不锈钢表面纳米化对应力腐蚀敏感性影响的小冲杆试验研究
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摘要
材料的表面纳米化技术及其推广应用是20世纪90年代以来各国科学家的重点研究领域。目前存在的材料自身表面纳米化方法都难以实现自动化,不具备工业上对材料进行大规模处理的潜力。同时,随着对表面纳米化技术研究的日益深入,人们愈加关心材料在经过表面纳米化处理后,其组织结构、力学行为和化学行为的转变。人们也逐渐把提高材料抗应力腐蚀开裂性能的希望寄托在了表面纳米化技术上,关于金属材料自身纳米化后抗应力腐蚀性能的研究报道逐渐增加,但由于分析方法和试验手段的制约,一直没有取得突破性的进展。本文采用具有工业化前景的表面纳米化技术手段——表面机械滚压处理(SMRT)对304L奥氏体不锈钢进行了表面纳米化处理,并与传统的表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)进行了全面的对比分析。作者采用SMAT技术对SS304L进行了分区域(母材、热影响区和焊缝)纳米化处理并对分别对它们的纳米化效果和机理进行了研究。同时,作者根据表面纳米化后材料的特殊性,开发设计了一套新型的应力腐蚀敏感性评估装置——小冲杆应力腐蚀测试技术,并采用该方法系统研究了304L奥氏体不锈钢表面纳米化前后不同区域(母材、热影响区和焊缝)的力学性能及其应力腐蚀敏感性。
主要研究内容和重要结论如下：
(1)采用表面机械滚压法(SMRT),分别在液氮和常温空气环境下对SS304L进行了不同冲击次数下的表面纳米化处理,并从组织转变、力学性能变化等多个角度对其纳米化效果进行了表征和分析,同时将SMRT法与表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)进行了全方位的对比。试验证明了SMRT可以有效在304L奥氏体不锈钢表层形成大量具有随机取向的纳米晶组织。该方法的优点是可以进行不同温度环境下的纳米化处理,具备实现自动化的潜力。
(2)对SS304L实施了分区域(母材、热影响区和焊缝)表面纳米化处理,并对不同区域的纳米化效果和机理进行了表征研究。同时,采用小冲杆试验对SS304L不同区域表面纳米化前后的力学性能进行了对比分析。完善了低层错能金属材料表面纳米化的机理,提出了关于纳米化过程中形成的多系孪晶的细化机理。
(3)开发设计了小冲杆应力腐蚀(SPT-SCC)敏感性评估体系,试验研究表明,SPT-SCC试验技术是一种有效的材料应力腐蚀敏感性评估手段,具有试验周期短,结果重复性好,力学性能和断口信息丰富,试样尺寸小及微损取样等特点。可以针对具有不同组织结构的多微区进行分类检测,以及对经过特殊处理的单而进行应力腐蚀试验等。对于传统的应力腐蚀检测手段是一种补充和完善。
(4)作者采用小冲杆应力腐蚀敏感性评估装置,对实现表面纳米化后的SS304L材料进行了分区域(母材、热影响区和焊缝)应力腐蚀敏感性评估并对它们各自的机理进行了详细的分析和阐释。得到了表面纳米化处理与抗应力腐蚀性能的关系。
The technology of surface nanocrystallization (SNC) is becoming a hot area since the1990s, more and more scientists focus on this domain. However, the present SNC methods could not realize industrialization and batch processing easily, a new method is needed urgently. After SNC, the property, mechanical behavior and chemical behavior of materials will change greatly, mastering these knowledge could enable people to maximize the advantages and avoid the deficiencies of these SNC materials in engineering application. At the same time, the scientists want to find out whether the materials with SNC could retard the stress corrosion cracking (SCC). More and more researching reports on SCC of the SNC materials are brought out. However, there are also many problems and confusions in this area due to the deficiency of experimental technique. As we all know, the SCC is the common failure for austenitic stainless steel (ASS) application, so it is necessary to make clear the SCC mode and mechanism of ASS with SNC. In this work, a newly developed SNC method-surface mechanical rolling treatment (SMRT) was studied which can be applied in different environment and easily industrialized. Then, the comparison betweent the SMRT and the traditional SNC method-surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was drawn in detail. The mechanical properties of the SS304L with SNC were firstly analysed by small punch test (SPT) in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam). At the same time, a new SCC evaluating technique was developed on the basis of SPT, which is a useful complement to the traditional SCC testing methods. The SCC susceptibility of SS304L with SNC was firstly studied in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) by SPT-SCC technique.
The main study contents and conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) The SNC technique-SMRT was used to generate nano-grain layer on the surface of SS304L in both liquid nitrogen and normal temperature environment successfully. The evolutions of structural and mechanical properties were characterized and analyzed. A detailed comparison between SMRT and the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was drawn. It is proven that the SMRT is a useful method to realize material's SNC which has the industrialized potential. The SNC experiments using SMRT could be carried out in different environments with very high energy output.
(2) The SNC of SS304L in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) was conducted by SMAT. The SNC mechanism and mechanical properties were studied in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) by kinds of testing techniques. SNC mechanism of metal with low stacking fault energy was supplemented, a refinement mode of mechanical twins generated during the SNC process was identified.
