东工业大学．1990，5
[23] 谭正三等．乳化油的评价指标及耐久实验结果与分析．小型内燃机，1988，(6)22～26
[24] 陈鸿奎等．甲醇—柴油乳化油的形成方法和喷雾特性研究．内燃机工程，1990，(3)39～44
[25] A. Lawson. Modified fuels for diesel engines by application of unstable emulsions. SAE Paper. 790925
[26] A. S. Deshpande. Operation of a heavy duty truck diesel engine on unstabilized methanol/diesel fuel. 4th International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology. 1980
[27] 刘永启．甲醇柴油乳化燃料的开发，[硕士论文]．山东工业大学．1991，6
[28] 孙志远，王树奎，付茂林．采用电热塞助燃法在原压燃式发动机中燃用甲醇的试验研究．内燃机学报，1995，(4)352～360
[29] 陈鸿奎等．液力剪切式乳化器及其在柴油机上的应用．小型内燃机，1987，(3)7～13
[30] A. Lawson and A. J. Last. Development of an on-board mechanical fuel emulsifier for unstilization of diesel/methanol and methanol/gasoline fuel emulsions in transportation. 3rd International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology. 1979
[31] J. C. Lasheras. Initial observations. Combustion Science and Technology, Vol.21, 1979, pp.1～4
[32] N. Khan and S. R. Goliahaili. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine burning unstibilized emulsions of diesel fuel with water. SAE 811210
[33] The United States patent: 4451265. May 29, 1984
[34] A. S. Baker. Emulsifying Agents. C10L0/18. UK Patent Application, GB2116205 A. Jan. 14, 1982
[35] A. S. Baker. Block or graft copolymers and their use as surfactants. UK Patent Application, GB 2002400 A, Feb. 21, 1979
[36] A. S. Baker. Emulsifying Agents. UK Patent Application, GB 2117398 A. Oct. 12, 1983
[37] 华中工学院甲醇柴油掺烧技术攻关协调组．机械乳化及文特利管法掺烧甲醇的试验研究．全国生物质能液体燃料在内燃机上的应用会议，贵阳
[38] 冯光熙．甲醇柴油乳化燃料用于轮船航行的初步试验报告．成都科技大学，四川石油公司．1989，12
[39] Fujita N, Nagakura K and Tsunokake S. The effect of gas oilwater-methanol emulsified fuel on diesel engine performance.
Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers(B), 1987, 53(486)
[40] Kajitani S and Sawa N. A study of the compression ignition engine using composite emulsified fuel. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers(B), 1990, 56(526)
[41] 盛世承等．柴油—甲醇—水三元乳化燃料的试验研究．内燃机工程，1990，(3)17～23
[42] 傅茂林等．柴油—甲醇—水复合乳化燃料喷雾特性的研究．内燃机学报，1995，(4)408～414
[43] 柴油机乳化节油技术讲义．山东工业大学内燃机教研室．1989，9
[44] Brodkey R. S. Mixing in turbulent fields, pp.47～119
[45] 孙殿宝等．柴油与醇类燃料的复合燃烧试验研究．小型内燃机，1993，(1)1～6
[46] 郭英男．分层燃烧甲醇发动机的研究．内燃机工程，1995，(3)29～35
[47] 董敬等．汽车拖拉机发动机．机械工业出版社．1998
[48] 傅茂林等．内燃机学报．柴油机燃用柴油—甲醇—水复合乳化燃料的研究．内燃机学报，1995，(2)101～109
[49] 黄忠水等．柴油乳化燃料的配制及应用．柴油机，2002，(1)28～31