(3) A new SCC testing technique was developed on the basis of SPT. It is proved that the SPT-SCC is a useful SCC evaluation method with lots of advantages, such as short experimental period, reproducible results, rich mechanical and fracture information and non-destructive characteristics. The SPT-SCC technique could also be used for testing the materials with different micro-structures or single side with special treatment. The SPT-SCC technique is a useful supplement to the traditional SCC evaluation methods.
(4) The SCC susceptibility of surface nanocrystallized SS304L were evaluated in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) by SPT-SCC. The SCC mechanisms of surface nanocrystallized SS304L (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) were analyzed and explained in detail. The relationship between SNC and SCC susceptibility was obtained.
主要研究内容和重要结论如下：
(1)采用表面机械滚压法(SMRT),分别在液氮和常温空气环境下对SS304L进行了不同冲击次数下的表面纳米化处理,并从组织转变、力学性能变化等多个角度对其纳米化效果进行了表征和分析,同时将SMRT法与表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)进行了全方位的对比。试验证明了SMRT可以有效在304L奥氏体不锈钢表层形成大量具有随机取向的纳米晶组织。该方法的优点是可以进行不同温度环境下的纳米化处理,具备实现自动化的潜力。
(2)对SS304L实施了分区域(母材、热影响区和焊缝)表面纳米化处理,并对不同区域的纳米化效果和机理进行了表征研究。同时,采用小冲杆试验对SS304L不同区域表面纳米化前后的力学性能进行了对比分析。完善了低层错能金属材料表面纳米化的机理,提出了关于纳米化过程中形成的多系孪晶的细化机理。
(3)开发设计了小冲杆应力腐蚀(SPT-SCC)敏感性评估体系,试验研究表明,SPT-SCC试验技术是一种有效的材料应力腐蚀敏感性评估手段,具有试验周期短,结果重复性好,力学性能和断口信息丰富,试样尺寸小及微损取样等特点。可以针对具有不同组织结构的多微区进行分类检测,以及对经过特殊处理的单而进行应力腐蚀试验等。对于传统的应力腐蚀检测手段是一种补充和完善。
(4)作者采用小冲杆应力腐蚀敏感性评估装置,对实现表面纳米化后的SS304L材料进行了分区域(母材、热影响区和焊缝)应力腐蚀敏感性评估并对它们各自的机理进行了详细的分析和阐释。得到了表面纳米化处理与抗应力腐蚀性能的关系。
The technology of surface nanocrystallization (SNC) is becoming a hot area since the1990s, more and more scientists focus on this domain. However, the present SNC methods could not realize industrialization and batch processing easily, a new method is needed urgently. After SNC, the property, mechanical behavior and chemical behavior of materials will change greatly, mastering these knowledge could enable people to maximize the advantages and avoid the deficiencies of these SNC materials in engineering application. At the same time, the scientists want to find out whether the materials with SNC could retard the stress corrosion cracking (SCC). More and more researching reports on SCC of the SNC materials are brought out. However, there are also many problems and confusions in this area due to the deficiency of experimental technique. As we all know, the SCC is the common failure for austenitic stainless steel (ASS) application, so it is necessary to make clear the SCC mode and mechanism of ASS with SNC. In this work, a newly developed SNC method-surface mechanical rolling treatment (SMRT) was studied which can be applied in different environment and easily industrialized. Then, the comparison betweent the SMRT and the traditional SNC method-surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was drawn in detail. The mechanical properties of the SS304L with SNC were firstly analysed by small punch test (SPT) in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam). At the same time, a new SCC evaluating technique was developed on the basis of SPT, which is a useful complement to the traditional SCC testing methods. The SCC susceptibility of SS304L with SNC was firstly studied in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) by SPT-SCC technique.
The main study contents and conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) The SNC technique-SMRT was used to generate nano-grain layer on the surface of SS304L in both liquid nitrogen and normal temperature environment successfully. The evolutions of structural and mechanical properties were characterized and analyzed. A detailed comparison between SMRT and the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was drawn. It is proven that the SMRT is a useful method to realize material's SNC which has the industrialized potential. The SNC experiments using SMRT could be carried out in different environments with very high energy output.
(2) The SNC of SS304L in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) was conducted by SMAT. The SNC mechanism and mechanical properties were studied in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) by kinds of testing techniques. SNC mechanism of metal with low stacking fault energy was supplemented, a refinement mode of mechanical twins generated during the SNC process was identified.
(3) A new SCC testing technique was developed on the basis of SPT. It is proved that the SPT-SCC is a useful SCC evaluation method with lots of advantages, such as short experimental period, reproducible results, rich mechanical and fracture information and non-destructive characteristics. The SPT-SCC technique could also be used for testing the materials with different micro-structures or single side with special treatment. The SPT-SCC technique is a useful supplement to the traditional SCC evaluation methods.
(4) The SCC susceptibility of surface nanocrystallized SS304L were evaluated in different areas (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) by SPT-SCC. The SCC mechanisms of surface nanocrystallized SS304L (base metal, heat affected zone and welded seam) were analyzed and explained in detail. The relationship between SNC and SCC susceptibility was obtained.
引文
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